FIN 3404 CH 12
Liberty Services is now at the end of the final year of a project. The equipment was purchased prior to the new tax law and originally cost $20,000, of which 75% has been depreciated. The firm can sell the used equipment today for $6,000, and its tax rate is 25%. What is the equipment's after-tax salvage value for use in a capital budgeting analysis? Note that if the equipment's final market value is less than its book value, the firm will receive a tax credit as a result of the sale that will offset income from the company's other projects. a. $5,750 b. $5,060 c. $5,335 d. $4,180 e. $6,380
a. $5,750
Other things held constant, which of the following would increase the NPV of a project being considered? a. A shift from straight-line to bonus depreciation. b. Making the initial investment in the first year rather than spreading it over the first three years. c. An increase in the discount rate associated with the project. d. An increase in required net operating working capital (NOWC). e. The project would decrease sales of another product line.
a. A shift from straight-line to bonus depreciation.
A firm that bases its capital budgeting decisions on either NPV or IRR will be more likely to accept a given project if it immediately expenses depreciation than if it uses straight-line depreciation, other things being equal. a. True b. False
a. True
If a firm's projects differ in risk, then one way of handling this problem is to evaluate each project with the appropriate risk-adjusted discount rate. a. True b. False
a. True
The primary advantage to immediately expensing depreciation rather than using straight-line depreciation is that with immediate expensing the present value of the tax savings provided by depreciation will be higher, other things held constant. a. True b. False
a. True
Because of improvements in forecasting techniques, estimating the cash flows associated with a project has become the easiest step in the capital budgeting process. a. True b. False
b. False
You work for Whittenerg Inc., which is considering a new project whose data are shown below. Under the new tax law, the equipment used in the project is eligible for 100% bonus depreciation, so it will be fully depreciated at t = 0. What is the project's Year 1 cash flow? Sales revenues, each year $67,750 Other operating costs $25,000 Interest expense $8,000 Tax rate 25.0% a. $22,849 b. $26,149 c. $32,063 d. $20,818 e. $30,211
c. $32,063
Langston Labs has an overall (composite) WACC of 10%, which reflects the cost of capital for its average asset. Its assets vary widely in risk, and Langston evaluates low-risk projects with a WACC of 8%, average-risk projects at 10%, and high-risk projects at 12%. The company is considering the following projects: Project Risk Expected Return A High 15% B Average 12% C High 11% D Low 9% E Low 6% Which set of projects would maximize shareholder wealth? a. A and B b. A, B, and C c. A, B, and D d. A, B, C, and D e. A, B, C, D, and E
c. A, B, and D
Which of the following factors should be included in the cash flows used to estimate a project's NPV? a. All costs associated with the project that have been incurred prior to the time the analysis is being conducted. b. Interest on funds borrowed to help finance the project. c. The end-of-project recovery of any additional net operating working capital required to operate the project. d. Cannibalization effects, but only if those effects increase the project's projected cash flows. e. Expenditures to date on research and development related to the project, provided those costs have already been expensed for tax purposes.
c. The end-of-project recovery of any additional net operating working capital required to operate the project.
Your company, RMU Inc., is considering a new project whose data are shown below. Under the new tax law, the equipment used in the project is eligible for 100% bonus depreciation, so it will be fully depreciated at t = 0. What is the project's Year 1 cash flow? Sales revenues $26,750 Operating costs $12,000 Tax rate 25.0% a. $2,350 b. $4,345 c. $12,883 d. $1,063 e. $10,529
d. $1,063
Clemson Software is considering a new project whose data are shown below. The required equipment has a 3-year tax life, after which it will be worthless. Under the new tax law, the equipment is eligible for 100% bonus depreciation, so it will be fully depreciated at t = 0. Revenues and operating costs are expected to be constant over the project's 3-year life. What is the project's Year 1 cash flow? Do not round the intermediate calculations and round the final answer to the nearest whole number. Equipment cost (depreciable basis) $100,000 Sales revenues, each year $60,000 Operating costs (excl. depr.) $25,000 Tax rate 25.0% a. $33,040 b. $32,008 c. $29,598 d. $28,222 e. $26,250
e. $26,250
Poulsen Industries is analyzing an average-risk project, and the following data have been developed. Unit sales will be constant, but the sales price should increase with inflation. Fixed costs will also be constant, but variable costs should rise with inflation. The project should last for 3 years. Under the new tax law, the equipment for the project is eligible for 100% bonus depreciation, so it will be fully depreciated at t = 0. At the end of the project's life, the equipment will have no salvage value. No change in net operating working capital (NOWC) would be required for the project. This is just one of many projects for the firm, so any losses on this project can be used to offset gains on other firm projects. The marketing manager does not think it is necessary to adjust for inflation since both the sales price and the variable costs will rise at the same rate, but the CFO thinks an inflation adjustment is required. What is the difference in the expected NPV if the inflation adjustment is made versus if it is not made? Do not round the intermediate calculations and round the final answer to the nearest whole number. WACC 10.0% Equipment cost $200,000 Units sold 54,000 Average price per unit, Year 1 $25.00 Fixed op. cost excl. depr. (constant) $150,000 Variable op. cost/unit, Year 1 $20.20 Expected annual inflation rate 4.0% Tax rate 25.0% a. $18,345 b. $12,621 c. $16,437 d. $15,409 e. $13,648
a. $18,345
Foley Systems is considering a new project whose data are shown below. Under the new tax law, the equipment for the project is eligible for 100% bonus depreciation, so it will be fully depreciated at t = 0. After the project's 3-year life, the equipment would have zero salvage value. The project would require additional net operating working capital (NOWC) that would be recovered at the end of the project's life. Revenues and operating costs are expected to be constant over the project's life. What is the project's NPV? (Hint: Cash flows from operations are constant in Years 1 to 3.) Do not round the intermediate calculations and round the final answer to the nearest whole number. WACC 10.0% Equipment cost $75,000 Required net operating working capital (NOWC) $15,000 Annual sales revenues $73,000 Annual operating costs $25,000 Tax rate 25.0% a. $2,549 b. $18,970 c. $4,571 d. $20,001 e. $1,348
a. $2,549
Sub-Prime Loan Company is thinking of opening a new office, and the key data are shown below. The company owns the building that would be used, and it could sell it for $100,000 after taxes if it decides not to open the new office. Under the new tax law, the equipment used in the project is eligible for 100% bonus depreciation, so it will be fully depreciated at t = 0. At the end of the project's life, the equipment would have zero salvage value. No change in net operating working capital (NOWC) would be required for the project. Revenues and operating costs would be constant over the project's 3-year life. What is the project's NPV? (Hint: Cash flows are constant in Years 1-3.) Do not round the intermediate calculations and round the final answer to the nearest whole number. WACC 10.0% Opportunity cost $100,000 Equipment cost) $65,000 Annual sales revenues $116,000 Annual operating costs $25,000 Tax rate 25.0% a. $20,978 b. $36,761 c. $18,450 d. $34,900 e. $12,543
a. $20,978
As assistant to the CFO of Boulder Inc., you must estimate the Year 1 cash flow for a project with the following data. What is the Year 1 cash flow? Do not round the intermediate calculations and round the final answer to the nearest whole number. Sales revenues $11,900 Operating costs $6,000 Tax rate 35.0% a. $4,425 b. $4,554 c. $4,869 d. $4,240 e. $6,334
a. $4,425
Thomson Media is considering some new equipment whose data are shown below. The equipment has a 3-year tax life. Under the new tax law, the equipment is eligible for 100% bonus depreciation, so it will be fully depreciated at t = 0. The equipment would have a positive pre-tax salvage value at the end of Year 3, when the project would be closed down. Also, additional net operating working capital (NOWC) would be required, but it would be recovered at the end of the project's life. Revenues and operating costs are expected to be constant over the project's 3-year life. What is the project's NPV? Do not round the intermediate calculations and round the final answer to the nearest whole number. WACC 10.0% Equipment cost $70,000 Required net operating working capital (NOWC) $10,000 Annual sales revenues $61,000 Annual operating costs $30,000 Expected pre-tax salvage value $5,000 Tax rate 25.0% a. $5,650 b. $378 c. $344 d. $8,521 e. $2,543
a. $5,650
Currently, Powell Products has a beta of 1.0, and its sales and profits are positively correlated with the overall economy. The company estimates that a proposed new project would have a higher standard deviation and coefficient of variation than an average company project. Also, the new project's sales would be countercyclical in the sense that they would be high when the overall economy is down and low when the overall economy is strong. On the basis of this information, which of the following statements is CORRECT? a. The proposed new project would have more stand-alone risk than the firm's typical project. b. The proposed new project would increase the firm's corporate risk. c. The proposed new project would increase the firm's market risk. d. The proposed new project would not affect the firm's risk at all. e. The proposed new project would have less stand-alone risk than the firm's typical project.
a. The proposed new project would have more stand-alone risk than the firm's typical project.
Florida Car Wash is considering a new project whose data are shown below. The equipment to be used has a 3-year tax life. Under the new tax law, the equipment is eligible for 100% bonus depreciation, so it will be fully depreciated at t = 0. At the end of the project's 3-year life, it would have zero salvage value. No change in net operating working capital (NOWC) would be required for the project. Revenues and operating costs will be constant over the project's life, and this is just one of the firm's many projects, so any losses on it can be used to offset profits in other units. If the number of cars washed declined by 40% from the expected level, by how much would the project's NPV change? (Hint: Note that cash flows are constant at the Year 1 level, whatever that level is.) Do not round the intermediate calculations and round the final answer to the nearest whole number. WACC 10.0% Equipmentcost $60,000 Number of cars washed 2,960 Average price per car $25.00 Fixed op. cost $10,000 Variable op. cost/unit (i.e., VC per car washed) $5.375 Tax rate 25.0% a. -$43,339 b. -$33,804 c. -$28,170 d. -$46,199 e. -$36,433
a. -$43,339
The relative risk of a proposed project is best accounted for by which of the following procedures? a. Adjusting the discount rate upward if the project is judged to have above-average risk. b. Adjusting the discount rate upward if the project is judged to have below-average risk. c. Reducing the NPV by 10% for risky projects. d. Picking a risk factor equal to the average discount rate. e. Ignoring risk because project risk cannot be measured accurately.
a. Adjusting the discount rate upward if the project is judged to have above-average risk.
A company is considering a proposed new plant that would increase productive capacity. Which of the following statements is CORRECT? a. In calculating the project's operating cash flows, the firm should not deduct financing costs such as interest expense, because financing costs are accounted for by discounting at the WACC. If interest were deducted when estimating cash flows, this would, in effect, "double count" it. b. Since depreciation is a non-cash expense, it has no impact on a project's calculated NPV.. c. When estimating the project's operating cash flows, it is important to include both opportunity costs and sunk costs, but the firm should ignore the cash flow effects of externalities since they are accounted for in the discounting process. d. Capital budgeting decisions should be based on before-tax cash flows because WACC is calculated on a before-tax basis. e. The WACC used to discount cash flows in a capital budgeting analysis should be calculated on a before-tax basis. To do otherwise would bias the NPV upward.
a. In calculating the project's operating cash flows, the firm should not deduct financing costs such as interest expense, because financing costs are accounted for by discounting at the WACC. If interest were deducted when estimating cash flows, this would, in effect, "double count" it.
Which of the following statements is CORRECT? a. Sensitivity analysis as it is generally employed is incomplete in that it fails to consider the probability of occurrence of the key input variables. b. In comparing two projects using sensitivity analysis, the one with the steeper lines would be considered less risky, because a small error in estimating a variable such as unit sales would produce only a small error in the project's NPV. c. The primary advantage of simulation analysis over scenario analysis is that scenario analysis requires a relatively powerful computer, coupled with an efficient financial planning software package, whereas simulation analysis can be done efficiently using a PC with a spreadsheet program or even with just a calculator. d. Sensitivity analysis is a type of risk analysis that considers both the sensitivity of NPV to changes in key input variables and the probability of occurrence of these variables' values. e. As computer technology advances, simulation analysis becomes increasingly obsolete and thus less likely to be used than sensitivity analysis.
a. Sensitivity analysis as it is generally employed is incomplete in that it fails to consider the probability of occurrence of the key input variables.
Which of the following procedures does the text say is used most frequently by businesses when they do capital budgeting analyses? a. The firm's corporate, or overall, WACC is used to discount all project cash flows to find the projects' NPVs. Then, depending on how risky different projects are judged to be, the calculated NPVs are scaled up or down to adjust for differential risk. b. Differential project risk cannot be accounted for by using "risk-adjusted discount rates" because it is highly subjective and difficult to justify. It is better to not risk adjust at all. c. Other things held constant, if returns on a project are thought to be positively correlated with the returns on other firms in the economy, then the project's NPV will be found using a lower discount rate than would be appropriate if the project's returns were negatively correlated. d. Monte Carlo simulation uses a computer to generate random sets of inputs, those inputs are then used to determine a trial NPV, and a number of trial NPVs are averaged to find the project's expected NPV. Sensitivity and scenario analyses, on the other hand, require much more information regarding the input variables, including probability distributions and correlations among those variables. This makes it easier to implement a simulation analysis than a scenario or sensitivity analysis, hence simulation is the most frequently used procedure. e. DCF techniques were originally developed to value passive investments (stocks and bonds). However, capital budgeting projects are not passive investments - managers can often take positive actions after the investment has been made that alter the cash flow stream. Opportunities for such actions are called real options. Real options are valuable, but this value is not captured by conventional NPV analysis. Therefore, a project's real options must be considered separately.
a. The firm's corporate, or overall, WACC is used to discount all project cash flows to find the projects' NPVs. Then, depending on how risky different projects are judged to be, the calculated NPVs are scaled up or down to adjust for differential risk.
Which of the following should be considered when a company estimates the cash flows used to analyze a proposed project? a. The new project is expected to reduce sales of one of the company's existing products by 5%. b. Since the firm's director of capital budgeting spent some of her time last year to evaluate the new project, a portion of her salary for that year should be charged to the project's initial cost. c. The company has spent and expensed $1 million on research and development costs associated with the new project. d. The company spent and expensed $10 million on a marketing study before its current analysis regarding whether to accept or reject the project. e. The firm would borrow all the money used to finance the new project, and the interest on this debt would be $1.5 million per year.
a. The new project is expected to reduce sales of one of the company's existing products by 5%.
Any cash flows that can be classified as incremental to a particular project--i.e., results directly from the decision to undertake the project--should be reflected in the capital budgeting analysis. a. True b. False
a. True
Estimating project cash flows is generally the most important, but also the most difficult, step in the capital budgeting process. Methodology, such as the use of NPV versus IRR, is important, but less so than obtaining a reasonably accurate estimate of projects' cash flows. a. True b. False
a. True
If an investment project would make use of land which the firm currently owns, the project should be charged with the opportunity cost of the land. a. True b. False
a. True
Immediate expensing of depreciation has an advantage for profitable firms in that it moves cash flows forward, thus increasing their present value. On the other hand, in the year that depreciation is immediately expensed the reported current year's profits are lower because of the higher depreciation expenses. However, the reported profits problem can be solved by using different depreciation methods for tax and stockholder reporting purposes. a. True b. False
a. True
In cash flow estimation, the existence of externalities should be taken into account if those externalities have any effects on the firm's long-run cash flows. a. True b. False
a. True
It is extremely difficult to estimate the revenues and costs associated with large, complex projects that take several years to develop. This is why subjective judgment is often used for such projects along with discounted cash flow analysis. a. True b. False
a. True
Opportunity costs include those cash inflows that could be generated from assets the firm already owns if those assets are not used for the project being evaluated. a. True b. False
a. True
Sensitivity analysis measures a project's stand-alone risk by showing how much the project's NPV (or IRR) is affected by a small change in one of the input variables, say sales. Other things held constant, with the size of the independent variable graphed on the horizontal axis and the NPV on the vertical axis, the steeper the graph of the relationship line, the more risky the project, other things held constant. a. True b. False
a. True
Which of the following statements is CORRECT? a. Using bonus depreciation rather than straight line would normally have no effect on a project's total projected cash flows, but it would affect the timing of the cash flows and thus the NPV. b. Under current laws and regulations, corporations must use straight-line depreciation for all assets whose lives are 5 years or longer. c. Corporations must use the same depreciation method (e.g., straight line or accelerated) for stockholder reporting and tax purposes. d. Since depreciation is not a cash expense, it has no effect on cash flows and thus no effect on capital budgeting decisions. e. Under bonus depreciation, higher depreciation charges occur at t = 0, and this increases the initial investment outlay and thus lowers a project's projected NPV.
a. Using bonus depreciation rather than straight line would normally have no effect on a project's total projected cash flows, but it would affect the timing of the cash flows and thus the NPV.
Which of the following statements is CORRECT? a. An externality is a situation where a project would have an adverse effect on some other part of the firm's overall operations. If the project would have a favorable effect on other operations, then this is not an externality. b. An example of an externality is a situation where a bank opens a new office, and that new office causes deposits in the bank's other offices to decline. c. The NPV method automatically deals correctly with externalities, even if the externalities are not specifically identified, but the IRR method does not. This is another reason to favor the NPV. d. Both the NPV and IRR methods deal correctly with externalities, even if the externalities are not specifically identified. However, the payback method does not. e. Identifying an externality can never lead to an increase in the calculated NPV.
b. An example of an externality is a situation where a bank opens a new office, and that new office causes deposits in the bank's other offices to decline.
Which of the following statements is CORRECT? a. An externality is a situation where a project would have an adverse effect on some other part of the firm's overall operations. If the project would have a favorable effect on other operations, then this is not an externality. b. An example of an externality is a situation where a bank opens a new office, and that new office causes deposits in the bank's other offices to increase. c. The NPV method automatically deals correctly with externalities, even if the externalities are not specifically identified, but the IRR method does not. This is another reason to favor the NPV. d. Both the NPV and IRR methods deal correctly with externalities, even if the externalities are not specifically identified. However, the payback method does not. e. Identifying an externality can never lead to an increase in the calculated NPV.
b. An example of an externality is a situation where a bank opens a new office, and that new office causes deposits in the bank's other offices to increase.
Although it is extremely difficult to make accurate forecasts of the revenues that a project will generate, projects' initial outlays and subsequent costs can be forecasted with great accuracy. This is especially true for large product development projects. a. True b. False
b. False
Changes in net operating working capital should not be reflected in a capital budgeting cash flow analysis because capital budgeting relates to fixed assets, not working capital. a. True b. False
b. False
If debt is to be used to finance a project, then when cash flows for a project are estimated, interest payments should be included in the analysis. a. True b. False
b. False
Since the focus of capital budgeting is on cash flows rather than on net income, changes in noncash balance sheet accounts such as inventory are not included in a capital budgeting analysis. a. True b. False
b. False
Superior analytical techniques, such as NPV, used in combination with risk-adjusted cost of capital estimates, can overcome the problem of poor cash flow estimation and lead to generally correct accept/reject decisions for capital budgeting projects. a. True b. False
b. False
Suppose Walker Publishing Company is considering bringing out a new finance text whose projected revenues include some revenues that will be taken away from another of Walker's books. The lost sales on the older book are a sunk cost and as such should not be considered in the analysis for the new book. a. True b. False
b. False
Suppose a firm's CFO thinks that an externality is present in a project, but that it cannot be quantified with any precision--estimates of its effect would really just be guesses. In this case, the externality should be ignored--i.e., not considered at all--because if it were considered it would make the analysis appear more precise than it really is. a. True b. False
b. False
The change in net operating working capital (NOWC) associated with new projects is always positive, because new projects mean that more operating working capital will be required. a. True b. False
b. False
The primary advantage to immediately expensing depreciation rather than using straight-line depreciation is that with immediate expensing the total amount of depreciation that can be taken, assuming the asset is used for its full tax life, is greater. a. True b. False
b. False
The two cardinal rules that financial analysts should follow to avoid errors are: (1) in the NPV equation, the numerator should use income calculated in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and (2) all incremental cash flows should be considered when making accept/reject decisions for capital budgeting projects. a. True b. False
b. False
Typically, a project will have a higher NPV if the firm immediately expenses depreciation rather than using straight-line depreciation. This is because the total cash flows over the project's life will be higher if depreciation is immediately expensed, other things held constant. a. True b. False
b. False
We can identify the cash costs and cash inflows to a company that will result from a project. These could be called "direct inflows and outflows," and the net difference is the direct net cash flow. If there are other costs and benefits that do not flow from or to the firm, but to other parties, these are called externalities, and they need not be considered as a part of the capital budgeting analysis. a. True b. False
b. False
Rowell Company spent $3 million two years ago to build a plant for a new product. It then decided not to go forward with the project, so the building is available for sale or for a new product. Rowell owns the building free and clear--there is no mortgage on it. Which of the following statements is CORRECT? a. Since the building has been paid for, it can be used by another project with no additional cost. Therefore, it should not be reflected in the cash flows of the capital budgeting analysis for any new project. b. If the building could be sold, then the after-tax proceeds that would be generated by any such sale should be charged as a cost to any new project that would use it. c. This is an example of an externality, because the very existence of the building affects the cash flows for any new project that Rowell might consider. d. Since the building was built in the past, its cost is a sunk cost and thus need not be considered when new projects are being evaluated, even if it would be used by those new projects. e. If there is a mortgage loan on the building, then the interest on that loan would have to be charged to any new project that used the building.
b. If the building could be sold, then the after-tax proceeds that would be generated by any such sale should be charged as a cost to any new project that would use it.
Which of the following rules is CORRECT for capital budgeting analysis? a. The interest paid on funds borrowed to finance a project must be included in estimates of the project's cash flows. b. Only incremental cash flows, which are the cash flows that would result if a project is accepted, are relevant when making accept/reject decisions for capital budgeting projects. c. Sunk costs are not included in the annual cash flows, but they must be deducted from the PV of the project's other costs when reaching the accept/reject decision. d. A proposed project's estimated net income as determined by the firm's accountants, using generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP), is discounted at the WACC, and if the PV of this income stream exceeds the project's cost, the project should be accepted. e. If a product is competitive with some of the firm's other products, this fact should be incorporated into the estimate of the relevant cash flows. However, if the new product is complementary to some of the firm's other products, this fact need not be reflected in the analysis.
b. Only incremental cash flows, which are the cash flows that would result if a project is accepted, are relevant when making accept/reject decisions for capital budgeting projects.
When evaluating a new project, firms should include in the projected cash flows all of the following EXCEPT: a. Changes in net operating working capital attributable to the project. b. Previous expenditures associated with a market test to determine the feasibility of the project, provided those costs have been expensed for tax purposes. c. The value of a building owned by the firm that will be used for this project. d. A decline in the sales of an existing product, provided that decline is directly attributable to this project. e. The salvage value of assets used for the project that will be recovered at the end of the project's life.
b. Previous expenditures associated with a market test to determine the feasibility of the project, provided those costs have been expensed for tax purposes.
Suppose Tapley Inc. uses a WACC of 8% for below-average risk projects, 10% for average-risk projects, and 12% for above-average risk projects. Which of the following independent projects should Tapley accept, assuming that the company uses the NPV method when choosing projects? a. Project A, which has average risk and an IRR = 9%. b. Project B, which has below-average risk and an IRR = 8.5%. c. Project C, which has above-average risk and an IRR = 11%. d. Without information about the projects' NPVs we cannot determine which one or ones should be accepted. e. All of these projects should be accepted as they will produce a positive NPV.
b. Project B, which has below-average risk and an IRR = 8.5%.
Your company, CSUS Inc., is considering a new project whose data are shown below. The required equipment has a 3-year tax life. Under the new law, the equipment used in the project is eligible for 100% bonus depreciation, so the equipment will be fully depreciated at t = 0. The equipment has no salvage value at the end of the project's life, and the project does not require any additional operating working capital. Revenues and operating costs are expected to be constant over the project's 10-year expected operating life. What is the project's Year 4 cash flow? Equipment cost $70,000 Sales revenues, each year $38,500 Operating costs $25,000 Tax rate 25.0% a. $8,707 b. $9,231 c. $10,125 d. $10,805 e. $9,756
c. $10,125
Fool Proof Software is considering a new project whose data are shown below. The equipment that would be used has a 3-year tax life. Under the new tax law, the equipment used in the project is eligible for 100% bonus depreciation, so it will be fully depreciated at t = 0. Revenues and operating costs are expected to be constant over the project's 10-year expected life. What is the Year 1 cash flow? Equipment cost $55,000 Sales revenues, each year $90,000 Operating costs (excl. depr.) $25,000 Tax rate 25.0% a. $33,177 b. $22,409 c. $48,750 d. $26,483 e. $22,991
c. $48,750
TexMex Food Company is considering a new salsa whose data are shown below. Under the new tax law, the equipment to be used in the project is eligible for 100% bonus depreciation, so it will be fully depreciated at t = 0. At the end of the project's life, the equipment would have zero salvage value, and no change in net operating working capital (NOWC) would be required for the project. Revenues and operating costs are expected to be constant over the project's 3-year life. However, this project would compete with other TexMex products and would reduce their pre-tax annual cash flows. What is the project's NPV? (Hint: Cash flows are constant in Years 1-3.) Do not round the intermediate calculations and round the final answer to the nearest whole number. WACC 10.0% Pre-tax cash flow reduction for other products (cannibalization) -$5,000 Equipment cost $80,000 Annual sales revenues $55,000 Annual operating costs -$25,000 Tax rate 25.0% a. -$4,152 b. -$3,848 c. -$13,372 d. -$4,253 e. -$14,432
c. -$13,372
Which of the following statements is CORRECT? a. A sunk cost is any cost that must be expended in order to complete a project and bring it into operation. b. A sunk cost is any cost that was expended in the past but can be recovered if the firm decides not to go forward with the project. c. A sunk cost is a cost that was incurred and expensed in the past and cannot be recovered if the firm decides not to go forward with the project. d. Sunk costs were formerly hard to deal with, but once the NPV method came into wide use, it became possible to simply include sunk costs in the cash flows and then calculate the project's NPV. e. A good example of a sunk cost is a situation where Home Depot opens a new store, and that leads to a decline in sales of one of the firm's existing stores.
c. A sunk cost is a cost that was incurred and expensed in the past and cannot be recovered if the firm decides not to go forward with the project.
Taussig Technologies is considering two potential projects, X and Y. In assessing the projects' risks, the company estimated the beta of each project versus both the company's other assets and the stock market, and it also conducted thorough scenario and simulation analyses. This research produced the following data: Project X Project Y Expected NPV $350,000 $350,000 Standard deviation ( NPV) $100,000 $150,000 Project beta (vs. market) 1.4 0.8 Correlation of the project cash flows with cash flows from currently existing projects. Cash flows are not correlated with the cash flows from existing projects. Cash flows are highly correlated with the cash flows from existing projects. Which of the following statements is CORRECT? a. Project X has more stand-alone risk than Project Y. b. Project X has more corporate (or within-firm) risk than Project Y. c. Project X has more market risk than Project Y. d. Project X has the same level of corporate risk as Project Y. e. Project X has the same market risk as Project Y since its cash flows are not correlated with the cash flows of existing projects.
c. Project X has more market risk than Project Y.
A company is considering a new project. The CFO plans to calculate the project's NPV by estimating the relevant cash flows for each year of the project's life (i.e., the initial investment cost, the annual operating cash flows, and the terminal cash flows), then discounting those cash flows at the company's overall WACC. Which one of the following factors should the CFO be sure to INCLUDE in the cash flows when estimating the relevant cash flows? a. All sunk costs that have been incurred relating to the project. b. All interest expenses on debt used to help finance the project. c. The additional investment in net operating working capital (NOWC) required to operate the project, even if that investment will be recovered at the end of the project's life. d. Sunk costs that have been incurred relating to the project, but only if those costs were incurred prior to the current year. e. Effects of the project on other divisions of the firm, but only if those effects lower the project's own direct cash flows.
c. The additional investment in net operating working capital (NOWC) required to operate the project, even if that investment will be recovered at the end of the project's life.
Dalrymple Inc. is considering production of a new product. In evaluating whether to go ahead with the project, which of the following items should NOT be explicitly considered when cash flows are estimated? a. The company will produce the new product in a vacant building that was used to produce another product until last year. The building could be sold, leased to another company, or used in the future to produce another of the firm's products. b. The project will utilize some equipment the company currently owns but is not now using. A used equipment dealer has offered to buy the equipment. c. The company has spent and expensed for tax purposes $3 million on research related to the new product. These funds cannot be recovered, but the research may benefit other projects that might be proposed in the future. d. The new product will cut into sales of some of the firm's other products. e. If the project is accepted, the company must invest an additional $2 million in net operating working capital (NOWC). However, all these funds will be recovered at the end of the project's life.
c. The company has spent and expensed for tax purposes $3 million on research related to the new product. These funds cannot be recovered, but the research may benefit other projects that might be proposed in the future.
Marshall-Miller & Company is considering the purchase of a new machine for $50,000, installed. The machine has a tax life of 5 years. Under the new tax law, the machine is eligible for 100% bonus depreciation, so it will be fully depreciated at t = 0. The firm expects to operate the machine for 4 years and then to sell it for $21,500. If the marginal tax rate is 25%, what will the after-tax salvage value be when the machine is sold at the end of Year 4? a. $12,551 b. $12,877 c. $12,225 d. $16,125 e. $14,833
d. $16,125
As a member of UA Corporation's financial staff, you must estimate the Year 1 cash flow for a proposed project with the following data. Under the new tax law, the equipment used in the project is eligible for 100% bonus depreciation, so it will be fully depreciated at t = 0. What is the Year 1 cash flow? Do not round the intermediate calculations and round the final answer to the nearest whole number. Sales revenues, each year $45,000 Other operating costs $17,000 Interest expense $4,000 Tax rate 25.0% a. $22,922 b. $17,677 c. $20,785 d. $21,375 e. $17,871
d. $21,375
Temple Corp. is considering a new project whose data are shown below. The equipment that would be used has a 3-year tax life. Under the new tax law, the equipment used in the project is eligible for 100% bonus depreciation, so it will be fully depreciated at t = 0. The equipment would have a zero salvage value at the end of the project's life. No change in net operating working capital (NOWC) would be required. Revenues and operating costs are expected to be constant over the project's 3-year life. What is the project's NPV? Do not round the intermediate calculations and round the final answer to the nearest whole number. Risk-adjusted WACC 10.0% Equipment cost $65,000 Sales revenues, each year $55,500 Annual operating costs $25,000 Tax rate 25.0% a. $10,236 b. $3,350 c. $2,592 d. $8,137 e. $2,908
d. $8,137
Desai Industries is analyzing an average-risk project, and the following data have been developed. Unit sales will be constant, but the sales price should increase with inflation. Fixed costs will also be constant, but variable costs should rise with inflation. The project should last for 3 years. Under the new tax law, the equipment used in the project is eligible for 100% bonus depreciation, so it will be fully depreciated at t = 0. At the end of the project's life, the equipment would have no salvage value. No change in net operating working capital (NOWC) would be required for the project. This is just one of many projects for the firm, so any losses on this project can be used to offset gains on other firm projects. What is the project's expected NPV? Do not round the intermediate calculations and round the final answer to the nearest whole number. WACC 10.0% Equipment cost $200,000 Units sold 56,000 Average price per unit, Year 1 $25.00 Fixed op. cost excl. depr. (constant) $150,000 Variable op. cost/unit, Year 1 $20.20 Expected annual inflation rate 5.0% Tax rate 25.0% a. $98,569 b. $68,303 c. $51,384 d. $95,434 e. $48,877
d. $95,434
Which one of the following would NOT result in incremental cash flows and thus should NOT be included in the capital budgeting analysis for a new product? a. A firm has a parcel of land that can be used for a new plant site or be sold, rented, or used for agricultural purposes. b. A new product will generate new sales, but some of those new sales will be from customers who switch from one of the firm's current products. c. A firm must obtain new equipment for the project, and $1 million is required for shipping and installing the new machinery. d. A firm has spent $2 million on research and development associated with a new product. These costs have been expensed for tax purposes, and they cannot be recovered regardless of whether the new project is accepted or rejected. e. A firm can produce a new product, and the existence of that product will stimulate sales of some of the firm's other products.
d. A firm has spent $2 million on research and development associated with a new product. These costs have been expensed for tax purposes, and they cannot be recovered regardless of whether the new project is accepted or rejected.
Which of the following statements is CORRECT? a. An example of a sunk cost is the cost associated with restoring the site of a strip mine once the ore has been depleted. b. Sunk costs must be considered if the IRR method is used but not if the firm relies on the NPV method. c. A good example of a sunk cost is a situation where a bank opens a new office, and that new office leads to a decline in deposits of the bank's other offices. d. A good example of a sunk cost is money that a banking corporation spent last year to investigate the site for a new office, then expensed that cost for tax purposes, and now is deciding whether to go forward with the project. e. If sunk costs are considered and reflected in a project's cash flows, then the project's calculated NPV will be higher than it otherwise would have been had the sunk costs been ignored.
d. A good example of a sunk cost is money that a banking corporation spent last year to investigate the site for a new office, then expensed that cost for tax purposes, and now is deciding whether to go forward with the project.
Which of the following statements is CORRECT? a. If an asset is sold for less than its book value at the end of a project's life, it will generate a loss for the firm, hence its terminal cash flow will be negative. b. Only incremental cash flows are relevant in project analysis, the proper incremental cash flows are the reported accounting profits, and thus reported accounting income should be used as the basis for investor and managerial decisions. c. It is unrealistic to believe that any increases in net operating working capital required at the start of an expansion project can be recovered at the project's completion. Operating working capital like inventory is almost always used up in operations. Thus, cash flows associated with operating working capital should be included only at the start of a project's life. d. If equipment is expected to be sold for more than its book value at the end of a project's life, this will result in a profit. In this case, despite taxes on the profit, the end-of-project cash flow will be greater than if the asset had been sold at book value, other things held constant. e. Changes in net operating working capital refer to changes in current assets and current liabilities, not to changes in long-term assets and liabilities, hence they should not be considered in a capital budgeting analysis.
d. If equipment is expected to be sold for more than its book value at the end of a project's life, this will result in a profit. In this case, despite taxes on the profit, the end-of-project cash flow will be greater than if the asset had been sold at book value, other things held constant.
A firm is considering a new project whose risk is greater than the risk of the firm's average project, based on all methods for assessing risk. In evaluating this project, it would be reasonable for management to do which of the following? a. Increase the estimated IRR of the project to reflect its greater risk. b. Increase the estimated NPV of the project to reflect its greater risk. c. Reject the project, since its acceptance would increase the firm's risk. d. Ignore the risk differential if the project would amount to only a small fraction of the firm's total assets. e. Increase the cost of capital used to evaluate the project to reflect its higher-than-average risk.
e. Increase the cost of capital used to evaluate the project to reflect its higher-than-average risk.
Which of the following statements is CORRECT? a. In a capital budgeting analysis where part of the funds used to finance the project would be raised as debt, failure to include interest expense as a cost when determining the project's cash flows will lead to an upward bias in the NPV. b. In a capital budgeting analysis where part of the funds used to finance the project would be raised as debt, failure to include interest expense as a cost when determining the project's cash flows will lead to a downward bias in the NPV. c. The existence of any type of "externality" will reduce the calculated NPV versus the NPV that would exist without the externality. d. If one of the assets to be used by a potential project is already owned by the firm, and if that asset could be sold or leased to another firm if the new project were not undertaken, then the net proceeds that could be obtained should be charged as a cost to the project under consideration. e. If one of the assets to be used by a potential project is already owned by the firm but is not being used, then any costs associated with that asset is a sunk cost and should be ignored.
d. If one of the assets to be used by a potential project is already owned by the firm, and if that asset could be sold or leased to another firm if the new project were not undertaken, then the net proceeds that could be obtained should be charged as a cost to the project under consideration.
Which one of the following would NOT result in incremental cash flows and thus should NOT be included in the capital budgeting analysis for a new product? a. Using some of the firm's high-quality factory floor space that is currently unused to produce the proposed new product. This space could be used for other products if it is not used for the project under consideration. b. Revenues from an existing product would be lost as a result of customers switching to the new product. c. Shipping and installation costs associated with a machine that would be used to produce the new product. d. The cost of a study relating to the market for the new product that was completed last year. The results of this research were positive, and they led to the tentative decision to go ahead with the new product. The cost of the research was incurred and expensed for tax purposes last year. e. It is learned that land the company owns and would use for the new project, if it is accepted, could be sold to another firm.
d. The cost of a study relating to the market for the new product that was completed last year. The results of this research were positive, and they led to the tentative decision to go ahead with the new product. The cost of the research was incurred and expensed for tax purposes last year.
Which of the following statements is CORRECT? a. Since depreciation is a cash expense, the faster an asset is depreciated, the lower the projected NPV from investing in the asset. b. Under current laws and regulations, corporations must use straight-line depreciation for all assets whose lives are 5 years or longer. c. Corporations must use the same depreciation method for both stockholder reporting and tax purposes. d. Using bonus depreciation rather than straight line normally has the effect of receiving depreciation cash flows immediately and thus increasing a project's forecasted NPV. e. Using bonus depreciation rather than straight line normally has the effect of delaying the receipt of depreciation cash flows and thus reducing a project's forecasted NPV.
d. Using bonus depreciation rather than straight line normally has the effect of receiving depreciation cash flows immediately and thus increasing a project's forecasted NPV.
Aggarwal Enterprises is considering a new project that has an initial cash outflow of $1,000,000, and the CFO set up the following simple decision tree to show its three most-likely scenarios. The firm could arrange with its work force and suppliers to cease operations at the end of Year 1 should it choose to do so, but to obtain this abandonment option, it would have to make a payment to those parties. How much is the option to abandon worth (in thousands of dollars) to the firm? Do not round the intermediate calculations. WACC = 11.5% Dollars in Thousands NPV this Prob x t = 0 t = 1 t = 2 t = 3 State NPV Prob = 20% $800.0 $800.0 $800.0 $938.1 $187.6 Prob = 60% -$1,000 $520.0 $520.0 $520.0 $259.8 $155.9 Prob = 20% -$170.0 -$170.0 -$170.0 -$1,411.8 -$282.4 Exp. NPV= $61.1 a. $59.7 b. $44.6 c. $58.1 d. $57.1 e. $51.9
e. $51.9
Which of the following statements is CORRECT? a. If a firm is found guilty of cannibalization in a court of law, then it is judged to have taken unfair advantage of its competitors. Thus, cannibalization is dealt with by society through the antitrust laws. b. If a firm is found guilty of cannibalization in a court of law, then it is judged to have taken unfair advantage of its customers. Thus, cannibalization is dealt with by society through the antitrust laws. c. If cannibalization exists, then the cash flows associated with the project must be increased to offset these effects. Otherwise, the calculated NPV will be biased downward. d. If cannibalization is determined to exist, then this means that the calculated NPV if cannibalization is considered will be higher than the NPV if this effect is not recognized. e. Cannibalization, as described in the text, is a type of externality that is not against the law, and any harm it causes is done to the firm itself.
e. Cannibalization, as described in the text, is a type of externality that is not against the law, and any harm it causes is done to the firm itself.
Which of the following statements is CORRECT? a. Since depreciation is not a cash expense, and since cash flows and not accounting income are the relevant input, depreciation plays no role in capital budgeting. b. Under current laws and regulations, corporations must use straight-line depreciation for all assets whose lives are 3 years or longer. c. If firms use bonus depreciation, they will write off assets slower than they would under straight-line depreciation, and as a result projects' forecasted NPVswould normally be lower than they would be if straight-line depreciation were required for tax purposes.. d. If firms use bonus depreciation, they can write off assets faster than they could under straight-line depreciation, and as a result projects' forecasted NPVs would normally be lower than they would be if straight-line depreciation were required for tax purposes. e. If firms use bonus depreciation, they can write off assets faster than they could under straight-line depreciation, and as a result projects' forecasted NPVs would normally be higher than they would be if straight-line depreciation were required for tax purposes.
e. If firms use bonus depreciation, they can write off assets faster than they could under straight-line depreciation, and as a result projects' forecasted NPVs would normally be higher than they would be if straight-line depreciation were required for tax purposes.
Which of the following statements is CORRECT? a. Sensitivity analysis is a good way to measure market risk because it explicitly takes into account diversification effects. b. One advantage of sensitivity analysis relative to scenario analysis is that it explicitly takes into account the probability of specific effects occurring, whereas scenario analysis cannot account for probabilities. c. Well-diversified stockholders do not need to consider market risk when determining required rates of return. d. Market risk is important, but it does not have a direct effect on stock prices because it only affects beta. e. Simulation analysis is a computerized version of scenario analysis where input variables are selected randomly on the basis of their probability distributions.
e. Simulation analysis is a computerized version of scenario analysis where input variables are selected randomly on the basis of their probability distributions.
Which of the following is NOT a relevant cash flow and thus should NOT be reflected in the analysis of a capital budgeting project? a. Changes in net operating working capital. b. Shipping and installation costs for machinery acquired. c. Cannibalization effects. d. Opportunity costs. e. Sunk costs that have been expensed for tax purposes.
e. Sunk costs that have been expensed for tax purposes.
