Final - American Foreign Policy
Which type of interest group is found to be the most effective in producing policy change?
Advocacy groups
Choose the three key advisors that influenced Eisenhower's decision regarding Dien Bien Phu. (multiple choices)
Allen Dulles, Robert Cutler, Arthur Radford
Which of Johnson's advisors OPPOSED the placement of American ground troops in Vietnam? Mark all that apply. (multiple answers)
Ambassador Maxwell Taylor, Undersecretary George Ball
By having the power of the purse, Congress can do which of the following? Select all that apply.
Attach certification or reporting requirements on any appropriations, Earmark foreign aid funds for specific purposes, Require that certain conditions, such as progress on human rights, be met in order for some funds to be allocated
According to Sylvan and Majeski, why do more powerful states "purchase" the support and allegiance of small states at the international level? (Choose all that apply)
Because smaller states could enhance the reputation of the more powerful state, Because smaller states are geographically strategic, Because smaller states are economically strategic
While Scott and Rosati claim that virtually every department in the executive branch contains an international component, what are the three main agencies that comprise the foreign policy bureaucracy?
CIA, DOD, DOS
Which of the following countries is NOT an example of a U.S. post-occupation client?
Cambodia
Scott and Rosati discuss challenges that can manifest in a bureaucracy due to the characteristics that define it. In the last 4-5 administrations, there have been clashes between the Office of the Secretary of Defense and the uniformed military. What challenge do these recent clashes embody?
Careerist-appointee divide
Which model describes a process where information flows from the government administration to the media to the public?
Cascading network activation
Which of the following organizations preceded the CIA? Select all that apply.
Central Intelligence Group, Office of Strategic Services, Office of Coordinator of Information
Regarding hostile interventions, which of the following is NOTone of the three types of covert action?
Combat operations in support of local proxies
As the Commander in Chief, the president has the power to do which of the following?
Command and direct the movements of the armed forces
What is the defining characteristic of U.S. foreign policy that concerns Sylvan and Majeski?
Continuity
Regarding US hostile interventions, _____ are the most successful form of covert action and ______ are the most successful form of overt action.
Coups; Invasion by US troops
Which of the following is NOT a variable that Howell and Pevehouse found to affect the president's decision to use force?
Divided government
Which of the following statements is NOT true about existing research on public opinion on foreign policy?
Early studies suggest that public opinion on foreign policy issues is remarkably stable and predictable
Which of the following statements is NOT true about the routine maintenance of client states?
Economic assistance, military assistance, and military intervention are the three forms of routine maintenance
According to Burke and Greenstein, education and experience gave ____________ an advantage in decision making in Vietnam.
Eisenhower
According to Burke and Greenstein, whose advisory system better exemplified Alexander George's standard of "multiple advocacy"?
Eisenhower's
Which of the following is NOT a routinely hostile activity that the US takes against its enemies?
Executing punctuated military operations
What are the three reasons Diamond gives for the CIA's intelligence failures? Select all three.
Failure of factual information gathering, Failure to resist political pressure to interpret intelligence in a certain way, Failure of interpretation of information
Congress was more divided in its opinion about Vietnam during Eisenhower's administration than during Johnson's. As such, Congress had a bigger role in Eisenhower's decision-making than in Johnson's.
False
Johnson relied on the National Security Council to identify, evaluate, and debate foreign policy options more than Eisenhower did.
False
Presidents rely exclusively on the members of the National Security Council for foreign policy expertise
False
Scott and Rosati claim that three characteristics form the foundation of bureaucracy. Which of the following is NOT one of these features?
Formalization
Which of the following countries was NOT a member of the Grand Alliance in World War II, sometimes referred to as the "strange alliance?"
France
The "united action" proposal was announced publicly by Secretary Dulles on March 29, 1954. Which of the following is the majorreason why united action did not materialize?
France and Great Britain could not muster domestic political support for Eisenhower's conditions
An article entitled "The Sources of Soviet Conduct" published in Foreign Affairsin 1947 by X articulated a position that soon became the quasi-official statement of US foreign policy. Who was X and what was this position?
George Kennan; Containment
Which president dismantled the Office of Strategic Services?
Harry S. Truman
According to Burke and Greenstein, which was NOT a characteristic of Johnson?
He was an extremely private person who shied away from public appearances
What was the name of the Vietnamese leader who led communist guerilla forces against the French and eventually the South Vietnamese government?
Ho Chi Minh
Which model describes a process where the news media ties story frames to the range of sources and viewpoints within official decision-making circles?
Indexing
During the Cold War, media coverage focused on the anticommunist consensus which prevailed in society and the government. Which information model describes this pattern?
Integrated model
Which president made decisions on Vietnam with a small group of advisors at Tuesday luncheons?
Johnson
Explained by Burke and Greenstein, Stanford professor Richard Tanner Johnson identified three general patterns of White House organization. Whose advisory system, according to Johnson, was the happy median type where divergent points of view could be fused?
Kennedy's
What is a social movement?
Large coalitions of individuals and groups that loosely unite around certain issues, usually in opposition to the status quo
As Mussolini was in the Mediterranean and Hitler was in Europe, Japan was the aggressor in the Pacific. Choose ALL of the countries that Japan attacked in 1941. (multiple choices)
Malaya, Philippines, Thailand
The Korean War gave Truman the impetus he needed to secure political support for which of the following?
Military bases in Japan, aid to Chiang Kai-Shek, and aid to the French in Vietnam
According to foreign policy scholar Alexander George, what type of presidential advisory system is best?
Multiple Advocacy
According to Burke and Greenstein, which president's advisory system was competitive?
Neither Johnson's nor Eisenhower's
Which of the following was NOT a key pillar of US foreign policy during the Cold War?
Nuclear non-proliferation
Which of the following is NOT true about the differences between social movements and interest groups?
Only social movements tend to be challenging groups
According to Sylvan and Majeski, why will the system of cybernetic decision-making to support US clientelism persist? Select all that apply.
Policy instruments change gradually via a cybernetic process of refinement or not at all, US clientelism is an ideology, US clientelism protects US interests without necessitating colonialism
Which of the following is NOT a conventional example of the mainstream media?
Politico
Regarding U.S. client acquisition, which is the most common form of acquisition?
Prewar/Post war planning
The Almond-Lippman consensus that dominated between WWII and the Vietnam War centered on which three propositions? Select all 3.
Public opinion is volatile, Public opinion has little effect on foreign policy and is instead shaped by policy, Public opinion on foreign policy lacks structure and is incoherent
Which of the following advisors to President Johnson supported expanded military intervention in Vietnam and invented the concept of gradual escalation in retaliation?
Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara
The National Security Council was initiated under Truman based on the National Security Act in 1947. Of the following, which position was an original member of the council?
Secretary of Energy
What actions did Johnson take to deliberate the commitment of troops to Vietnam? Mark all that apply. (multiple answers)
Solicited policy proposals from George Ball, Robert McNamara, and William Bundy, Convened a group of outside advisors called the "Wise Men", Convened Tuesday luncheons with 5-6 advisors
The history of US clientelism can be traced backed to the ________.
Spanish-American War
Regarding U.S. client acquisition, which is the least common form of acquisition?
Special access
Regarding hostile interventions, which type of overt action occurs when the enemy is perceived to be weak and when the enemy is warring against another state or is illegitimately occupying the state?
Sustained and asymmetrical bombing
In 1942, to help take pressure off of the Russians, what military operation did Churchill propose that called for Anglo-American troops to invade French North Africa?
TORCH
After WWII began, but before the U.S. entered the war, the U.S. supported Great Britain against Hitler by lending or leasing military equipment. As a condition for this support, the U.S. asked Great Britain to issue a joint statement with them, endorsing the principles of the 14 Points as goals for the post-war international order. What was the name of this statement?
The Atlantic Charter
Which of the following statements regarding the lead up to the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution is true?
The August 4, 1964 North Vietnamese attacks on the USS Maddox and Turner Joy did not happen, yet these were the incidents used to pass the resolution
Which of the following statements are accurate about the CIA's failure to predict the events that transpired in Afghanistan in 1979? Select all that apply.
The CIA did acknowledge the possibility of an invasion, The CIA predicted that the USSR wouldn't invade because doing so would be a poor public relations move, According to historical documents, the debate within the CIA over the likelihood of invasion mirrored the debate within the Kremlin over the invasion
Which of the following factors contributed to the CIA's intelligence failures about the events that transpired in Poland in 1980s? Select all that apply.
The CIA failed to predict the invasion of Afghanistan and didn't want to make the same mistake twice, The CIA misinterpreted the Kremlin's bluffs about sending the Soviet military into Poland
Who directs the CIA to undertake a covert action?
The President
Which of the following is NOT a unique feature of American clientelism?
The US severely controls the governmental administration of its clients
Which of the following statements adequately describes the relative power of the US and Soviet Union during the Cold War?
The United States was more economically integrated with other countries than was the Soviet Union
According to foreign policy scholars, which part of the public has interest in foreign policy but often lacks the influence to change foreign policy?
The attentive public
In the first lecture, we discussed two frameworks for understanding US foreign policymaking. According to the Shifting Leadership and Politics framework, what factor is important?
The global context
Which of the following is NOT true about the theory of indexing?
The media is an active agent and indexes certain news frames in order to serve as a watchdog on administrative processes
What does it mean when the news media displays "selective attention" in respect to international affairs?
The media predominately focuses on national and local news, with international affairs constituting just a small percentage of coverage
Which of the following statements is NOT true about the dimensions of US foreign policy continuity according to Sylvan and Majeski?
The micro-continuity flows from meso continuity.
Which foreign policy powers does the president have as chief diplomat? Select all that apply.
The president can sign an executive agreement, which is an informal agreement with another head of state, The president has the power to make treaties, The president can send U.S. Ambassadors to foreign countries as diplomatic representatives
According to Scott and Rosati, what is foreign policy?
The scope of involvement abroad and the collection of goals, strategies, and instruments that are selected by governmental policymakers
Today, a new consensus exists to replace the Almond-Lippmann consensus. Which of the following is NOT one of the three propositions of this new consensus?
There are times when the public leads policy and times when policy leads the public, but they move together in harmony
Which of the following is a reason cited by foreign policy scholars that the US did not pursue a colonial empire like its European counterpart in the 19th century, but instead acquired just a handful of relatively autonomous territories? Select all that apply.
There were political leaders, such as Grover Cleveland, who saw offshore territorial acquisition as imperialist and anti-democratic, at odds with the principles of the American Republic, There were concerns among some leaders about the political and economic costs of maintaining direct control of territories, There were concerns about the cost and probability of successfully defending certain territories militarily, There were domestic political concerns about promoting immigration of non-whites
According to Sylvan and Majeski, US foreign policy is not driven by any overarching goals over and beyond those of helping clients and hurting enemies. Instead, it is driven by the relatively limited set of means the U.S. has at its disposal.
True
Lobbying is found to be more effective in producing policy change than constituent pressure and public protest.
True
Most US client interventions in the past have been successful.
True
The events in Poland in the 1980s indicated to other Eastern European countries that Soviet resistance might not be met with invasion.
True
There is no foreign policy power provided to the president that is not shared by Congress.
True
Which of the following events mark the beginning of the war in Vietnam? Mark all that apply (multiple answers).
Vietcong attack against the American military installation at Pleiku, Vietcong attack against the American military barracks at Qui Nhon, Gulf of Tonkin Incident
What is the revolving door system?
When military members are hired by the defense industry upon retirement and when defense leaders are appointed to positions within the DOD
Which of the following statements about the CIA is correct?
When tasked with a covert action, intelligence oversight committees in Congress must be notified
Which of the following IS TRUE regarding the basics of client state acquisition?
While there can be a sense of development of clients, there is no "graduation" for clients
Which of the following statements about the War Powers Resolution is TRUE?
Within 60 days after reporting the deployment of troops to Congress, the president must terminate any use of U.S. armed forces unless Congress declares war, extends the period, or cannot meet
What was the Marshall Plan?
A foreign aid package to facilitate reconstruction in Europe
Which interest group strategy involves groups using brokers, law firms, public relations firms, and consultants to influence policymakers within the government?
Access-to-power approach
Choose the top three largest recipients of U.S. resources in 2004.
Afghanistan, Japan, Egypt
According to Scott and Rosati, what is a bureaucracy?
An administrative organization responsible for carrying out the day-to-day business of governmen
How can US enemies be removed? Select all that apply.
By foreign invasion, By US intervention, Via internal collapse, Via protracted negotiation
Which of the following is NOT an explanation offered by Sylvan and Majeski for why US clientelism may soon end?
Client insubordination
Why is mass public opinion sometimes described as "non-attitudes"? Select all that apply.
Declining civics proficiency among students yields an ill-informed public easily misled by incomplete facts, Domestic issues take precedence in the minds of most Americans, Citizens often hold unstructured beliefs about foreign policy
Which is the major reason that Eisenhower did not authorize unilateral intervention in Vietnam to assist the French at Dien Bien Phu?
Eisenhower saw supporting France's colonial war as a losing proposition
Regarding experiments of colonialism, which territory below was acquired by the US in the late 19th century AND remains a territory today?
Guam
Regarding Vietnam, the French requested 400 aircraft plus technicians, plus an additional 25 B-26 bombers with pilots from Eisenhower. What did Eisenhower provide them?
He gave them aircraft and technicians but no pilots
During the 1930s, U.S. foreign policy was dominated by _________, a popular sentiment at the time.
Isolationism
Regarding US clientelism, which type of instruments have worked better to yield successful client interventions?
Non-military instruments
What is one pro of opinion polls?
Statistics can be used to reveal the validity, reliability, and statistical significance of numerous variables in the survey data
Most US client interventions and hostile interventions occurred during ________.
The Cold War
According to Diamond, which events epitomize the "intelligence failures" of the CIA? Select all that apply.
The Persian Gulf War (1991), The Iraq War (2003), The end of the Cold War
In 1947, the U.S. president addressed a joint session of Congress and articulated one of the key US foreign policies during the Cold War, stating that "I believe that it must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures. " What is the name of this policy?
The Truman Doctrine
Which of the following did the 1950 National Security Council-68 report NOTadvocate?
The creation of a Central Intelligence Agency to conduct covert missions against Communists
After the Cold War, which of the following factors led to new challenges for the function of the media and its impact on politics? Select all that apply.
The rise of the internet and social media, The rise of more ideological news sources
Which of the following is NOT a way that the US has acquired its client states?
Trade relations with another major power deteriorate
Both elites and the attentive public join interest groups more than the mass public.
True
According to the Sylvan and Majeski, what is cybernetics?
US foreign policy is determined by the US government's capabilities, which are employed to achieve short term, immediate goals of helping clients and destabilizing enemies
