FINAL A&P Chapter 6,8,&10
Which type of cartilage is NOT properly matched with its function? A)fibrocartilage; withstand pressure and stretch B)skeletal cartilage; reinforce airways C)elastic cartilage; withstand repetitive bending D)hyaline cartilage; cover the ends of bones
skeletal cartilage; reinforce airways
T/F The structural classification of joints is based on the composition of the binding material and the presence or absence of a joint cavity.
true
T/F The structural unit of compact bone (osteon) resembles the growth rings of a tree trunk.
true
T/F The term osteoid refers to the organic part of the matrix of compact bones.
true
T/F The trabeculae of spongy bone are oriented toward lines of stress.
true
Baseball pitchers often require "Tommy John" surgery to repair damage to their elbow. Which ligament would this surgery target? A)lateral ligament B)anular ligament C)ulnar collateral ligament D)acetabular labrum
ulnar collateral ligament
Movement allowed in a pivot joint is known as ________. A)uniaxial rotation B)biaxial movement C)extension D)flexion
uniaxial rotation
Skeletal remains are discovered at an archeological site. X-rays of the femur show evidence of a thin epiphyseal plate. This bone likely belonged to which of the following? A)25 year old female B)60 year old male C)8 year old female D)18 year old male
18 year old male
Which event has to precede all others during endochondral ossification? A)An epiphyseal plate is trapped between the diaphysis and either epiphysis. B)A cartilage model is formed. C)Bone trabeculae appear in the epiphyses. D)A nutrient artery invades the diaphysis.
A cartilage model is formed.
Which of the following statements is true? A)After 21, most people will not experience longitudinal growth of bones. B)PTH will increase calcium deposits in the bone matrix. C)By 21, the width of the bones stops changing. D)Increasing levels of calcium in the blood will trigger calcium deposition in the bone.
After 21, most people will not experience longitudinal growth of bones.
Drag the terms on the left to the appropriate blanks on the right to complete the sentences. Muscle that is primarily responsible for bringing about a particular movement. A)Agonist B)Antagonist C)Synergist D)Fixator
Agonist
In the classification of joints, which of the following is true? A)Synarthrotic joints are slightly movable. B)Immovable joints are called amphiarthroses. C)In cartilaginous joints, a joint cavity is present. D)All synovial joints are freely movable.
All synovial joints are freely movable.
fibrous joints
All three joints in the below figure are classified as ______. A)fibrous joints B)cartilaginous joints C)synovial joints
Drag the terms on the left to the appropriate blanks on the right to complete the sentences. Muscle that opposes and reverses the action of another muscle. A)Agonist B)Antagonist C)Synergist D)Fixator
Antagonist
Match the words in the left column to the appropriate blanks in the sentences on the right. Make certain each sentence is complete before submitting your answer. The growth pattern of bone in which matrix is laid down on the surface. A)Chondrocytes B)Epiphyseal line C)Epiphyseal plate D)Appositional growth E)Intramembranous ossification
Appositional growth
Which of the following is one difference between bursae and tendon sheaths? A)Bursae serve as cushioning fat pads between adjacent structures, while tendon sheaths reduce friction between adjacent structures. B)Bursae are flattened fibrous sacs wedged between adjacent structures, while tendon sheaths are elongated fibrous sacs that wrap around tendons. C)Bursae contain a thin film of synovial fluid, while tendon sheaths lack synovial fluid altogether. D)Bursae are only found in synovial joints, while tendon sheaths are only found in fibrous joints.
Bursae are flattened fibrous sacs wedged between adjacent structures, while tendon sheaths are elongated fibrous sacs that wrap around tendons.
Drag the terms on the left to the appropriate blanks on the right to complete the sentences. Small channels that radiate through the matrix of bone. A)Osteoclasts B)Osteoblasts C)Endosteum D)Lamellae E)Canaliculi
Canaliculi
Match the words in the left column to the appropriate blanks in the sentences on the right. Make certain each sentence is complete before submitting your answer. The cells responsible for the early stages of endochondral ossification. A)Chondrocytes B)Epiphyseal line C)Epiphyseal plate D)Appositional growth E)Intramembranous ossification
Chondrocytes
Which of the following statements best describes interstitial growth of cartilage? A)Chondrocytes in the lacunae divide and secrete matrix, allowing the cartilage to grow from within. B)Growth occurs in the lining of the long bones. C)Fibroblasts give rise to chondrocytes that differentiate and form cartilage. D)Unspecialized cells from mesenchyme develop into chondrocytes, which divide and form cartilage.
Chondrocytes in the lacunae divide and secrete matrix, allowing the cartilage to grow from within.
Drag the terms on the left to the appropriate blanks on the right to complete the sentences. Bone fragments into many pieces. A)Comminuted B)Spiral C)Greenstick
Comminuted
Match the words in the left column to the appropriate blanks in the sentences on the right. Make certain each sentence is complete before submitting your answer. Ischial spine A)Vertebrae B)Mandible C)Femur D)Coxal bone E)Occipital bone
Coxal bone
Which of the following does not represent a structural classification of joints? A)Diarthroses B)Fibrous C)Synovial D)Cartilaginous
Diarthroses
bone resorption
During bone growth, which significant event occurs at the surface indicated by the letter D? A)bone resorption B)production of compact bone C)production of hyaline cartilage D)interstitial growth
It is thought that remodeling or bone growth is in response to the forces placed on it. Which of the following hypotheses may explain how mechanical forces communicate with cells responsible for bone remodeling? A)Increase in the synthesis of growth hormone directs the remodeling process. B)Vitamin D enhances the remodeling process. C)Bone deposition by osteoclasts is responsible for remodeling. D)Electrical signals direct the remodeling process.
Electrical signals direct the remodeling process.
Choose the TRUE statement. A)Most bones in the body are formed by intramembranous ossification. B)Endochondral ossification converts hyaline cartilage "bone" models into true bones (i.e., hyaline cartilage serves as a template for bone formation). C)Endochondral ossification occurs within fibrous connective tissue membranes. D)Endochondral ossification leads to the formation of the clavicles and cranial bones.
Endochondral ossification converts hyaline cartilage "bone" models into true bones (i.e., hyaline cartilage serves as a template for bone formation).
Drag the terms on the left to the appropriate blanks on the right to complete the sentences. The lining of the marrow cavity. A)Osteoclasts B)Osteoblasts C)Endosteum D)Lamellae E)Canaliculi
Endosteum
Match the words in the left column to the appropriate blanks in the sentences on the right. Make certain each sentence is complete before submitting your answer. The appearance of this structure signals the end of bone growth. A)Chondrocytes B)Epiphyseal line C)Epiphyseal plate D)Appositional growth E)Intramembranous ossification
Epiphyseal line
Match the words in the left column to the appropriate blanks in the sentences on the right. Make certain each sentence is complete before submitting your answer. Area where bone longitudinal growth takes place. A)Chondrocytes B)Epiphyseal line C)Epiphyseal plate D)Appositional growth E)Intramembranous ossification
Epiphyseal plate
Match the words in the left column to the appropriate blanks in the sentences on the right. Make certain each sentence is complete before submitting your answer. Trochanter A)Vertebrae B)Mandible C)Femur D)Coxal bone E)Occipital bone
Femur
Drag the terms on the left to the appropriate blanks on the right to complete the sentences. Muscle that stabilizes the origin of another muscle. A)Agonist B)Antagonist C)Synergist D)Fixator
Fixator
Drag the terms on the left to the appropriate blanks on the right to complete the sentences. An incomplete fracture or cracking of the bone without actual separation of the parts. Common in children. A)Comminuted B)Spiral C)Greenstick
Greenstick
Choose the false statement. A)The hamstring crosses the knee joint. B)The hamstring crosses the hip joint. C)The hamstrings are fleshy muscles of the posterior thigh. D)Hamstrings promote knee rotation.
Hamstrings promote knee rotation.
Match the words in the left column to the appropriate blanks in the sentences on the right. Make certain each sentence is complete before submitting your answer. Bone develops from a fibrous membrane. A)Chondrocytes B)Epiphyseal line C)Epiphyseal plate D)Appositional growth E)Intramembranous ossification
Intramembranous ossification
Synovial fluid is present in joint cavities of freely movable joints. Which of the following statements is true about this fluid? A)It contains hydrochloric acid. B)It contains hyaluronic acid. C)It contains lactic acid. D)It contains enzymes only.
It contains hyaluronic acid.
cartilaginous joints
Joints A, B, C, and D in the figures below are all classified as ______. A)synovial joints B)fibrous joints C)cartilaginous joints
Drag the terms on the left to the appropriate blanks on the right to complete the sentences. Layers of bone matrix. A)Osteoclasts B)Osteoblasts C)Endosteum D)Lamellae E)Canaliculi
Lamellae
Choose the FALSE statement. A)Long bones include all limb bones except the patella. B)The sternum is an example of a flat bone. C)Irregular bones include the vertebrae and hip bones. D)Sesamoid bones form within certain tendons.
Long bones include all limb bones except the patella.
Antibiotic treatment would be recommended for ________. A)Lyme disease B)gout C)osteoarthritis D)rheumatoid arthritis
Lyme disease
Match the words in the left column to the appropriate blanks in the sentences on the right. Make certain each sentence is complete before submitting your answer. Ramus A)Vertebrae B)Mandible C)Femur D)Coxal bone E)Occipital bone
Mandible
_____________ are not one of the four cell types that populate bone tissue in adults. A)Osteoblasts B)Mesenchymal cells C)Osteocytes D)Osteoprogenitor cells
Mesenchymal cells
Which of the following represents a correct statement about multiaxial joints? A)The shapes of articulating surfaces in the multiaxial joint are a cylindrical bone in a trough. B)Movement in more than two axes is permitted in a multiaxial joint. C)The rounded end of the proximal metacarpal fitting into the distal surface of the carpal bone of the wrist is a classic ball-and-socket joint. D)The ball-and-socket joint permits only one angular motion.
Movement in more than two axes is permitted in a multiaxial joint.
Match the words in the left column to the appropriate blanks in the sentences on the right. Make certain each sentence is complete before submitting your answer. Foramen A)Vertebrae B)Mandible C)Femur D)Coxal bone E)Occipital bone
Occipital bone
For intramembranous ossification to take place, which of the following is necessary? A)Ossification centers form in the fibrous connective tissue membrane. B)A bone collar forms around the cartilage model. C)The cartilage matrix begins to deteriorate. D)A medullary cavity forms.
Ossification centers form in the fibrous connective tissue membrane.
Drag the terms on the left to the appropriate blanks on the right to complete the sentences. Cells that can build bony matrix. A)Osteoclasts B)Osteoblasts C)Endosteum D)Lamellae E)Canaliculi
Osteoblasts
Drag the terms on the left to the appropriate blanks on the right to complete the sentences. Cells that can dissolve the bony matrix. A)Osteoclasts B)Osteoblasts C)Endosteum D)Lamellae E)Canaliculi
Osteoclasts
Which description of bone cells is INCORRECT? A)Bone lining cells on the internal surfaces of bone are also called endosteal cells. B)Osteogenic cells can differentiate into osteoclasts. C)Osteoclasts secrete digestive enzymes and hydrogen ions. D)Osteoblasts secrete collagen and calcium-binding proteins.
Osteogenic cells can differentiate into osteoclasts.
Maggie is a 28-year-old Caucasian woman who has newly diagnosed rheumatoid arthritis (RA). She complains of painful, stiff hands and feet, feeling tired all the time, and reports an intermittent low-grade fever. She asks the nurse if she is going to be "crippled." How should the nurse respond? A)RA is a chronic, systemic, inflammatory disorder. Inflammation occurs in the joint, and the fluid that accumulates causes swelling, stiffness, impairment of joint movement, and extreme pain. B)Not all cases of RA result in fluid accumulation, swelling, stiffness, impairment of joint movement, and extreme pain. C)RA results in the formation of bony spurs that enlarge the bone ends, restrict joint movement, and cause pain. D)RA arthritis is due to the accumulation of crystals in the joints that impair movement of the joint and cause extreme pain.
RA is a chronic, systemic, inflammatory disorder. Inflammation occurs in the joint, and the fluid that accumulates causes swelling, stiffness, impairment of joint movement, and extreme pain.
Which of the following joint problems is the result of an autoimmune problem? A)Bursitis B)Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) C)Tendonitis D)Osteoarthritis
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
Dislocation of a joint is a common orthopedic problem. Which of these joints is MOST likely to be dislocated? A)Sacroiliac B)Pubic symphysis C)Shoulder (glenohumeral) D)Hip (coxal)
Shoulder (glenohumeral)
Which of the following statements is FALSE? A)Skeletal muscle cells have T tubules. B)Skeletal muscle cells contain myoglobin. C)Skeletal muscle cells have glycosomes. D)Skeletal muscle cells use creatine phosphate instead of ATP to do work. E)Skeletal muscle cells are multinucleated.
Skeletal muscle cells use creatine phosphate instead of ATP to do work.
Drag the terms on the left to the appropriate blanks on the right to complete the sentences. Common sports fracture resulting from a twisting force. A)Comminuted B)Spiral C)Greenstick
Spiral
The names of muscles often indicate the action of the muscle. What does the term levator mean? A)The muscle functions as a synergist. B)The muscle elevates and/or adducts a region. C)The muscle is a fixator and stabilizes a bone or joint. D)The muscle flexes and rotates a region.
The muscle elevates and/or adducts a region.
articular capsule
Structure C and D collectively form which of the following? A)synovial membrane B)bursae C)articular capsule D)ligament
Why, or why not, is swimming recommended as an exercise to prevent osteoporosis? A)Swimming is not recommended to prevent osteoporosis, as forces are applied in all directions on the bones simultaneously in swimming. B)Swimming is recommended to prevent osteoporosis, as it is considered a weight-bearing exercise. C)Swimming is recommended to prevent osteoporosis, as forces are applied in all directions on the bones simultaneously. D)Swimming is not recommended to prevent osteoporosis, as it is not considered a weight-bearing exercise.
Swimming is not recommended to prevent osteoporosis, as it is not considered a weight-bearing exercise.
Which of the following are cartilaginous joints? A)Gomphoses B)Sutures C)Syndesmoses D)Synchondroses
Synchondroses
Drag the terms on the left to the appropriate blanks on the right to complete the sentences. Muscle that aids another by promoting the same movement. A)Agonist B)Antagonist C)Synergist D)Fixator
Synergist
ligament
The arrows in B and C point to structures that can both be described as a ______. A)tendon B)muscle C)bone D)ligament
Alice and James adopted a 3-year-old child from a developing country. They noticed that her legs were bowed and there were some deformities in her cranial and pelvic bones. They brought her to a physician for a diagnosis. What was the diagnosis, and what was the treatment for the disorder? A)The child most likely has osteomalacia. Treatment is to increase the intake of calcium and vitamin D in the diet, and to get some sunshine every day. B)The child most likely has rickets. Treatment is to increase the intake of calcium and vitamin D in the diet, and to get some sunshine every day. C)The child most likely has Paget's disease. Treatment includes drug therapy with administration of calcitonin and bisphosphonates. D)The child most likely has osteoporosis. Treatment is to increase the intake of calcium and vitamin D, and performance of weight-bearing exercises.
The child most likely has rickets. Treatment is to increase the intake of calcium and vitamin D in the diet, and to get some sunshine every day.
Which of the following describes fascicle arrangement in a pennate muscle? A)The fascicles are in a fusiform arrangement. B)The fascicles are short and attach obliquely to a central tendon that runs the length of a muscle. C)The fascicular pattern is circular. D)The fascicles form a triangle.
The fascicles are short and attach obliquely to a central tendon that runs the length of a muscle.
Which of the following is true about the shoulder joint? A)Ligaments surround the glenohumeral joint on all sides and strengthen the joint. B)Many muscles cross the glenohumeral joint and limit the mobility of the joint. C)The deepness of the glenoid strengthens the joint overall. D)The glenohumeral joint is more mobile, making it less stable.
The glenohumeral joint is more mobile, making it less stable.
parietal
The illustrated bone-forming process would be associated with which of the following bones? A)vertebrae B)humerus C)femur D)parietal E)All of the listed responses are correct.
When the term biceps, triceps, or quadriceps forms part of a muscle's name, what does it tell you about the muscle? A)The muscle is able to change direction twice, three times, or four times faster than other muscles, respectively. B)The muscle has two, three, or four origins, respectively. C)The muscle has two, three, or four functions, respectively. D)The muscle has two, three, or four insertions, respectively.
The muscle has two, three, or four origins, respectively.
Which of the following statements is correct? A)The more a muscle shortens, the more power it generates. B)Multipennate muscles do not produce much power because the fibers run in many directions. C)Muscle fibers running in parallel arrangement generate more power. D)The number of muscle fibers best determines how powerful a muscle will be.
The number of muscle fibers best determines how powerful a muscle will be.
Select the correct statement concerning the location of blood-forming tissue. A)There is blood-forming marrow in the diaphysis of most long bones of an adult. B)The sternum (breastbone) is a good source of blood-forming tissue. C)There is blood-forming marrow in most short bones of an adult. D)Blood-forming tissue is found in the skull and pelvic bones only.
The sternum (breastbone) is a good source of blood-forming tissue.
hyaline cartilage
The structure indicated by the arrow is composed primarily of what material? A)compact bone B)hyaline cartilage C)dense connective tissue D)fibrocartilage
opposition
The thumb joint indicated by C mediates which of the following special movements? A)inversion B)dorsiflexion C)opposition D)elevation
Match the words in the left column to the appropriate blanks in the sentences on the right. Make certain each sentence is complete before submitting your answer. Facet A)Vertebrae B)Mandible C)Femur D)Coxal bone E)Occipital bone
Vertebrae
lamellae
What is the term for the layers of bony matrix surrounding the cell at A? A)lamellae B)endosteum C)periosteum D)lacunae
osteocyte
What type of cell is shown at A? A)osteoblast B)mesenchymal C)osteoclast D)osteocyte
bone remodeling
Which bone-forming process is shown in the figure? A)bone remodeling B)intramembranous ossification C)endochondral ossification D)bone fracture repair
the formation of bone in a membrane
Which of the following best describes the process shown in the figure? A)bone repair at a site of fracture B)the formation of bone in a preexisting cartilage model C)bone remodeling in response to changes in mechanical stress D)the formation of bone in a membrane
F
Which of the following is a hinge joint? A)A B)B C)F D)D
diarthrotic
Which of the following terms describes the range of movement of the illustrated joint? A)synarthrotic B)diarthrotic C)amphiarthrotic D)synovial
A
Which of the joints will eventually develop into a synostosis? A)A B)B C)C D)D
D
Which step in the figure contains compact bone? A)A B)B C)C D)D
B
Which structure in the figure is the primary area of degeneration in osteoarthritis? A)A B)B C)C D)D
Which type of lever is demonstrated by using scissors? A)a first-class lever B)a second-class lever C)a third-class lever D)a fourth-class lever
a first-class lever
Which of the following is NOT an example of a fibrous joint? A)a gomphosis B)a syndesmosis C)a symphysis D)a suture
a symphysis
What type of muscle assists an agonist by causing a like movement or by stabilizing a joint over which an agonist acts? A)a synergist B)an antagonist C)a prime mover D)an agonist
a synergist
Movement of the shoulder laterally away from the body is called __________. A)abduction B)flexion C)adduction D)extension
abduction
The tensor fascia latae is involved in hip __________. A)extension B)lateral rotation C)adduction D)abduction
abduction
What is moving a limb away from the median plane of the body along the frontal plane called? A)dorsiflexion B)inversion C)adduction D)abduction
abduction
A reduction in the lateral angle of the glenohumeral joint in relation to the anatomical position would be called __________. A)extension B)flexion C)abduction D)adduction
adduction
Which of the following muscles is named for its action? A)biceps brachii B)adductor longus C)frontalis D)gluteus minimus
adductor longus
Which functional group has the major responsibility for producing a specific movement? A)agonists B)fixators C)synergists D)antagonists
agonists
Which of the following is NOT a factor that contributes to joint stability? A)shape of the articulating surfaces B)amount of synovial fluid in the joint cavity C)number and positioning of reinforcing ligaments D)amount of muscle tone applied to tendons that cross the joint
amount of synovial fluid in the joint cavity
Which of the following refers to a joint that is slightly movable? A)synovial B)diarthrosis C)synarthrosis D)amphiarthrosis
amphiarthrosis
What is a muscle that provides the major force for producing a specific movement called? A)a fixator B)an antagonist C)a synergist D)an agonist (prime mover)
an agonist (prime mover)
Extension is an example of a(n) ________ movement. A)angular B)gliding C)nonaxial D)rotational
angular
Which functional group has the major responsibility for countering a specific movement? A)synergists B)fixators C)agonists D)antagonists
antagonists
Which of the following ligaments prevents the tibia from sliding forward in the knee joint? A)anterior cruciate ligament B)tibial collateral ligament C)arcuate popliteal ligament D)oblique popliteal ligament
anterior cruciate ligament
The process of bones increasing in width is known as ________. A)closing of the epiphyseal plate B)appositional growth C)epiphyseal plate closure D)concentric growth
appositional growth
Synarthrotic joints ________. A)have large joint cavities B)characterize all cartilaginous joints C)are found only in adults D)are immovable joints
are immovable joints
Which of the following conditions is joint inflammation or degeneration accompanied by stiffness, pain, and swelling? A)osteoarthritis B)arthritis C)Lyme disease D)rheumatoid arthritis
arthritis
To realign an anteriorly dislocated Temporomandibular joint (TMJ), a physician must push the mandible inferiorly and posteriorly in order to move the mandibular condyle past the temporal bone's ________. A)mandibular fossa B)articular tubercle C)articular capsule D)articular disc
articular tubercle
The shoulder and hip are examples of ________. A)pivot joints B)hinge joints C)plane joints D)condylar joints E)ball-and-socket joints
ball-and-socket joints
Which of the following is a hamstring muscle? A)biceps femoris B)vastus medialis C)rectus femoris D)vastus lateralis
biceps femoris
Hematopoiesis is a term for which of the following physiological processes? A)energy storage in fat tissue B)release of minerals into the blood C)blood cell formation D)bone formation during growth
blood cell formation
The canal that runs through the core of each osteon (the Haversian canal) is the site of ________. A)blood vessels and nerve fibers B)cartilage and interstitial lamellae C)adipose tissue and nerve fibers D)yellow marrow and spicules
blood vessels and nerve fibers
Which of the following is a feature of synovial joints? A)an empty joint cavity B)bone ends covered with fibrocartilage C)synarthosis D)bone ends covered with hyaline cartilage
bone ends covered with hyaline cartilage
Ossification (Osteogenesis) is the process of ________. A)making a cartilage model of the fetal bone B)making collagen fibers for calcified cartilage C)bone formation D)bone destruction to liberate calcium
bone formation
Osteogenesis is the process of ________. A)making a cartilage model of the fetal bone B)bone destruction to liberate calcium C)bone formation D)making collagen fibers for calcified cartilage
bone formation
Osteoclasts ________. A)form skeletal cartilage B)calcify bone matrix C)form new bone D)break down bone
break down bone
The ________ muscles compress the cheeks to help keep food between the grinding surfaces of the teeth while chewing. A)medial pterygoid B)temporalis C)buccinator D)masseter
buccinator
Connective tissue sacs lined with synovial membranes that act as cushions in places where friction develops are called ________. A)menisci B)ligaments C)tendons D)bursae
bursae
In the epiphyseal plate, cartilage grows ________. A)by pushing the epiphysis away from the diaphysis B)in a circular fashion C)by pulling the diaphysis toward the epiphysis D)from the edges inward
by pushing the epiphysis away from the diaphysis
Which of the following hormones is currently thought to decrease plasma calcium levels in pregnant women and children? A)thyroid hormones B)calcitonin C)parathyroid hormone (PTH) D)calcitriol
calcitonin
PTH promotes the formation of which hormone? View Available Hint(s) A)calcitonin B)thyroid hormones C)calcitriol D)vitamin D
calcitriol
Which hormone works directly in the intestine to increase plasma calcium levels? A)parathyroid hormone (PTH) B)calcitonin C)calcitriol
calcitriol
Normal bone formation and growth are dependent on the adequate intake of ________. A)calcium, phosphate, and vitamin D B)potassium, phosphate, and vitamin D C)sodium, calcium, and vitamin E D)vitamin D, phosphate, and chloride
calcium, phosphate, and vitamin D
Saddle joints have concave and convex surfaces. Identify a saddle joint of the skeleton. A)carpometacarpal joint of the phalanges B)interphalangeal joint of the finger C)metacarpophalangeal joint of the finger D)carpometacarpal joint of the thumb
carpometacarpal joint of the thumb
A joint held together by fibrocartilage would be classified as a __________ joint. A)synovial B)fibrous C)cartilaginous D)amphiarthrosis
cartilaginous
Which of the following is NOT a functional classification for joints? A)synarthrosis B)amphiarthrosis C)diarthrosis D)cartilaginous
cartilaginous
Using the structural classification, what type of joint is the epiphyseal plate? A)synarthrotic joint B)fibrous joint C)cartilaginous joint D)amphiarthrotic joint
cartilaginous joint
Which of the following statements defines synchondroses? A)interphalangeal joints B)cartilaginous joints where hyaline cartilage unites the ends of bones C)joints that permit angular movements D)amphiarthrotic joints designed for strength and flexibility
cartilaginous joints where hyaline cartilage unites the ends of bones
What are the muscles that are found at openings of the body collectively called? A)divergent muscles B)parallel muscles C)circular muscles D)convergent muscles
circular muscles
What indicates that a long bone has reached its adult length? A)the presence of osteoblasts B)the presence of hyaline cartilage on the ends of the bone C)closure of the epiphyseal plate D)the presence of osteons
closure of the epiphyseal plate
What element of intervertebral disc fibrocartilage gives it its ability to resist stretching? A)articular cartilage B)collagen fibers C)elastic fibers D)calcium
collagen fibers
Which of the following is not a function of the skeletal system and bone tissue? A)houses the bone marrow which produces blood cells (hematopoiesis) B)storage of minerals C)communication D)support
communication
Which of the following is not a function of the skeletal system? A)communication B)houses the bone marrow which produces blood cells (hematopoiesis) C)storage of minerals D)support
communication
The structure of bone tissue suits the function. Which of the following bone tissues is adapted to support weight and withstand tension stress? A)spongy bone B)compact bone C)trabecular bone D)irregular bone
compact bone
Which of the following are correctly matched? A)incomplete fracture; the bone is broken through B)linear fracture; the break is perpendicular to the bone's long axis C)nondisplaced fracture; the fractured bone ends are misaligned D)compound fracture; the fractured bone ends penetrate the skin
compound fracture; the fractured bone ends penetrate the skin
Which of the following is CORRECTLY matched? A)circular arrangement of fascicles: describes the deltoid muscle B)parallel arrangement of fascicles: characteristic of sphincter muscles C)convergent arrangement of fascicles: fan shaped muscle D)pennate arrangement of fascicles: spindle-shaped muscle
convergent arrangement of fascicles: fan shaped muscle
Which of the following are correctly matched? A)circular arrangement of fascicles; describes the deltoid muscle B)parallel arrangement of fascicles; characteristic of sphincter muscles C)convergent arrangement of fascicles; fan-shaped muscle D)pennate arrangement of fascicles; spindle-shaped muscle
convergent arrangement of fascicles; fan-shaped muscle
The ligaments that protect the alignment of the femoral and tibial condyles and limit the movement of the femur anteriorly and posteriorly are called ________. A)tibial collateral ligaments B)anterior ligaments C)cruciate ligaments D)patellar ligaments
cruciate ligaments
In a patient whose parathyroid glands have been removed you would expect that person's blood calcium levels to ____________. A)decrease B)increase C)stay the same D)increase twofold
decrease
What can a deficiency of growth hormone during bone formation cause? A)decreased osteoclast activity B)inadequate calcification of bone C)increased osteoclast activity D)decreased proliferation of the epiphyseal plate cartilage
decreased proliferation of the epiphyseal plate cartilage
The main reason the hip joint is stable is because of the: A)rotator cuff muscles B)muscle tendons that cross the joint C)bulky hip and thigh muscles surrounding the joint D)deep socket of the joint and strong capsular ligaments
deep socket of the joint and strong capsular ligaments
Which is(are) the most important muscle(s) of inspiration (inhalation)? A)rectus abdominis B)diaphragm C)internal intercostals D)external intercostals
diaphragm
Which of the following muscles is innervated by the phrenic nerve? A)external intercostals B)diaphragm C)sternocleidomastoid muscles D)internal intercostals
diaphragm
A fracture in the shaft of a bone would be a break in the ________. A)epiphysis B)metaphysis C)articular cartilage D)diaphysis
diaphysis
Factors in preventing (or delaying) osteoporosis include ________. A)drinking fluoridated water B)decreasing weight-bearing exercise C)increasing dietary vitamin C D)decreasing exposure to the sun
drinking fluoridated water
Osteomyelitis is ________. A)partially due to insufficient dietary calcium B)literally known as "soft bones" C)due to pus-forming bacteria D)caused by altered vitamin D metabolism
due to pus-forming bacteria
At what age do bones reach their peak density? A)at birth B)early childhood C)late adulthood D)early adulthood
early adulthood
In some cases the epiphyseal plate of the long bones of children closes too early. What might be the cause? A)overproduction of thyroid hormone B)too much vitamin D in the diet C)osteoblast activity exceeds osteoclast activity D)elevated levels of sex hormones
elevated levels of sex hormones
Which structure allows the diaphysis of the bone to increase in length until early childhood? A)lacuna B)epiphyseal line C)osteon D)epiphyseal plate
epiphyseal plate
Which of the following is implicated in osteoporosis in older women? A)heritage such as African or Mediterranean B)abnormal PTH receptors C)poor posture D)estrogen deficiency due to menopause
estrogen deficiency due to menopause
NEW Which movement increases the angle between bones? A)extension B)flexion C)circumduction D)adduction
extension
T/F A muscle that crosses the posterior side of a joint will always cause extension.
false
T/F All bones formed by intramembranous ossification are irregular bones.
false
T/F All joints permit some degree of movement, even if very slight.
false
T/F Although all skeletal muscles have different shapes, the fascicle arrangement of each muscle is exactly the same.
false
T/F Bone tissue in the skeleton of a human fetus is completely formed at six months' gestation.
false
T/F Bones are classified by whether they are weight-bearing or protective in function.
false
T/F Both first- and second-class levers operate at a mechanical disadvantage.
false
T/F Compact bone is replaced more often than spongy bone.
false
T/F Hinge joints permit movement in only two planes.
false
T/F In newborn infants, the medullary cavity and all areas of spongy bone contain yellow bone marrow.
false
T/F Short, irregular, and flat bones have large marrow cavities in order to keep the weight of the bones light.
false
T/F Symphyses are synarthrotic joints designed for strength with flexibility.
false
T/F The most important factor in joint stability is the depth of the articular surface.
false
T/F The origin of a muscle is attached to the movable bone.
false
T/F The periosteum is a tissue that serves only to protect the bone because it is not supplied with nerves or blood vessels.
false
Yellow bone marrow contains a large percentage of ________. A)Sharpey's fibers B)fat C)blood-forming cells D)elastic tissue
fat
The terms inversion and eversion pertain only to the ________. A)feet B)hands C)arms D)hands and the feet
feet
The pubic symphysis connects the two hip bones anteriorly and provides a little movement during childbirth. Choose the most appropriate tissue for this structure that is subjected to both pressure and stretch. A)hyaline cartilage B)bone C)fibrocartilage D)elastic cartilage
fibrocartilage
Using the structural classification, what type of joint is a suture? A)fibrous joint B)cartilaginous joint C)synarthrotic joint D)amphiarthrotic joint
fibrous joint
In general, a muscle that crosses on the anterior side of a joint produces ________. A)extension B)flexion C)adduction D)abduction
flexion
Which movement decreases the angle between articulating bones? A)extension B)flexion C)supination D)protraction
flexion
What kind of tissue is the forerunner of long bones in the embryo? A)dense fibrous connective tissue B)fibrocartilage C)elastic connective tissue D)hyaline cartilage
hyaline cartilage
Which type of cartilage covers and protects the ends of bones at freely moveable joints? A)fibrocartilage B)hyaline cartilage C)elastic cartilage D)both hyaline and elastic cartilage
hyaline cartilage
If a torn anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is not properly repaired, the consequences could include the inability to prevent ________. A)medial rotation of an extended knee B)lateral rotation of an extended knee C)forward sliding of the tibia on the femur D)forward sliding of the femur
forward sliding of the tibia on the femur
Which type of movement does NOT occur at the shoulder joint? A)gliding B)rotation C)extension D)abduction
gliding
The prime mover of hip extension is the __________. A)pectineus B)gluteus maximus C)adductor magnus D)gracilis
gluteus maximus
During infancy and childhood, the most important stimulus of epiphyseal plate activity is ________. A)the thyroid hormones B)estrogen C)growth hormone D)testosterone
growth hormone
Which of the following is the single most important stimulus for epiphyseal plate activity during infancy and childhood? A)parathyroid hormone B)thyroid hormone C)calcium D)growth hormone
growth hormone
The correct order (from start to finish) of fracture repair is ________. A)bony callus formation, hematoma formation, fibrocartilaginous callus formation, and bone remodeling B)bone remodeling, hematoma formation, fibrocartilaginous callus formation, and bony callus formation C)hematoma formation, bony callus formation, bone remodeling, and fibrocartilaginous callus formation D)hematoma formation, fibrocartilaginous callus formation, bony callus formation, and bone remodeling
hematoma formation, fibrocartilaginous callus formation, bony callus formation, and bone remodeling
Cartilage is found in strategic places in the human skeleton. What is responsible for the resilience of cartilage? A)high water content B)hydroxyapatite deposits C)calcium influx D)phosphate ions
high water content
Presence of a synovial cavity, articular cartilage, synovial membrane, and ligaments are characteristics of what type of joint? A)synchondrosis B)hinge joint C)symphysis D)suture
hinge joint
The most abundant skeletal cartilage type is ________. A)hyaline B)elastic C)fibrocartilage D)epiphyseal
hyaline
In symphysis joints the articular surfaces of the bones are covered with ________. A)fibrocartilage B)tendon sheaths C)hyaline cartilage D)synovial membranes
hyaline cartilage
Bending your head back until it hurts is an example of ________. A)flexion B)hyperextension C)circumduction D)extension
hyperextension
Hypercalcemia can be caused by_________. A)insufficient vitamin D levels in the body B)hypersecretion of parathyroid hormone C)reduced parafollicular cell activity D)All of the listed responses are correct.
hypersecretion of parathyroid hormone
Which of the following statements is correct? A)If a joint can exhibit flexion, extension, and abduction, then it is triaxial. B)If a joint can exhibit extension, abduction, and rotation, then it is triaxial. C)If a joint can exhibit adduction and abduction, then it is biaxial. D)A joint that exhibits adduction and extension is uniaxial.
if a joint can exhibit extension, abduction, and rotation, then it is triaxial
First-class levers ________. A)are used when standing on tip-toe B)have load at one end of the lever, fulcrum at the other, and effort applied somewhere in the middle C)are typified by tweezers or forceps D)in the body can operate at a mechanical advantage or mechanical disadvantage, depending on specific location
in the body can operate at a mechanical advantage or mechanical disadvantage, depending on specific location
In adults, yellow marrow is located ________. A)primarily in flat bones B)in the central canals of osteons C)in the epiphyseal plates of long bones D)in the medullary cavity of long bones
in the medullary cavity of long bones
Which of the following would NOT be a way that parathyroid hormone (PTH) could alter plasma calcium levels? (Which one of the following is FALSE?) A)increase reabsorption of calcium in the kidney B)increase osteoblasts on bone C)increase osteoclasts
increase osteoblasts on bone
The term diploë refers to the ________. A)internal layer of spongy bone in flat bones B)two types of marrow found within most bones C)double-layered nature of the connective tissue covering the bone D)fact that most bones are formed of two types of bone tissue
internal layer of spongy bone in flat bones
When chondrocytes in lacunae divide and form new matrix, it leads to an expansion of the cartilage tissue from within. This process is called ________. A)appositional growth B)calcification C)hematopoiesis D)interstitial growth
interstitial growth
Lengthwise, long bone growth during infancy and youth is exclusively through ________. A)interstitial growth of the epiphyseal plates B)the secretion of bone matrix into the medullary cavity C)differentiation of osteoclasts D)calcification of the matrix
interstitial growth of the epiphyseal plates
Vertebrae are considered ________ bones. A)long B)flat C)short D)irregular
irregular
Ossification of the ends of long bones ________. A)is a characteristic of intramembranous bone formation B)involves medullary cavity formation C)is produced by secondary ossification centers D)takes twice as long as diaphysis
is produced by secondary ossification centers
Ossification of the ends of long bones ________. A)is produced by secondary ossification centers B)takes twice as long as diaphysis ossification C)is a characteristic of intramembranous bone formation D)involves medullary cavity formation
is produced by secondary ossification centers
Which of the following is the defining structure of a synovial joint? A)articular cartilage B)ligaments C)bursae D)joint cavity
joint cavity
Which joint in the body is most susceptible to sports injuries? A)elbow B)knee C)shoulder D)wrist
knee
What are the small spaces in bone tissue that are holes in which osteocytes live called? A)lacunae B)Volkmann's canals C)Haversian canals D)trabeculae
lacunae
When you bring any of your fingers in contact with your thumb, this movement is called __________. A)opposition B)supination C)dorsiflexion D)flexion E)retraction
opposition
Which of the following muscles is named for its action? A)frontalis B)gluteus minimus C)biceps brachii D)levator labii superioris
levator labii superioris
In a sprain, the ________ of a joint are stretched or torn. A)bones B)tendons C)ligaments D)muscles
ligaments
The synovial membrane ________. A)reinforces the joints so that the opposing bones are not pulled apart B)covers and protects the articulating bone surfaces C)functions as a cushion between opposing bones D)lines the inside of the fibrous joint capsule
lines the inside of the fibrous joint capsule
If a lever operates at a mechanical disadvantage, it means that the ________. A)load is near the fulcrum and the effort is at the distal end B)load is far from the fulcrum and the effort is applied near the fulcrum C)effort is farther than the load from the fulcrum D)lever system is useless
load is far from the fulcrum and the effort is applied near the fulcrum
If a lever operates at a mechanical advantage, it means that the ________. A)load is far from the fulcrum and the effort is applied near the fulcrum B)effort is farther than the load from the fulcrum C)load is near the fulcrum and the effort is applied far from the fulcrum D)lever system is useless
load is near the fulcrum and the effort is applied far from the fulcrum
Which of the following factors influence the velocity and duration of muscle contraction? A)length of muscle fibers activated B)load placed on the muscle C)frequency of stimulation D)muscle-fiber size
load placed on the muscle
Which inflammatory joint disease is caused by the bites of ticks that live on mice and deer? A)rheumatoid arthritis B)bursitis C)gouty arthritis D)lyme disease
lyme disease
Which of the following is CORRECTLY paired? A)biaxial joint: permits movement in one plane and around one axis B)multiaxial movement: movement in all three planes and around all three axes C)nonaxial movement: no movement D)uniaxial joint: permits only slipping or gliding movements
multiaxial movement: movement in all three planes and around all three axes
What is the most important stabilizing factor for most synovial joints? A)the shape of the articular surfaces B)the size of the reinforcing ligaments C)synovial fluid D)muscle tone
muscle tone
In a pennate muscle pattern ________. A)there is a narrow origin diverging to a broad insertion B)muscles look like a feather C)muscles appear to be straplike D)there is a broad origin and fascicles converge toward a single tendon
muscles look like a feather
All of the following are factors that influence synovial joint stability EXCEPT? A)number of bones in the joint B)strength and tension of joint ligaments C)structure and shape of the articulating bone D)arrangement and tension of the muscles
number of bones in the joint
When a person makes a pinching motion with their thumb and forefinger they are exhibiting a(n) ________ movement. A)protraction B)dorsifexion C)oppositional D)retraction E)elevation
oppositional
Which of the following conditions is generally considered a noninflammatory type of arthritis? A)bursitis B)rheumatoid arthritis C)tendonitis D)osteoarthritis
osteoarthritis
Which of the following are correctly matched? A)gout; inflammation of the tendons B)bursitis; uric acid crystals in the joint C)osteoarthritis; chronic degenerative joint disease D)tendonitis; inflammation of the joint
osteoarthritis; chronic degenerative joint disease
The cell responsible for secreting the matrix of bone is the ________. A)osteocyte B)osteoclast C)osteoblast D)chondrocyte
osteoblast
Bones are covered and lined by a protective tissue called periosteum. The inner (osteogenic) layer consists primarily of ________. A)cartilage and compact bone B)marrow and osteons C)osteoblasts and osteoclasts D)chondrocytes and osteocytes
osteoblasts and osteoclasts
Bones are constantly undergoing resorption for various reasons. Which of the following cells accomplishes this process? A)osteoclast B)osteocyte C)osteoblast D)stem cell
osteoclast
An imbalance that activates these bone cells would lead to a loss of bone density. A)osteoblasts B)osteoclasts C)osteocytes D)chondroblasts
osteoclasts
When an osteoblast becomes completely surrounded by its own matrix secretions it is referred to as an ________. A)osteogenic cell B)osteoclast C)osteocyte D)chondrocyte
osteocyte
Which of the following cells are NOT matched with its appropriate function? A)osteoblasts create new bone matrix B)osteocytes; produce new bone cells. C)bone lining cells; maintain matrix D)osteoclasts; bone reabsorption
osteocytes; produce new bone cells.
What is the structural unit of compact bone? A)osteon B)haversian canal C)osteoid D)canaliculus
osteon
Select the bone disorder in which bone resorption outpaces bone deposit, leaving the person with thin and often very fragile bones? A)rickets B)osteomalacia C)Paget's disease D)osteoporosis
osteoporosis
Which of the following refers to a bone disorder found most often in the aged and resulting in the bones becoming porous and light? A)osteomalacia B)Paget's disease C)rickets D)osteoporosis
osteoporosis
Choose the CORRECT pairing. A)paget's disease: excessive and haphazard bone deposition and resorption B)osteoporosis: increased bone density C)osteomalacia: excessive mineralization of the bone D)rickets: deficiency of vitamin A
paget's disease: excessive and haphazard bone deposition and resorption
Ostealgia is ________. A)a defect called clubfoot B)a disease of the bone C)pain in a bone D)fractured bone
pain in a bone
Which hormone increases osteoclast activity to release more calcium ions into the bloodstream? A)calcitonin B)parathyroid hormone C)estrogen D)thyroxine
parathyroid hormone
The periosteum is secured to the underlying bone by dense connective tissue called ________. A)perforating (Sharpey's) fibers B)Volkmann's canals C)a bony matrix with hyaline cartilage D)the struts of bone known as spicules
perforating (Sharpey's) fibers
Synarthrotic joints ________. A)are found at the junction of the epiphysis and diaphysis of growing bone B)permit essentially no movement C)have large joint cavities D)are cartilaginous joints
permit essentially no movement
Which of the following is stored in bones? A)glycogen B)phosphate C)vitamin C D)iodine E)calcitonin
phosphate
Pointing the toes is an example of ________. A)protraction B)plantar flexion C)pronation D)circumduction
plantar flexion
To allow for flexion, the __________ unlocks the knee joint. A)semimembranosus B)biceps femoris C)popliteus D)sartorius
popliteus
What are the levers that operate at a mechanical advantage called? A)dysfunctional levers B)power levers C)functional levers D)speed levers
power levers
Synovial fluid does NOT ________. A)prevent the articulating bones from dislocating B)contain phagocytic cells C)nourish the cartilage cells in the joint D)reduce friction between the articular cartilages
prevent the articulating bones from dislocating
Which type of movement is unique to the forearm? A)extension B)pronation C)adduction D)opposition
pronation
Articular cartilage found at the ends of the long bones serves to ________. A)attach tendons B)form the synovial membrane C)provide a smooth surface at the ends of synovial joints D)produce red blood cells (hemopoiesis)
provide a smooth surface at the ends of synovial joints
Which of the following is a bone marking name that indicates a projection that helps to form joints? A)meatus B)ramus C)foramen D)fossa E)epicondyle
ramus
Compared to the shoulder, displacements of the hip joints are ________. A)common due to the weight bearing the hip endures B)rare because the rotator cuff stabilizes the hip joint C)common in all people who are overweight D)rare because of the ligament reinforcement
rare because of the ligament reinforcement
Which is CORRECTLY matched? A)deltoid: at a right angle to the long axis B)brevis: long C)rectus: straight D)transverse: parallel to the long axis
rectus: straight
The universal loss of mass seen in the skeleton, which begins about the age of 40, ________. A)is slow in females than in males B)is absolutely uniform throughout the skeleton C)reflects incomplete osteoblasts formation and mineralization D)is greater in African Americans than in Northern Europeans
reflects incomplete osteoblasts formation and mineralization
The universal loss of mass seen in the skeleton, which begins about the age of 40, ________. A)is slower in females than in males B)is absolutely uniform throughout the skeleton C)reflects incomplete osteon formation and mineralization D)is greater in African Americans than in Northern Europeans
reflects incomplete osteon formation and mineralization
The resilience of bone is thought to come from which of the following? A)amount of mineral salts in the bone B)presence of osteoblasts in the bone C)amount of mineral salt and protein in the bone D)sacrificial bonds in or between collagen molecules
sacrificial bonds in or between collagen molecules
Which type of joint allows opposition? A)hinge joint B)saddle joint C)condyloid joint D)pivot joint
saddle joint
What are menisci? A)cavities lined with cartilage B)semilunar cartilage pads C)tendon sheaths D)small sacs containing synovial fluid
semilunar cartilage pads
Synovial joints are classified into six main categories based on __________. A)type of synovial fluid B)shape of articular surfaces C)size D)location
shape of articular surfaces
Which joint has sacrificed stability to provide freedom of movement? A)elbow B)knee C)shoulder D)ankle
shoulder
Which muscle-fiber type is best suited for endurance activities, such as long-distance jogging? A)slow glycolytic fibers B)fast oxidative fibers C)slow oxidative fibers D)fast glycolytic fibers
slow oxidative fibers
Which of the following muscles is named for its origin and insertion? A)sternocleidomastoid B)trapezius C)deltoid D)gluteus maximus
sternocleidomastoid
The major head flexor muscles are the ________. A)pectoralis major muscles B)erector spinae muscles C)scalene muscles D)sternocleidomastoid muscles
sternocleidomastoid muscles
Which of the following pairs is MISMATCHED? A)skull bones: flat bones B)femur: long bone C)tarsals: short bones D)sternum: long bone
sternum: long bone
Synovial fluid does not: A)lubricate free surfaces of the joint. B)nourish cartilage cells in the joint. C)strengthen synovial joints. D)reduce friction between the cartilages of a joint.
strengthen synovial joints.
Fibrous joints are classified as ________. A)pivot, hinge, and ball and socket B)hinge, saddle, and ellipsoidal C)sutures, syndesmoses, and gomphoses D)symphysis, sacroiliac, and articular
sutures, syndesmoses, and gomphoses
A joint united by dense fibrocartilaginous tissue that usually permits a slight degree of movement is a ________. A)syndesmosis B)suture C)symphysis D)gomphosis
symphysis
Which of the following refers to a joint that is immovable? A)synovial B)diarthrosis C)amphiarthrosis D)synarthrosis
synarthrosis
Which of the following are correctly paired? A)suture; bones connected exclusively by ligaments B)syndesmosis; bony edges interlock C)gomphosis; articulating bones are separated by a fluid- containing cavity D)synchondrosis; a plate of hyaline cartilage unites the bones
synchondrosis; a plate of hyaline cartilage unites the bones
On the basis of structural classification, which is a fibrous joint? A)synchondrosis B)pivot C)symphysis D)syndesmosis
syndesmosis
Most joints of the body are classified as_______ joints. A)fibrous B)synovial C)immovable D)cartilaginous
synovial
Which of the following represents a structural classification for joints that are separated by a joint cavity? A)diarthrosis B)synovial C)cartilaginous D)fibrous
synovial
Which of the following is NOT strictly a part of a synovial joint? A)joint (articular) cavity B)tendon sheath C)articular cartilage D)articular (joint) capsule
tendon sheath
Functional classification of joints is based on ________. A)the size of the joint B)the location of the joint C)whether a joint cavity is present D)the amount of movement allowed by the joint
the amount of movement allowed by the joint
What factor would account for a strong synovial joint? A)synovial fluid B)low muscle tone C)the deepest articular surface D)small reinforcing ligaments
the deepest articular surface
What is the major factor controlling how levers work? A)the difference in the positioning of the effort, load, and fulcrum B)the structural characteristics of the muscles of the person using the lever C)the weight of the load D)the direction the load is being moved
the difference in the positioning of the effort, load, and fulcrum
The main contributor to hip joint stability is: A)the hip muscle surrounding the joint. B)the exceptionally deep socket of the joint. C)the tendon that crosses the joint. D)the thigh muscle surrounding the joint.
the exceptionally deep socket of the joint.
What is intramembranous ossification? A)the formation of bone from preexisting fibrocartilage models B)the formation of bone from preexisting elastic cartilage models C)the formation of bone from fibrous membranes D)the formation of bone from preexisting hyaline cartilage models
the formation of bone from fibrous membranes
What is endochondral ossification? A)the formation of bone from pre-existing hyaline cartilage models B)the formation of bone from pre-existing elastic cartilage models C)the formation of bone from pre-existing fibrocartilage models D)the formation of bone from fibrous membranes
the formation of bone from pre-existing hyaline cartilage models
Multiaxial joints of the body include ________. A)the ankle and wrist B)the hip and shoulder C)the knee and elbow D)intercarpal and intertarsal joints
the hip and shoulder
An individual with a "double-jointed" thumb can pull it back towards the wrist much farther than normal. What does it mean to be "double-jointed?" A)the additional joint present doubles the range of motion B)articular cartilage at bone ends is replaced with hyaline cartilage C)the joint capsules and ligaments are more stretchy and loose than normal D)greater than normal production of serous fluid lubricates the joint and extends it
the joint capsules and ligaments are more stretchy and loose than normal
What is osteoid? A)one of the cell types found in bone B)the organic part of the matrix of bone C)the inorganic part of the matrix of bone D)the outer surface of bone
the organic part of the matrix of bone
Which ligament of the knee initiates the knee-jerk reflex when tapped? A)the medial patellar retinacula B)the patellar ligament C)the lateral patellar retinacula D)the extracapsular ligament
the patellar ligament
The notable hardness of bone is attributed to ________. A)the presence of proteoglycans B)the presence of cartilage C)the presence of inorganic hydroxyapatites D)the presence of collagen fibers E)the presence of glycoproteins
the presence of inorganic hydroxyapatites
The contractile, or functional, unit of a muscle fiber is: A)myofilament B)troponin C)the elastic filament D)the sarcomere
the sarcomere
Cartilage grows in two ways, appositional and interstitial. What is appositional growth? A)growth at the epiphyseal plate B)along the edges only of existing osteons, making each osteon larger C)the lengthening of hyaline cartilage D)the secretion of new matrix against the external face of existing cartilage
the secretion of new matrix against the external face of existing cartilage
The osteon is ________. A)the structural unit of compact bone B)the structural unit of spongy bone C)a network of red marrow D)a fibrous membrane that covers and protects bone
the structural unit of compact bone
Which joint allows a side-to-side movement called lateral excursion? A)the glenohumeral joint B)the hip joint C)the temporomandibular joint D)the tibiofemoral joint
the temporomandibular joint
Wolff's law is concerned with ________. A)vertical growth of bones being dependent on age B)the function of bone being dependent on shape C)the diameter of the bone being dependent on the ratio of osteoblasts to osteoclasts D)the thickness and shape of a bone being dependent on stresses placed upon it
the thickness and shape of a bone being dependent on stresses placed upon it
What is the main factor that determines the power of a muscle? A)the number of neurons innervating it B)the total number of muscle cells available for contraction C)the shape D)the length
the total number of muscle cells available for contraction
Which of these is not a way of classifying muscles? A)muscle location B)the type of action they cause C)muscle shape D)the type of muscle fibers
the type of muscle fibers
Muscles that act on the knee joint form most of the mass of the __________. A)calf B)hip C)thigh D)knee
thigh
If L = load, F = fulcrum, and E = effort, what type of lever system is described as LEF? A)first-class lever B)second-class lever C)third-class lever D)fourth-class lever
third-class lever
Most skeletal muscles of the body act in ________. A)first-class lever systems B)power lever systems C)third-class lever systems D)second-class lever systems
third-class lever systems
Which of the following glands or organs produces hormones that tend to decrease blood calcium levels? A)pineal gland B)thyroid C)parathyroid D)spleen
thyroid
Football players often sustain lateral blows to the extended knee. Which of the following is (are) damaged as a result? A)tibial collateral ligament, medial meniscus, and anterior cruciate ligament B)suprapatellar ligament C)arcuate popliteal and the posterior cruciate ligaments D)oblique popliteal and extracapsular ligaments
tibial collateral ligament, medial meniscus, and anterior cruciate ligament
Spongy bone contains ________. A)osseous lamellae B)lamellar bone C)trabeculae D)osteons
trabeculae
Spongy bones are made up of a framework called ________. A)osteons B)lamellar bone C)trabeculae D)osseous lamellae
trabeculae
The structural unit of cancellous bone tissue is called ________. A)osseous lamellae B)osteons C)trabeculae D)lamellar bone
trabeculae
A bone fracture perpendicular to the bone's axis is called a(n) ________ fracture. A)nondisplaced B)linear C)transverse D)incomplete
transverse
The main forearm extensor is the ________. A)supinator B)palmaris longus C)triceps brachii D)biceps brachii
triceps brachii
Choose which bone marking type would likely increase in size when a weight lifter repeatedly exercises muscles that attach to it. A)trochanter B)fossa C)meatus D)foramen
trochanter
T/F A ball-and-socket joint is a multiaxial joint.
true
T/F A person who has been diagnosed with a sprained ankle has an injury to the ligaments that attach to that joint.
true
T/F A wheelbarrow is a good example of a second-class lever.
true
T/F An osteon contains osteocytes, lamellae, and a central canal, and is found in compact bone only.
true
T/F Bending of the tip of the finger exhibits flexion.
true
T/F Cartilage has a flexible matrix that can accommodate mitosis of chondrocytes.
true
T/F Despite having an actual articulation with the humerus, the hinge-like action at the elbow is NOT dependent on the radius.
true
T/F Each consecutive bone lamella has collagen fibers that wrap in alternating directions.
true
T/F Flat bones consist of spongy bone sandwiched between compact bone. Is this statement true or false?
true
T/F Hematopoiesis refers to the formation of blood cells within the red marrow cavities of certain bones.
true
T/F Movement at the hip joint does not have as wide a range of motion as at the shoulder joint.
true
T/F Muscle power depends mostly on the total number of muscle fibers (cells) in the muscle.
true
T/F Muscles are only able to pull, they never push.
true
T/F Muscles that help maintain upright posture are fixators.
true
T/F Regardless of type, all levers follow the same basic principle: effort farther than load from fulcrum = mechanical advantage; effort nearer than load to fulcrum = mechanical disadvantage.
true
T/F Sixty-five percent of the mass of bone is a compound called hydroxyapatite.
true
T/F Synovial fluid contains phagocytic cells that protect the cavity from invasion by microbes or other debris.
true
T/F The arrangement of a muscle's fascicles determines its range of motion and power.
true
The epiphyseal plate is ________. A)the long axis of a bone B)the site of red bone marrow production C)where long bone lengthening occurs D)where yellow bone marrow is produced
where long bone lengthening occurs
Which of the following is NOT used as a criterion for naming muscles? A)the location of the muscle B)the locations of the muscle attachments C)the shape of the muscle D)the number of origins for the muscle E)whether the muscle is controlled by the involuntary or voluntary nervous system
whether the muscle is controlled by the involuntary or voluntary nervous system
Cranial bones develop ________. A)within fibrous membranes B)from a tendon C)within osseous membranes D)from cartilage models
within fibrous membranes
Which joint does NOT belong with the others? A)ankle B)interphalangeal (toes) C)wrist D)elbow
wrist