FINAL 2

In comparison to cones, rods:

Are more sensitive to dim light

The bipolar cells send their messages to ____, located closer to the center of the eye.

Ganglion cells

In humans, the optic nerves from the two eyes follow what pathway?

Half of the axons from each eye cross to the other side at the optic chiasm

How do the retinas of predatory birds, such as hawks, differ from the retinas of prey species, such as rats?

Hawks have greater density of receptors on the top half of their retinas than do rats

How does light excite a rod or cone?

It converts 11-cis-reitnal into all-trans-retinal

What is the perception of a sound wave called?

Loudness

Why do humans perceive faint light better in the periphery of the eye?

More receptors in the periphery of than in the fovea funnel input to each ganglion cell.

Magnocellular cells are to ____ as parvocelluar cells are to_____

Movement; color

___ are chemicals that release energy when struck by light.

Photopigments

Which of the following characterizes the blind spot?

There are no receptors there.

Cells in the retina that provide connections among themselves as well as with bipolar and ganglion cells are known as:

amacrine cells

What is the intensity of a sound wave called?

amplitude

What is the shape of the receptive field to which a simple cell in the primary visual cortex responds?

bar in a particular orientation

Light from above our heads strikes the

bottom half of the retina

The ____ of a sound is the number of compressions per second.

frequency

Vibrations in the fluid of the cochela causes

hair cells to displace

An ____ cell has a strong inhibitory area at one end of its bar-shaped receptive field

hypercomplex

which of the following has the largest receptive fields and the greatest preferential sensitivity to highly complex visual patterns, such as faces?

inferior temporal cortex

Branches of the optic nerve go directly to what areas of the brain?

lateral geniculate and superior colliculus

the enhancement of contrast at the edge is the result of:

lateral inhibition in the retina

Once information is sent to the secondary visual cortex it:

may return to the primary visual cortex

In the auditory system, hair cells are specialized receptors that responds to:

mechanical displacement

Ganglion cells near the fovea in humans and other primates are called ___ ganglion cells

midget

which theory of color vision is best able to explain negative color afterimages?

opponent-process theory

According to the trichromatic theory of vision

our perception of color depends on the relative activity of three types of cones.

The tympanic membrane occurs to three tiny bones that transmit the vibrations to the :

oval window

the pathway associated with integrating vision and movement progresses from the occipital cortex to the

parietal cortex

Color perception depends MOSTLY on the:

parvocellular pathway

The receptive field of a receptor is the

point in space from which light strikes the receptor

Damage to the fusiform gyrus of the inferior temporal cortex results in

prospagnosia

Stimulating a receptor leads to either excitation or inhibition of a particular neuron; the receptor is part of that neuron's

receptive field

Stereoscopic depth perception requires the brain to detect

retinal disparity

The stirrup makes the oval window vibrate at the entrance to the?

scala vestibuli

If you want to see something in fine detail, you should focus on which part of your retina?

the fovea

All of the following are reasons why the fovea is well suited for highly detailed vision EXCEPT:

the optic nerve connects there

the eardrum vibrates at:

the same frequency as the sound waves that hit it.

At the level of rods and cones the ____ theory seems to fit best, while at the level of the bipolar cells ____ the theory seems to fit best

thichromatic; opponent process

The primary visual cortex sends its information:

to area V2

an inability to recognize objects despite otherwise satisfactory vision is called:

visual agnosia

According to the law of specific nerve energies, the brain tells the difference between one sensory modality and another by

which neurons are active