Final ANT 280

____ is a congenital bone pathology resulting from an abnormality in the conversion of cartilage to bone and is the most common form of dwarfism.

Achondroplasia

The merging of the Out of Africa model and the Multiregionalism model is called the ____ model.

Assimilation

The model of human origins that attempts to incorporate all lines of evidence, including fossil and DNA evidence, is called the

Assimilation Hypothesis

Which of the following is a hunting technology developed during the Upper Paleolithic?

Atlatl

Skeletal remains and artifacts of the first-known group of modern Homo sapiens living outside of Africa were found at what site?

Caves of Mount Carmel in Israel

After a fire, it is simple to differentiate bone fragments from building materials and household items.

False

Archaic Homo sapiens appear in the fossil record during the Pleistocene epoch, an epoch marked by great climatic stability

False

In order to estimate stature (height) anthropologists must have the complete skeleton.

False

Neanderthals were geographically diverse, living all over the Old World, including in Africa and East Asia.

False

Part of the role of a forensic anthropologist is to determine the cause and manner of death.

False

Prehistoric Native Americans were comprised of many groups of Homo, including Neanderthals, Denisovans, and Homo floresiensis

False

The author of chapter 16, Joylin Namie, concludes that the "Paleo diet" is the best and most healthful diet for people to adopt today.

False

The glacial periods of the Pleistocene did not affect equatorial regions nor the entire continent of Africa

False

The health profiles of preagricultural humans were likely worse than those of many modern humans.

False

There is no evidence that cancer afflicted ancient humans.

False

There was most likely one momentous event in which people migrated from Africa into the Middle East.

False

aDNA evidence supports speculation that hybridization occurred between modern humans and Neanderthals/Denisovans.

Forensic anthropology applies to legal and criminal investigations

Which of the following species is often lumped under the heading of Archaic Homo sapiens?

Homo heidelbergensis

Which of the following statements is true about diabetes?

It is a result of a mismatch between our evolved bodies and our modern lifestyle

The Later Stone Age and the Pleistocene Period end with the ____ tradition, noted for fine bone tool work including barbed spearheads and fishhooks

Magdalenian

Which of the following is the best example of a pathology?

Paget's disease of bone

____ results from a vitamin D deficiency in childhood and is characterized by a wide variety of bone changes including deformities of the skull, bowing of the long bones, and a smaller, thicker pelvis.

Rickets

Which of the following is a result of agriculture?

Sedentarism

The Middle Pleistocene and the Late Pleistocene correspond to which cultural periods?

The Middle Stone Age and Later Stone Age

Which of the following is a line of evidence that has helped inform our understanding of the climate of the Pleistocene?

The study of oxygen isotopes preserved in the shells of marine invertebrates

How do Homo naledi and Homo floresiensis fit within the assumed trajectory of the human lineage?

They are outliers, causing scientists to re-examine their previously held assumptions regarding hominin evolution

Abundant evidence, such as ochre "crayons", show that the early Australians had a rich artistic and symbolic life.

True

Analysis of the developmental stages of dentition is one of the most reliable aging methods.

True

Archaic Homo sapiens are technically considered the same species as humans today.

True

Bioarchaeologists are more likely to look at skeletal trends of populations than they are to look at individual cases.

True

Clues directly from the skeleton, like a tooth filling, may indicate whether human remains are archaeological or modern.

True

For the first time in human history, most of the world's population now live in countries where overweight and obesity kill more people than hunger does

True

Forensic anthropologists may be called to testify in a court of law and/or participate in criminal investigations involving human rights violations.

True

It is generally agreed upon that Archaic Homo sapiens lived between 600,000 and 200,000 years ago.

True

It is likely that modern Homo sapiens interbred with the Neanderthals and the Denisovans.

True

Neanderthals took care of their injured and sick as well as deliberately buried their dead.

True

Our skeleton contains clues to the environment for which our ancestors were best adapted which can help with the identification of human remains.

True

Since we cannot directly observe humans of the distant past, it is hard to define and measure cultural complexity

True

Studies indicate that humans were physically active in our evolutionary past.

True

The Denisovans share up to 5% of their DNA with modern Melanesians, aboriginal Australians, and Polynesians.

True

The second epidemiological transition took place around the time of the industrial revolution.

True

While more intelligent than their previous relatives, Neanderthals may not have been nearly as intelligent modern humans

True

aDNA evidence supports speculation that hybridization occurred between modern humans and Neanderthals/Denisovans.

True

One of the most defining features of a modern Homo sapiens skull is

a more rounded, globular skull

Studies of preagricultural populations indicate that compared to people today, Paleolithic people ate

a wider variety of food

Humans are not autotrophic, this means we

cannot manufacture our own nutrients

Chauvet and Lascaux in France are two sites famous for

cave art

The extensive injuries sustained by Shanidar 1 and the La Chapelle-aux-Saints Neanderthal were most likely the result of

close-range hunting of large mammals

Many unique Neanderthal traits are adaptations to

cold environments

The term ____ is applied to any burial assemblage in which individual skeletons are not placed into separate burials

commingled

The immediate area in which human remains were found, including the soil,other organic matter, objects, or artifacts surrounding the remains, are regarded as the

context

Forensic anthropologists look at nonmetric skeletal indicators often located on the ____ to estimate ancestry

crania

As compared to the Neanderthals, Middle Stone Age fossil humans found in Africa reflect more

cultural complexity

All of the following are types of taphonomic processes EXCEPT

disease

In terms of skeletal features, Middle Stone Age fossil humans found in Africa

do not exhibit defining modern Homo sapiens features

Following the arrival of Europeans in the Americas, approximately 90% of indigenous people died from infectious diseases because they had little immunity to them. This was a result of indigenous people in the Americas being reproductively separated from people in other parts of the world. The lack of immunity was also a consequence of not having close contact with domesticated animals to acquire and then build resistance to zoonoses. This type of holistic understanding of the multiple factors that influence health and disease is known as the ____ model

ecological

The ends of bone that fuse to the shaft of the bone at the end of growth are the

epipheses

A primary risk factor for breast cancer is prolonged exposure to

estrogen

All of the following are types of trauma, EXCEPT

frostbite

Our species is an expert at living in a wide array of environments, with populations culturally specializing in their own particular surroundings. This concept is called the

generalist-specialist niche

Methods available to forensic anthropologists to help identify individualizing traits for positive identifications include all of the following, EXCEPT

hair color analysis

Which human trait is currently experiencing selective pressure (evolving)?

height

Which are examples of the mismatch between our evolved biology and our contemporary lifestyle?

hypertension and metabolic syndrome

When analyzing the transition between Homo erectus and Archaic Homo sapiens, which of the following traits is the most defining of Archaic Homo sapiens?

increased cranial capacity

A defining feature of a Neanderthal cranium is

increased cranial capacity in the occipital region

Cardiovascular disease

is related to diabetes

One of the most remarkable aspects of the cranium named Irhoud 10 is

it dates to 315,000 years old

The postcranial slenderness seen in modern Homo sapiens is a probable adaptation for

long-distance running

Glacial periods are defined by

lower sea levels

What two types of evidence are commonly used to study the behavioral complexity of past humans?

material culture and brain anatomy

The minimum estimate for the number of individuals that contributed to the sample is known as the

minimum number of individuals (MNI)

All of the following help distinguish human bone from nonhuman bone, EXCEPT

nonhuman bones are often larger than human bones

The mineral-based pigment called ____, was used by early modern Homo sapiens to color many artifacts and features

ochre

At Fuyan Cave in Southern China, paleoanthropologists found 47 adult teeth associated with cave formations dated to between 120,000 and 80,000 years ago. Fuyan Cave is most likely the

oldest-known modern human site in China

The two parts of the skeleton that are most commonly used for sex estimation are the

pelvis and skull

Cancer is the result of the interactions between a person's genes and

physical, chemical, and biological carcinogens

Which were consequences of the development of agriculture?

poorer nutrition and increased infectious disease

The "Ice-Free Corridor" and "Coastal Route" are two competing models that explain how

prehistoric Native Americans crossed Beringia

Sunda and Sahul were

prehistoric land masses traversed by modern human Asians due to lowered sea levels

Biological profiles and scene context narrow the list of ____ identifications, whereas traits unique to the individual can provide positive identifications.

presumptive

The most commonly used method for estimating the age of adult skeletons looks at the degenerative changes of the

pubic symphysis

Cro-Magnon crania are easily identifiable by their

rectangular eye orbits

One skull trend across hominin evolution that reaches an extreme with modern Homo sapiens is

reduction in face size

When analyzing Archaic Homo sapiens specimens from Africa, Asia, and Europe, one can conclude that

regional variation is present and pronounced

One of the most remarkable aspects of Homo naledi is the species'

relatively primitive features

Sets of parallel grooves on bone may indicate

rodent gnawing

The Phenice method is the most common method used to assess

sex

Homo floresiensis is remarkable due to the species'

small stature and cranial capacity

Cooking likely led to which of the following changes?

smaller jaws and thinner tooth enamel

Which was the likely selective agent in the genetic resistance to HIV among some people today?

smallpox in Europe

The inner layer of bone that has a porous or honeycomb-like structure is known as

spongy or trabecular bone

Hominins naturally prefer which types of foods?

sweet and salty

Which term refers to the situation in which two or more health conditions coexist and exacerbate the effects of one or all?

syndemic

The study of what happens to skeletal remains after death is known as

taphonomy

Which of the following is evidence that Neanderthal tools were more complex than previous tool-making efforts?

the attaching of stone tools to shafts to create spears

Morbidity refers to

the number of cases of disease per unit of population occurring over a unit of time

Mortality refers to

the number of deaths attributable to a particular cause per unit of population over a unit of time

Which phenomena reflect the third epidemiological transition?

the reemergence of infectious disease

The term "Cro-Magnon" most accurately refers to

the remains for four adults and one infant found in a rock shelter in France dating to 28,000 years ago

All of the following help distinguish human bone from nonhuman bone, EXCEPT

the shape of human bone

The Neolithic Revolution refers to

the transition from foraging to agriculture

A biological profile is an individual's identifying characteristics and includes all of the following, EXCEPT

time of death

One of the most defining characteristics of Archaic Homo sapiens is their

transitional nature

Neanderthals lived within a clear geographic boundary that encompassed

western Europe

Which of the following terms refers to trauma that occurs BEFORE death?

antemortem

How do forensic anthropologists report the estimated height of an individual based on skeletal remains?

as a stature range

When did the first epidemiological transition take place?

at the advent of agriculture

Responsibilities of a forensic anthropologist may include all of the following EXCEPT

blood splatter analysis

In the case of ancient hominins, aDNA is often collected from

bone and teeth

The high level of diversity in the fossils found at the sites of Jebel Irhoud, Omo, and Herto in Africa support

african multiregionalism

What contributes to obesity among humans today?

all of the above (eating more calorie dense foods, sedentarism, epigenetic factors)

When working with human remains it is important to

all of the above (handle bones over padded surfaces, avoid picking up a skull by placing fingers in the eye orbits or through the cheekbones, respect the individual whose skeleton you work with and their relatives)

It is important for anthropologists to understand taphonomic processes in order to

all of the above (understand environmental events that have occurred, estimate the relative amount of time that has passed, understand more about how the body was placed and treated)

A significant shift in the causes of morbidity and mortality among humankind is known as

an epidemiological transition

The Upper Paleolithic of Europe, is associated with

an expansion in modern human cultural complexity

Which of the following is used to estimate the age of subadults (under the age of 18)?

analysis of the epiphyseal union

Advances in ____ have added to evidence that suggests a more complex connection between modern Homo sapiens and the Neanderthals

ancient DNA analysis