Final ANT 280
____ is a congenital bone pathology resulting from an abnormality in the conversion of cartilage to bone and is the most common form of dwarfism.
Achondroplasia
The merging of the Out of Africa model and the Multiregionalism model is called the ____ model.
Assimilation
The model of human origins that attempts to incorporate all lines of evidence, including fossil and DNA evidence, is called the
Assimilation Hypothesis
Which of the following is a hunting technology developed during the Upper Paleolithic?
Atlatl
Skeletal remains and artifacts of the first-known group of modern Homo sapiens living outside of Africa were found at what site?
Caves of Mount Carmel in Israel
After a fire, it is simple to differentiate bone fragments from building materials and household items.
False
Archaic Homo sapiens appear in the fossil record during the Pleistocene epoch, an epoch marked by great climatic stability
False
In order to estimate stature (height) anthropologists must have the complete skeleton.
False
Neanderthals were geographically diverse, living all over the Old World, including in Africa and East Asia.
False
Part of the role of a forensic anthropologist is to determine the cause and manner of death.
False
Prehistoric Native Americans were comprised of many groups of Homo, including Neanderthals, Denisovans, and Homo floresiensis
False
The author of chapter 16, Joylin Namie, concludes that the "Paleo diet" is the best and most healthful diet for people to adopt today.
False
The glacial periods of the Pleistocene did not affect equatorial regions nor the entire continent of Africa
False
The health profiles of preagricultural humans were likely worse than those of many modern humans.
False
There is no evidence that cancer afflicted ancient humans.
False
There was most likely one momentous event in which people migrated from Africa into the Middle East.
False
aDNA evidence supports speculation that hybridization occurred between modern humans and Neanderthals/Denisovans.
Forensic anthropology applies to legal and criminal investigations
Which of the following species is often lumped under the heading of Archaic Homo sapiens?
Homo heidelbergensis
Which of the following statements is true about diabetes?
It is a result of a mismatch between our evolved bodies and our modern lifestyle
The Later Stone Age and the Pleistocene Period end with the ____ tradition, noted for fine bone tool work including barbed spearheads and fishhooks
Magdalenian
Which of the following is the best example of a pathology?
Paget's disease of bone
____ results from a vitamin D deficiency in childhood and is characterized by a wide variety of bone changes including deformities of the skull, bowing of the long bones, and a smaller, thicker pelvis.
Rickets
Which of the following is a result of agriculture?
Sedentarism
The Middle Pleistocene and the Late Pleistocene correspond to which cultural periods?
The Middle Stone Age and Later Stone Age
Which of the following is a line of evidence that has helped inform our understanding of the climate of the Pleistocene?
The study of oxygen isotopes preserved in the shells of marine invertebrates
How do Homo naledi and Homo floresiensis fit within the assumed trajectory of the human lineage?
They are outliers, causing scientists to re-examine their previously held assumptions regarding hominin evolution
Abundant evidence, such as ochre "crayons", show that the early Australians had a rich artistic and symbolic life.
True
Analysis of the developmental stages of dentition is one of the most reliable aging methods.
True
Archaic Homo sapiens are technically considered the same species as humans today.
True
Bioarchaeologists are more likely to look at skeletal trends of populations than they are to look at individual cases.
True
Clues directly from the skeleton, like a tooth filling, may indicate whether human remains are archaeological or modern.
True
For the first time in human history, most of the world's population now live in countries where overweight and obesity kill more people than hunger does
True
Forensic anthropologists may be called to testify in a court of law and/or participate in criminal investigations involving human rights violations.
True
It is generally agreed upon that Archaic Homo sapiens lived between 600,000 and 200,000 years ago.
True
It is likely that modern Homo sapiens interbred with the Neanderthals and the Denisovans.
True
Neanderthals took care of their injured and sick as well as deliberately buried their dead.
True
Our skeleton contains clues to the environment for which our ancestors were best adapted which can help with the identification of human remains.
True
Since we cannot directly observe humans of the distant past, it is hard to define and measure cultural complexity
True
Studies indicate that humans were physically active in our evolutionary past.
True
The Denisovans share up to 5% of their DNA with modern Melanesians, aboriginal Australians, and Polynesians.
True
The second epidemiological transition took place around the time of the industrial revolution.
True
While more intelligent than their previous relatives, Neanderthals may not have been nearly as intelligent modern humans
True
aDNA evidence supports speculation that hybridization occurred between modern humans and Neanderthals/Denisovans.
True
One of the most defining features of a modern Homo sapiens skull is
a more rounded, globular skull
Studies of preagricultural populations indicate that compared to people today, Paleolithic people ate
a wider variety of food
Humans are not autotrophic, this means we
cannot manufacture our own nutrients
Chauvet and Lascaux in France are two sites famous for
cave art
The extensive injuries sustained by Shanidar 1 and the La Chapelle-aux-Saints Neanderthal were most likely the result of
close-range hunting of large mammals
Many unique Neanderthal traits are adaptations to
cold environments
The term ____ is applied to any burial assemblage in which individual skeletons are not placed into separate burials
commingled
The immediate area in which human remains were found, including the soil,other organic matter, objects, or artifacts surrounding the remains, are regarded as the
context
Forensic anthropologists look at nonmetric skeletal indicators often located on the ____ to estimate ancestry
crania
As compared to the Neanderthals, Middle Stone Age fossil humans found in Africa reflect more
cultural complexity
All of the following are types of taphonomic processes EXCEPT
disease
In terms of skeletal features, Middle Stone Age fossil humans found in Africa
do not exhibit defining modern Homo sapiens features
Following the arrival of Europeans in the Americas, approximately 90% of indigenous people died from infectious diseases because they had little immunity to them. This was a result of indigenous people in the Americas being reproductively separated from people in other parts of the world. The lack of immunity was also a consequence of not having close contact with domesticated animals to acquire and then build resistance to zoonoses. This type of holistic understanding of the multiple factors that influence health and disease is known as the ____ model
ecological
The ends of bone that fuse to the shaft of the bone at the end of growth are the
epipheses
A primary risk factor for breast cancer is prolonged exposure to
estrogen
All of the following are types of trauma, EXCEPT
frostbite
Our species is an expert at living in a wide array of environments, with populations culturally specializing in their own particular surroundings. This concept is called the
generalist-specialist niche
Methods available to forensic anthropologists to help identify individualizing traits for positive identifications include all of the following, EXCEPT
hair color analysis
Which human trait is currently experiencing selective pressure (evolving)?
height
Which are examples of the mismatch between our evolved biology and our contemporary lifestyle?
hypertension and metabolic syndrome
When analyzing the transition between Homo erectus and Archaic Homo sapiens, which of the following traits is the most defining of Archaic Homo sapiens?
increased cranial capacity
A defining feature of a Neanderthal cranium is
increased cranial capacity in the occipital region
Cardiovascular disease
is related to diabetes
One of the most remarkable aspects of the cranium named Irhoud 10 is
it dates to 315,000 years old
The postcranial slenderness seen in modern Homo sapiens is a probable adaptation for
long-distance running
Glacial periods are defined by
lower sea levels
What two types of evidence are commonly used to study the behavioral complexity of past humans?
material culture and brain anatomy
The minimum estimate for the number of individuals that contributed to the sample is known as the
minimum number of individuals (MNI)
All of the following help distinguish human bone from nonhuman bone, EXCEPT
nonhuman bones are often larger than human bones
The mineral-based pigment called ____, was used by early modern Homo sapiens to color many artifacts and features
ochre
At Fuyan Cave in Southern China, paleoanthropologists found 47 adult teeth associated with cave formations dated to between 120,000 and 80,000 years ago. Fuyan Cave is most likely the
oldest-known modern human site in China
The two parts of the skeleton that are most commonly used for sex estimation are the
pelvis and skull
Cancer is the result of the interactions between a person's genes and
physical, chemical, and biological carcinogens
Which were consequences of the development of agriculture?
poorer nutrition and increased infectious disease
The "Ice-Free Corridor" and "Coastal Route" are two competing models that explain how
prehistoric Native Americans crossed Beringia
Sunda and Sahul were
prehistoric land masses traversed by modern human Asians due to lowered sea levels
Biological profiles and scene context narrow the list of ____ identifications, whereas traits unique to the individual can provide positive identifications.
presumptive
The most commonly used method for estimating the age of adult skeletons looks at the degenerative changes of the
pubic symphysis
Cro-Magnon crania are easily identifiable by their
rectangular eye orbits
One skull trend across hominin evolution that reaches an extreme with modern Homo sapiens is
reduction in face size
When analyzing Archaic Homo sapiens specimens from Africa, Asia, and Europe, one can conclude that
regional variation is present and pronounced
One of the most remarkable aspects of Homo naledi is the species'
relatively primitive features
Sets of parallel grooves on bone may indicate
rodent gnawing
The Phenice method is the most common method used to assess
sex
Homo floresiensis is remarkable due to the species'
small stature and cranial capacity
Cooking likely led to which of the following changes?
smaller jaws and thinner tooth enamel
Which was the likely selective agent in the genetic resistance to HIV among some people today?
smallpox in Europe
The inner layer of bone that has a porous or honeycomb-like structure is known as
spongy or trabecular bone
Hominins naturally prefer which types of foods?
sweet and salty
Which term refers to the situation in which two or more health conditions coexist and exacerbate the effects of one or all?
syndemic
The study of what happens to skeletal remains after death is known as
taphonomy
Which of the following is evidence that Neanderthal tools were more complex than previous tool-making efforts?
the attaching of stone tools to shafts to create spears
Morbidity refers to
the number of cases of disease per unit of population occurring over a unit of time
Mortality refers to
the number of deaths attributable to a particular cause per unit of population over a unit of time
Which phenomena reflect the third epidemiological transition?
the reemergence of infectious disease
The term "Cro-Magnon" most accurately refers to
the remains for four adults and one infant found in a rock shelter in France dating to 28,000 years ago
All of the following help distinguish human bone from nonhuman bone, EXCEPT
the shape of human bone
The Neolithic Revolution refers to
the transition from foraging to agriculture
A biological profile is an individual's identifying characteristics and includes all of the following, EXCEPT
time of death
One of the most defining characteristics of Archaic Homo sapiens is their
transitional nature
Neanderthals lived within a clear geographic boundary that encompassed
western Europe
Which of the following terms refers to trauma that occurs BEFORE death?
antemortem
How do forensic anthropologists report the estimated height of an individual based on skeletal remains?
as a stature range
When did the first epidemiological transition take place?
at the advent of agriculture
Responsibilities of a forensic anthropologist may include all of the following EXCEPT
blood splatter analysis
In the case of ancient hominins, aDNA is often collected from
bone and teeth
The high level of diversity in the fossils found at the sites of Jebel Irhoud, Omo, and Herto in Africa support
african multiregionalism
What contributes to obesity among humans today?
all of the above (eating more calorie dense foods, sedentarism, epigenetic factors)
When working with human remains it is important to
all of the above (handle bones over padded surfaces, avoid picking up a skull by placing fingers in the eye orbits or through the cheekbones, respect the individual whose skeleton you work with and their relatives)
It is important for anthropologists to understand taphonomic processes in order to
all of the above (understand environmental events that have occurred, estimate the relative amount of time that has passed, understand more about how the body was placed and treated)
A significant shift in the causes of morbidity and mortality among humankind is known as
an epidemiological transition
The Upper Paleolithic of Europe, is associated with
an expansion in modern human cultural complexity
Which of the following is used to estimate the age of subadults (under the age of 18)?
analysis of the epiphyseal union
Advances in ____ have added to evidence that suggests a more complex connection between modern Homo sapiens and the Neanderthals
ancient DNA analysis