final exam
Management of the household is similar to the workplace in that it requires
leadership skills
In the work trajectory, getting hired, being promoted, and retirement are examples of
life course transitions.
Changes in taste and smell that occur with age, especially the reduced ability to detect specific tastes, are likely to result in
loss of appetite.
Confronting one's pain and sadness and finding a place for the deceased loved one in one's thought and memories is called
loss-oriented coping.
Among single-mother families, one of the fastest growing subgroups is
low-income women who have never been married
The combination of extensive knowledge required for the work and experience with a variety of problem-solving strategies gives middle adults an advantage with respect to
managerial resourcefulness
The combination of extensive knowledge required for the work and experience with a variety of problem-solving strategies gives middle adults an advantage with respect to
managerial resourcefulness.
Men who entered fatherhood at a later age (after 30), when compared to young and on-time fathers, were considered
more involved in parenthood.
In the future, it is _ that older adults will engage in a new type of intimacy.
more likely
It is not unusual for a grieving person to think about a situation involving the dead person over and over again. This is called
obsessive rumination.
Settings may shape a person's behavior, and people may alter the setting in which they participate. This is the meaning of
person-environment interaction
A commitment to ________ is the important factor for adults in order to face the later years in the best possible physical condition.
physical activity
What is likely to occur for men following widowhood?
The majority of men remarry.
Three of the following rituals are common in the United States. Which is the exception?
The mayor of the deceased person's city is the first person to visit the family.
Which statement is most accurate within the first 18 months of widowhood?
The more social support a man has, the less likely he is to be interested in remarriage after widowhood.
The ability to enact the grandparent role is mediated by which of the following?
The relationship a grandparent has with his or her adult children
In the face of widespread catastrophes, such as the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, ________.
public memorial services are televised to permit international mourning
The Fulmer Corporation prides itself on having a diverse workforce. However, the majority of the non-white employees work in the Human Resources department, not in development, research, or marketing. This is an example of
racial segmentation
Reuben Hill's ABCX model of coping has been expanded to double ABCX. This new model
reflects the changes in the family system over time.
The core pathology associated with the achievement of stagnation is
rejectivity
Dakota was named New Sales Associate of the Year and will be presented with an award next Friday night at the mandatory awards banquet. She has worked hard for the award and wants the raise associated with her sales production, but is frustrated about the date and time of the awards banquet as it is the same as the high school football game opener in which her children participate in the band and on the team. This is an example of
role conflict
Some single parents experience _ as a result of trying to juggle too many roles and expectations.
role overload
The advantages of the dual-earner, multiple-role lifestyle can be offset when one or both partners experience
role overload
The SOC model refers to
selection, optimization, and compensation.
In Maslow's theory, _ is a motive that urges a person to make optimal use of his/her potential to become a more effective, creative participant in daily life.
self-actualization
Research on older widowed women found that the majority of widows show evidence of a high level of
self-sufficiency.
What is the central process for resolving the psychosocial crisis of very old age?
social support
Long-term memory is considered a
storehouse of a lifetime of information.
One way that elder people pass on to their grandchildren a shared and collective identity that has been learned from their own grandparents is through
storytelling.
In a qualitative study of South Africans who had lost a loved one to AIDS, bereaved adults
struggled to provide for surviving children and the sick.
Grandparents who assume major child care responsibilities were described by Neugarten and Weinstein as
surrogate parents.
The science that addresses dying, death, and psychological mechanisms of coping with them is called
thanatology
The achievement of integrity in later adulthood requires
the acceptance of one's life as it has been lived
For most adults who become grandparents, grandchildren symbolize
the continuity of their lives into the future
The process of integrating one's past life, including the successes and disappointments is a component of
the developmental task of accepting one's life.
In the process of developing a psychohistorical perspective, elder adults develop a personal understanding of all of the following EXCEPT
the effects of mutations on the evolution of the species.
Elisabeth Kübler-Ross's work focused on
the needs of the dying person.
Studies of people in their later 90s and older find that
they appear to be more disease free than those 10 to 15 years younger.
Children tend to have a greater sense of obligation to aging parents than their parents expect.
true
Cosmic transcendence is an expression of immortality that is independent of religion, offspring, or creative achievement.
true
Pressure to marry within a religion or culture is called endogamy.
true
The Elders is an international group formed to assist the global community with world-wide issues.
true
Through their grandchildren, adults avoid a sense of alienation from the contemporary world.
true
The strains of middle adulthood result largely from
trying to balance many demanding roles
The term physician-assisted suicide refers to
when a physician arranges for the patient to administer a lethal dose of medication.
Grief may be more intense for those who lose a loved one
who dies a sudden death.
What is the relationship between personality and life satisfaction?
There is a link between personality and life satisfaction in later life dependent on personality type.
Dissatisfied couples experience which of the following communication problems?
They avoid problems and counterattack.
Which of the following most accurately describes persons who survive a loved one's suicide?
They may feel angry at the person for killing themselves.
Which of the following statements is considered a criticism about using cross-sectional research to evaluate cognitive functioning in adulthood?
Those with more formal education do better than those with less formal education.
Among adults ages 75-84 in the United States, roughly what percent live with their spouse?
53%
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, what is the fastest growing age group in the United States?
85 and over
The physical symptoms associated with the climacteric among women are most likely due to which of the following?
A rapid decline in estrogen production
Difficulty in managing ADLs increases markedly after age 85. Which of the following is a leading factor in postindustrial countries?
A sedentary lifestyle
Which of the following statements best describes the concept of generative concern?
A sense that one is making a positive difference in the lives of others
In terms of women who have been widowed, which of the following is considered the most positive form of immediate support?
A willingness to discuss the death of her husband
What does Erikson mean by grand-generativity?
Accepting care from others in a generous way that enhances their feelings of generativity
In a comparison of living arrangements of older adults, in which setting was it more common for older adults to head up a large household that included young children?
Africa
Religion provides an especially important source of social support in the lives of very old __________ in the United States.
African Americans
Which of the following terms refer to the negative attitudes of others toward older adults, which may contribute to experiences of despair in later adulthood?
Ageism
Which of the following factors appears to play an important role in the mate selection process today as partners determine their similarity?
Agreement about the balance of work and family roles
In the case of Harriet McBryde Johnson, what is the dying trajectory?
Ambiguous
What is the dying trajectory for someone who experiences the diagnosis of a terminal disease, then several periods of illness and remission before death?
Ambiguous
Which of the following is NOT an example of a dying trajectory?
Ambivalent decline
Which of the following statements about death-related rituals is most accurate?
American Indians cover a dead person's face with a powdery substance made of corn.
In a study cited in the text, how did hospice workers view a dying patient's refusal of food and fluids in order to hasten death?
An expression of personal autonomy
The primary causes of death are different for people of different ages. What is a primary cause of death for adolescents?
Automobile accidents
According to Lindemann's analysis, which of the following prolongs the survivor's preoccupation with the dead person?
Avoiding grief
According to Carr's research about spousal reactions to their partners' death, which of the following was associated with a good death?
Believing the partner had led a full life and was at peace with the idea of dying
There are five different styles of grandparenting. Which of the following is NOT one of these styles?
CEG (corporate executive grandparent)
Which of the following is one of the three primary functions of death-related rituals?
Care of the dead person's soul or spirit
What is one lesson to be learned from the case of Lois Lyles and her mother?
Caregiving is reciprocal; costs and rewards flow in both directions
Which of the following changes in sexual responsiveness is likely to occur in middle adulthood?
Certain diseases and medications may interfere with men's ability to have an erection.
What term describes qualities that can affect the bereavement process such as the nature of the relationship between the deceased and the survivor, the sudden or gradual trajectory of death, and the extent to which the survivor believes that his spouse led a full life?
Context of loss
What is the relationship between personal identity and intimacy?
Couples who worked on identity are more likely to experience high levels of intimacy
Which of the following statements about death-related rituals is most accurate?
Cremation is typically associated with a belief in the liberation of the spirit
What is the most common effect of hearing loss in very old adults?
Decreased ability to understand spoken messages
The primary causes of death are different for people of different ages. What is a primary cause of death for older adults?
Diabetes
Who is considered the founder of the first hospice?
Dr. Cicely Saunders
Which of the following is more likely to purchase services for household tasks?
Dual-earner couples
What is the primary goal of providing community services to the frail elderly?
Enhance a realistic level of performance.
Who was the psychiatrist who described three phases of the grieving process after working with people whose relatives had been killed in the Coconut Grove fire?
Erich Lindemann
What is an essential process that promotes growth in Rogers' theory of personality development?
Experiencing and accepting the authentic self
Which of the following are considered developmental tasks of early adulthood?
Exploration of intimate relationships
According to Rosnick's research, illness affects higher order aspects of memory, particularly the recall of past life events.
False
Kübler-Ross raised issues about death and dying that reinforced the culture of death as medical failure.
False
What is the fastest growing segment of the homeless population?
Families with children
Which statement best indicates that older men and women tend to be tied to the gender-role standards of their historical cohort?
Today's older women believe that the only kinds of relationships possible between men and women are romantic
Which group of people is most likely to live alone?
Females over age 45
Which statement is most accurate concerning psychosocial development in very old age?
Finding ways to integrate negative poles of each stage into a positive worldview strengthens one's character
According to John Horn who focused on mental abilities across the life span, neurological loss associated with aging is most damaging to which type of intelligence?
Fluid intelligence
Which of the following has been shown to retard the degenerative effects of aging?
Following a regular program of physical activity
Which of the following is considered a result of a research study that followed older couples from before the death of a spouse until 18 months after the death?
For some groups, there was a relative lack of grief related symptoms that was not due to denial but was evidence of appropriate coping.
Which factor is NOT part of the double ABCX model of coping?
Geographic or cultural setting
_ refers to the cognitive and emotional reactions that follow the death of a loved one.
Grief
Perceived discrimination undermines psychological wellbeing for women, but not for men.
True
In a study of elderly parents and their adult children, which of the following was something parents and children agreed was part of filial obligation?
Helping elderly parents understand community and agency resources
Which of the following statements best describes the interaction of heredity and environment on mental functioning?
Heredity and environment play a role on mental functioning.
In which of the following cultures do people believe that a person's spirit enters a small flame that is placed in the sea as a signal to the spirit to leave the attachments of the earthly life and begin the transition to the afterlife?
Hindu
The primary causes of death are different for people of different ages. What is a primary cause of death for people in middle adulthood?
Homicide
In reflecting on the life of someone who dies, a survivor may take on valued characteristics of the deceased such as integrity, fairness, or courage. This is an example of which of the following processes?
Identification
How is menopause related to culture?
In cultures that admire older women, the symptoms of menopause are less severe.
Which of the following is most accurate?
In most cultures, people have a strong need to carry out funeral rituals for the burial of the dead.
Which of the following is the best definition of a household?
Two or more people related by birth, marriage, or adoption who live in one housing unit
Which aspect of career management refers to such behaviors as working effectively in a group, influencing co-workers, communicating with clients or customers, and comparing oneself to others?
Interpersonal skills
Which statement best describes the impact on the survivor of the death of a loved one in a nursing home?
It may prepare them for the separation that death finalizes.
Hospice has many advantages for those with a terminal illness. Which of the following is considered one of these advantages?
It offers emotional, spiritual, and physical comfort, helping people experience a good death.
Social support contributes to a very old adult's health and sense of well-being in a variety of ways. Which of the following is NOT one of these ways?
It provides a source of conflict that is intellectually stimulating.
Many people in _ culture believe that the ancestors are always with them.
Japanese
Which of the following statements best describes the impact of joblessness for men?
Joblessness can decrease a man's ability to achieve generativity
As leader of the neighborhood crime watch committee, Theo is describing what he hopes the neighborhood will be like after the committee is functioning for the coming year or two. What leadership assumption does this best exemplify?
Leaders provide a sense of vision and direction.
Which symptom is least characteristic of organic brain syndromes?
Loss of vision
Which statement describes a common link between impaired vision and independence in very old age?
Loss of vision leads to giving up driving which reduces independence.
Mark has been having some lapses in memory and he finds that he cannot always explain himself verbally. He told his wife, Allison, that he was going to the store for a few items, and came home 3 hours later. He told Allison that he got lost on the way back and could not remember his address. When Allison asked him to go see their doctor to find out what might be going on, he shouted at her—something he had rarely done in their 40 years of marriage. What is a possible explanation for Mark's behaviors?
Mark has Alzheimer's disease.
In an international comparison, which of the following was related to less family-work conflict across all 48 countries that were studied?
Marriage
Which of the following family life situations is most likely to increase the direct involvement of grandparents in the care and supervision of grandchildren?
Maternal employment
In a comparison of changes in bodily functions from age 40 to age 75, which function shows the greatest amount of decline?
Maximum breathing capacity
Which of the following statements best describes the role of memory in later life?
Measures of memory suggest more stability than change throughout a person's life.
_ is an important activity for many older adults and provides opportunities to assume new responsibilities and learn new skills.
Volunteerism
Roughly what percentage of older adults over the age of 85 need assistance with basic tasks of self-care (activities of daily living) other than walking?
More than 50%
In terms of the patterns of adaptation during widowhood, which of the following is considered a common pattern?
Most widows experience common grief and resilience.
In which culture do people believe that everything a person creates has some part of the person's spirit in that creation?
Navajo
Which of the following may occur during Phase II of the mate selection process and could lead to termination of the relationship?
Negative self-disclosure
Which category is LEAST associated with the feelings of loneliness?
Nonverbal
Which type of reminiscence is LEAST associated with positive adjustment?
Obsessive reminiscence
Which of the following is one of the goals for high quality end-of-life care, according to the Hospice Education Institute?
Offer a support system to help patients live as actively as possible until death.
Which statement about living in a nursing home is most accurate?
Often a person will enter a nursing home for a period of recovery after hospitalization and then return home.
Which of the following statements best describes the relationship of life goals and satisfaction in later adulthood?
Older adults continue to set goals and evaluate their satisfaction level.
B. F. Skinner warned that there was certain lifestyle or environmental factors that contributed to a lack of intellectual growth in later life. Which of the following describes one of these factors?
Older people may be encouraged to spend too much time reminiscing about the past.
The case of Mr. Z illustrates that maintaining vitality and a sense of meaning while living in a nursing home during elderhood is most dependent on which factor?
One's psychological outlook and love of life
In which U.S. state can a terminally ill person with less than 6 months to live request a prescription from a physician for a lethal dose of medication?
Oregon
Which of the following statements most accurately describes widowers?
Widowers tend to have higher mortality rates than men who are still married.
Which term refers to the ability to bring positive energy from work to family life and vice versa?
Work-family facilitation
What does the term norm of reciprocity mean?
You are obliged to return in full value what you receive.
________ is an example of a stigmatized loss.
a death from AIDS
One of the common consequences of widowhood for women is
a decrease in financial resources.
The development and understanding of how the structures of other organizations affect one's life and the lives of other family members is
a new type of learning that is difficult and occurs during middle adulthood
The term managerial resourcefulness refers to
a problem-solving process
According to the metaphor of a three-dimensional space to describe lifestyle, the dimension of depth stand for
a sense of purpose and meaning
Which of the following was NOT included in Lindemann's description of grief work?
Planning and conducting the funeral and mourning rituals
There are two aspects of establishing relationships with other social structures. One is protecting the family from excessive external demands. What is the other?
Preserving valuable external relationships
Memory, reasoning, information processing, and problem-solving abilities are part of which developmental task?
Promoting intellectual vigor
At the age of 69 years, Micah considered himself to be healthy even though he took blood pressure medicine after dinner each night. His ability to remember to take his pills each night after dinner would be an example of what type of memory?
Prospective
_ is considered a critical component of adaptive coping for which older adults use a variety of strategies to help stay attuned to their functional future.
Prospective memory
Which of the following is considered a function of death rituals?
Providing a social context for expressions of grief
Dependency in very old age is often measured by assessing a person's difficulties in performing activities of daily living. Which activity is NOT considered an activity of daily living?
Reading the newspaper
Which behavior would NOT be considered a positive post-divorce coping strategy?
Reminiscing about the former spouse
Which factor is considered a significant barrier to optimal functioning for individuals living in a nursing home?
Removing expectations for planning or performing activities of daily life
What is the childhood basis of adult creativity?
Representational thought
Which of the following is least likely to be a consequence of unemployment in middle adulthood?
Role overload
The primary causes of death are different for people of different ages. What is a primary cause of death for children?
abuse
During early and middle childhood, parents
act as educators and gatekeepers.
Activities designed to end a person's life such as administering poison are referred to as
active euthanasia.
Based on the case study of Lourie Campos, what was one outcome of her participation in the Women's Health Leadership program that illustrates the concept of generativity?
She became an advocate for other women and for herself.
Which of the following is considered one of the techniques Pauline Boss used to help ambiguous loss families cope with their loss?
She created storytelling meetings where adults and children were encouraged to tell something they remembered about the missing person.
Janet is 73 years old. Her son has observed a relatively sudden change in her tempo of movement recently. She has begun to move more slowly and change position very deliberately. What is the most likely explanation for her behavior?
She is purposefully attempting to prevent dizziness due to normal respiratory and circulatory degeneration.
Which two symptoms of Alzheimer's disease are the most difficult for family caregivers to manage?
Sleep disturbances and wandering
The term context of loss refers to which of the following that can affect the bereavement process?
all of these
Alexander is 74 years old. He loves candy and has chronic arthritis in both hands, making it difficult for him to use his hands. He keeps his candy in a container with a screw top lid, which becomes difficult for him to open. When visiting the store, he noticed a candy bowl with no lid and purchases the bowl with some candy. This is considered an example of
an ability to optimize and compensate for a physical limitation.
In a study of four decades of trends associated with having children, in the 1980s and 1990s people viewed childbearing
as more of an option than an obligation.
Although 70% of Americans say they would prefer to die _______, about 75% actually die __________.
at home; in a hospital
Adolescent children often challenge their parents'
authority
After adult children leave home, parents
begin to find new areas for the energy and commitment that was directed toward their adult children who lived in their home.
Which factor has been LEAST correlated with high levels of cognitive functioning in later life?
being an only child
In blended families with children, adult parents try to create _________ that will allow extended family members to support the family, and still protect the family from unwanted intrusions and pressures from competing loyalties.
boundaries
What was the main point behind the photograph and caption of the retired man, Victor, who spends more time with his grandchildren since retiring?
Some people view retirement as a release from the stressors of the workplace and a chance to do things that are personally satisfying.
Which term refers to the negative pole of the psychosocial crisis in middle adulthood, characterized by a focus on oneself, one's needs, and one's problems?
Stagnation
In family development theory, the progression of stages or phases of family development are linked to
changes in developmental level of children in the family.
The involution and atrophy of the female's reproductive organs is called
climacteric.
Vocabulary, problem solving, and short-term memory are considered examples of
cognitive functioning.
Communities characterized by _ can enhancethe health and optimal functioning of the frail elderly.
collective efficacy
A residential setting offering private housing, medical and preventive health services, social services, and nursing care as needed is referred to as a
continuing care retirement community.
What is the potential impact on society of workplace discrimination?
creates societal stagnation.
The willingness to abandon old forms or old patterns of doing things in favor of new ways to do things is referred to as
creativity
Over the past decade, the proportion of elderly people needing help with activities of daily living has
declined
In terms of psychosocial development, ego concerns about death should __________ in later adulthood.
decrease
In one study, most people who survived the death of a loved one from cancer found the intensity of the grief response
decreased by the end of the first year after the death.
Among people who have lost a spouse, intense depression is most likely to be experienced by those who
described their marriage as positive and vital.
The negative pole of the psychosocial crisis of later adulthood is
despair
The core pathology associated with later adulthood (60 to 75 years) is
disdain
A _ authorizes someone to act on behalf of a person about financial and property matters and healthcare decisions.
durable power of attorney
Childbearing is considered a developmental task associated with what life stage?
early adulthood
What can very old adults do to maintain a sense of purpose and social connection?
Sustain important social relationships through frequent interaction.
Which requirement for Medicare coverage of hospice services is particularly troublesome for persons in advanced stages of Alzheimer's disease?
That the person be terminally ill and have 6 months or less to live
According to the model described by Rowe and Kahn, successful aging is characterized by three interconnected features: avoiding disease, maintaining high cognitive and physical functioning, and
engagement with life.
Rodney went to visit his doctor for a check-up as part of his 70th birthday present to himself. The doctor asked Rodney to recall his diet and eating habits for the past three days. Rodney was able to complete a dietary recall. This is an example of
episodic memory.
A feeling that there is a "continuous present" in the "here and now" that is also inseparable from past and future is called
experiential transcendence.
The _ personality dimension is typically associated with wellbeing and high levels of life satisfaction.
extroversion
A happy intimate relationship is less important than satisfaction at work for wellbeing in adulthood.
false
After the birth of a child, conflictual marriages show an increase in marriage satisfaction.
false
Grand-generativity means generating activities related to grandchildren
false
Illnesses such as AIDS result in a dying trajectory of sudden decline.
false
Most people do not believe in a spirit that can exist separate from the body.
false
Most people first begin to notice declines in their physical health and fitness in their 50s.
false
Most people in very old age cannot provide a psychohistorical perspective because of their cognitive dysfunctions.
false
Socioemotional support refers to direct assistance including chores and medical care.
false
When someone is in a persistent vegetative state, only a doctor can determine if they should let the person die.
false
What is meant by the description of the United States as an achieving society?
The United States values individual achievement, especially in the work place.
Which of the following groups was composed of people who were preoccupied with a search for meaning in trying to make sense of a spouse's death?
The chronic grievers
Which statement best describes the level of universality of Lindemann's ideas about grief work?
The context of death and its meaning for those who mourn suggests an individualized view of the adaptive process of bereavement is most accurate.
Which area of the brain controls sensory integration and cognitive functioning?
The cortex
In the study that followed older couples from before the death of a spouse until 18 months after the death, which group showed a pattern of elevated levels of depression before the death of the spouse but lower levels of depression at 6 and 18 months after the death of the spouse?
The depressed-improved
Paige and Mario were recently married and are trying to deal with the various obligations of her family and his family without being insulting. Paige and Alex are aware of the _ involved in building relationships with their extended families.
family politics
Marco has worked extensively as a dog handler for many years. He is well known for his ability to understand dogs. Recently he decided on a trip to a ranch with horses, Marco was able to apply his knowledge and experiences of working with dogs to the horses. This is considered an example of
fluid intelligence
The ability to organize information in order to generate new hypotheses is considered
fluid intelligence
Which of the following is considered an example of a person for whom someone's death is an unacknowledged loss?
former spouse of deceased
Across the age ranges of 50-75 and older, the most popular leisure activity was
gardening
The theory that men become more nurturant with age and women become more achievement-oriented is called
gender role convergence.
The pressure on adults to be committed to improving the life conditions of future generations is expressed as the psychosocial crisis of
generativity versus stagnation.
One positive consequence of the loss of a loved may be the _________ for the survivor.
growth in commitment to those in one's radius of significant relationships
As he observed interactions among married couples while they discussed a difficult issue, Gottman found that couples in long-enduring, satisfying relationships
had five positive statements to one negative statement.
Older adults who are the most likely to cope effectively with hearing loss have
high self-esteem.
In Pauline Boss's work with families experiencing ambiguous loss, families would get into protracted arguments particularly about whether to
hold a funeral when they did not have the body.
The positive pole of the psychosocial crisis of very old age involves a belief in continuous existence and transformation through the development of a sense of
immortality.
High levels of social integration in later life are associated with
increased longevity.
A psychohistorical perspective is the ability to
integrate information about past, present, and future.
In psychosocial theory, the ability to accept the facts of one's life and to face death without great fear is called
integrity.
In a longitudinal study of generations, Bengston studied three-generational families focusing on the construct of
intergenerational solidarity
A tenuous personal identity is likely to stand in the way of achieving
intimacy
