final exam 4

decreased

You are caring for a patient who has been vomiting and having diarrhea for the past five days. you suspect that his electrolyte levels are

respiratory alkalosis

a mountain climber at high altitude may lose consciousness as the result of

metabolic acidosis

a person with chronic diabetes with exhibit signs of

respiratory acidosis

a person with emphysema will exhibit signs of

peripheral vasoconstriction

acidosis can cause all of the following, except

promotes sodium retention in the kidneys

aldosterone

a, b, and c

angiotensin II produces a coordinated elevation in the ecf volume by

stimulates water conservation by the kidneys

antidiuretic hormone

calcitonin

calcium reabsorption by the kidneys is promoted by the hormone

result in a temporary increase in blood volume

consuming a meal high in salt will

collecting ducts

damage to the renal medulla would interfere first with the functioning of which of the following

increased thirst

dehydration will cause

there is increased activity of the parasympathetic motor neurons that control the detrusor muscle

during the micturition reflex,

albumin

each of the following is a normal constituent of urine, except

large amounts of chloride ions are lost each day in urine

each of the following statements concerning chloride ions are true, except that

increased concentration of potassium ions in the icf

factors that increase the secretion of antidiuretic hormone include all of the following, except

24 mm Hg

find the net glomerular filtration pressure with a glomarular pressure of 69 mm Hg, a pressure in the capsular space of 15 mm Hg, and a plasma osmotic pressure is 30 mm Hg.

calcitonin

high blood calcium levels stimulate the release of

respiratory alkalosis

hyperventilation as may occur during a panic attack would cause

decreased respiration rate

in response to a rapid increase of organic acids in the body, you would expect to observe all of the following, except

there is an increased permeability of the membrane of the renal collecting ducts to water

in response to high plasma osmolarity

body retains more carbon dioxide

in response to respiratory alkalosis, the

sodium and chloride ions are actively transported out of the ascending limb

in the loop of henle

the cells of the body

intracellular fluid (icf) is found in

the basic functional units of kidney

nephrons are

bundles of tissue that lie between pyramids and extend from the renal cortex toward the renal sinus

renal columns are

expanded ends of the ureters

renal pelvis is/ are

conical structures that are located in the renal medulla

renal pyramids are

internal cavities lined by the fibrous capsule and located in the area of the hilus

renal sinuses are

associated with the reaborption of sodium from the distal tubules and collecting ducts

secretion of potassium into the urine is

distal convoluted tubule

sodium reabsorption in response to aldosterone begins in the

distal convoluted tubule

some toxins are secreted into the filtrate by the

hilum

the ---------- is the medial aspect of the kidney where the renal artery and vein enter and exit the kidney.

capsule

the ------------- is a dense layer of connective tissue that covers the renal cortex

the loop of henle

the ability to form a concentrated urine depends on the functions of

loop of henle

the active transport of sodium-chloride occurs regularly at the

increases the permeability of the collecting ducts to water

the antidiuretic hormone

calcium

the cation with a plus two charge that is kept primarily in extracellular fluid is

approximately 50 percent of waste products

the cells of the proximal convolutes tubule normally reabsorb all of the following, except

all of the above

the components of extracellular fluid include all

renal artery interlobar artery arcuate artery cortical radiate artery afferent arteriole glomerulus efferent arteriole pertitubular capillary

the following is a list of the blood vessels that carry blood to the kidney

the distal convoluted tubule

the kidneys begin to make adjustments for ph at

collecting duct

the last part of the nephron is the

sodium ions

the most common problems with electrolyte balance are caused by an imbalance between gains and losses of

prevent ph changes caused by organic and fixed acids

the primary role of the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system is to

sodium

the principal cation in extracellular fluid is

potassium

the principal cation in intracellular fluid is

chloride

the principle anion is extracellular fluid is

renal corpuscle

the process of filtration occurs at the

cubodial

the proximal and distal convoluted tubules are lined by ----- epithelium

produce a concentration gradient that will allow the nephron to produce a hypotonic filtrate

the role of countercurrent multiplication in the kidney is to

transitional

the ureters and urinary bladder are lined by --------- epithelium

secretes excess glucose molecules

the urinary system does all of the following, except that it

all of the above

to survive, humans must maintain a normal volume and composition of

ureters

urine is carried to the urinary bladder by

the calyces

urine moves into the renal pelvis from

a decrease in the amount of potassium in the urine

what effect would a decrease in ph have on amount of potassium ions in the urine?

there is an increase in the volume of urine produces

when the amount of sodium ion in extracellular fluid increases,

kidneys secrete more hydrogen ions

when the ph of the extracellular fluid declines, the

osmosis moves water from the icf to the ecf

when water is lost, but electrolytes are retained,

adh

which hormone affects the osmostic concentration

anp

which hormone helps to reduce blood volume and blood pressure?

renin

which hormone is released by the kidneys in response to excessive pressure?

aldosterone

which hormone plays a role in determining the rate of sodium absorption and potassium loss?