final exam
Which of the following describes the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion?
"I am shaking and feeling afraid at the same time."
You're having trouble getting through college. You go to your academic advisor, who gives you a few pieces of advice based on her belief in the GTD method. Which of the following statements is LEAST likely to be among the suggestions she gives you?
'Think about the next steps only after you've completed the current step on which you are focused."
Which of the following is the strongest correlation?
-.93
Dominique is making a rice dish for 5 people that requires 4 teaspoons of salt. If one were to add just one more teaspoon of salt to their rice after tasting it, half of the time he/she would be able to notice a difference. If Dominique decides to triple her recipe to feed 15 people, which would call for a total of 12 teaspoons of salt, how many teaspoons of salt would need to be added for a person to be able to taste the difference half of the time?
3
About ___ percent of people are good hypnotic subjects.
40
n her magic trick, Jessica threw a ball up into the air, and just as she was getting ready to catch it, it appeared to vanish. What happened?
After showing the ball to her audience, Jessica removed it very quickly as it came down out of the air.
Which of the following examples of change demonstrates learning?
Ama slows down her car after seeing a police officer on the side of the road.
Which of the following neuroimaging techniques would be best used for examining the brain of a person who has metal in his/her body?
CT scan
Christine is 54 years old and has a difficult time losing weight. Which of the following cases is MOST likely responsible for Christine's difficulty to lose weight?
Christine has a slow metabolism
Which statement is true about display rules?
Display rules are learned, not innate.
_________ theorized that people go through five stages of reaction when faced with death.
Elisabeth Kübler-Ross
Alcohol indirectly stimulates the release of _____, the brain's major depressant.
GABA
In his study of the effectiveness of psychotherapy, what was the conclusion Hans Eysenck made about the reason why people who had received therapy showed improvement?
He found that the passage of time alone could account for all recovery.
The _______ believe that it is important to surround the dying with family.
Hindus
A study has found that homosexual men and heterosexual women respond similarly to a testosterone-based pheromone that is secreted in perspiration; what does this tell us about the origin of homosexuality?
It tells us that homosexuality may be linked to biological origins.
The ________ illusion tends to occur more in societies with lots of buildings that have straight lines and corners.
Müller-Lyer
So-called supernatural visitations can be explained by hypnogogic hallucinations common during
NREM stage 1 sleep
Which of the following is an example of maturation?
One-year-old baby Jesse could not walk two months ago, but now he can.
Keith inherited from both parents a recessive gene that is linked to the the inability to digest the amino acid phenylalanine, which can lead to brain damage. Keith appears to have inherited the genetic disorder called ______.
PKU
Which of the following describes a person with a Type C personality?
Phil is a sensitive, pleasant guy who avoids confrontation. He does not get along with his coworker, but rather than tell her when he disagrees with her, he internalizes his emotion and frustration.
For which of the following individuals might group therapy be most advantageous?
Shirley wants and needs individual therapy but cannot afford it.
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of dissociative identity disorder?
The person frequently experiences panic attacks while in crowded areas.
Which of the following is a danger of seeking psychological treatment over the Internet?
There is no guarantee that a cybertherapist has any credentials or training in psychotherapy.
Which of the following is a true statement regarding algorithms?
They will always result in a correct solution, if there is a correct solution to be found
Anterograde amnesia can be caused by
a concussion
A hallucination that happens just as a person is in the between-state of being in REM sleep and not-yet-fully-awake is
a hypnopompic hallucination
Jamie screamed as she awakened to what she believed was a shadow standing over her. While Jamie believed she had just witnessed a ghost, your text suggests that Jamie may have been experiencing _______
a hypnopompic hallucination
Four-year-old Denise was sound asleep. Suddenly, without warning, she sat straight up and began to scream. Her mother tried to calm her down with no success. Finally, after about 45 seconds of what appeared to be a panic attack, Denise quietly lied back down. When morning came and Denise awoke, she could not remember anything that had happened during the night. It is likely that Denise experienced _______.
a night terror
Pedro was able to recall his new friend's phone number by reminding himself that the last four digits were the same as his own, just in a different order. Pedro was able to use _______ to help him remember his friend's phone number.
a retrieval cue
An example of an episodic memory would be
a special gift you received on your 13th birthday
Criteria such as behavior going against social norms, behavior that causes subjective discomfort, maladaptive behavior that causes an inability to function, and behavior causing a person to be dangerous to self or others are all indications of:
abormal behavior
________ is also called a muscular cue.
accommodation
People driven by the need for ___________ have a strong desire to attain both realistic goals and very challenging ones.
achievement
The repeated pairing of the NS and the UCS is called
acquisition
Personality may be defined as the sum total of who you are and the unique ways that you think, feel, and:
act
Your nursing home roommate tells you to become more active so that you can slow down the aging process. Your roommate's advice is consistent with the _______________ theory of aging.
activity
A phobia which literally means "fear of the marketplace" is called:
agoraphobia
In the ______ stage of the General Adaptation Syndrome, reactions such as fever, nausea, and headache are common.
alarm
Jamie's child has facial deformities, a smaller than normal head, heart defects, learning difficulties, and delayed growth. If these defects can be traced to a teratogen used by Jamie when she was pregnant, which substance was she most likely abusing?
alcohol
The peripheral nervous system is made up of
all the nerves and neurons that are not contained in the brain and spinal cord
The presence of others heavily influences helping behavior when a situation is:
ambiguous
Gene believes that if his luck is good on the day of his final exam, he will do well. Gene likely has:
an external locus of control
The most common cause of conduction hearing impairment is
an infection
In _________, new long-term declarative memories cannot be formed.
anterograde amnesia
Sociopaths who habitually break the law, disobey rules, tell lies, and use others without remorse would be diagnosed with ______ personality disorder.
antisocial
In his 1932 book, Sir Frederic Bartlett wrote that he viewed memory
as a problem-solving activity
The word _____ means "a place of safety."
asylum
Armanda is afraid of crowds. If her therapist uses the flooding technique to help her conquer her fear, which of the following will Armanda be asked to do?
attend a sold-out rock concert
Prejudice is to ____ as discrimination is to _______.
attitude; behavior
Short-term memory tends to be encoded primarily in
auditory form
The _______ is to involuntary muscles as the _______ is to voluntary muscles.
autonomic nervous system; somatic nervous system
The ________ involves estimating the likelihood of an event based on how easy it is to recall relevant information from memory.
availability heuristic
At 5 months old, Merris began to make sounds that resembled real speech, such as "ma ma," "da da," and "ba ba." Which of the following language developmental milestones had Merris reached?
babbling
Hofstede's dimensions of personality differ from the Big Five in that they are:
based on cultural personality traits rather than an individual's.
Talking, facial expressions, and movements are elements of
behavior
______ aspects of test anxiety may include procrastination, deficient study skills, or avoiding studying altogether.
behavioral
The field of ________ studies the issue of nature versus nurture.
behavioral genetics
Geo informed his current therapist, Dr. Harvey, that since his visit to the Grand Canyon, he has experienced such an intense fear of heights that he can no longer drive to his job, which requires him to cross a bridge. After realizing that Geo almost suffered a fall while at the Grand Canyon, Dr. Harvey concluded that Geo's fear of heights must be associated with his near-fall experience. Dr. Harvey's conclusion best relates to which early approach to psychology?
behaviorism
The ______ model of abnormality explains disorders such as anxiety, depression, and schizophrenia as caused by chemical imbalances, genetic disorders, and brain damage.
biological
Temperament is based on:
biology
Briana was prescribed medication to help alleviate symptoms of her anxiety. The type of treatment used to help relieve Briana's anxiety is called _______ therapy.
biomedical
The idea that sexual orientation may be related to the birth order of male children was posited by researchers in the field of
biopsychology
________ cells have a single dendrite at one end and a single axon at the other.
bipolar
Natasha has severe mood swings. One week she's energetic and excessively happy and then the following week she has a major depressive episode. Natasha may be exhibiting:
bipolar disorder
Researchers have found a small connection between attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and the onset of ______ in adolescence.
bipolar disorder
Which of the following activities would be LEAST likely to require thinking?
blinking at a bright light
The frequency of ______ personality disorder is nearly three times greater in women than in men.
borderline
The individual that is diagnosed with ____ personality disorder usually has very intense and unstable relationships with others.
borderline
In a double-blind experiment, _________ are kept unaware of which participants are in the control group(s) and which participants are in the experimental group(s).
both the researcher(s) and the participants
Hannah is a 16-year-old female whose weight is within the normal range. However, she is depressed, has a strong fear of becoming overweight, and is preoccupied with food. For over a year, she has been bingeing on fast food and then using a laxative or vomiting to rid herself of the food. Hannah appears to be suffering from _______.
bulimia
The response that is given to the conditioned stimulus is not usually quite as strong as the original unconditioned response, ______________.
but it is essentially the same response
Calvin told his therapist that he wanted to stop smoking. During the next visit, Calvin's therapist directed Calvin to focus deeply on the sound of his voice. He then told Calvin to relax and that he would soon begin to feel tired. As Calvin's eyes began to close, he was told to do a number of other things to which Calvin complied. By the end of the session, Calvin no longer craved cigarettes. What happened?
calvin allowed himself to be hypnotized
Treatments for Alzheimer's:
can slow but not halt or reverse the course of the disease.
Köhler determined that insight
cannot be gained through trial-and-error learning alone.
A sudden loss of muscle tone is called
cataplexy
Wars, hurricanes, floods, fires, and airplane crashes are all examples of _______.
catastrophes
A team of researchers is working on a new procedure that could result in the re-growth of neurons in the spinal cord. With which part of the nervous system is the team most concerned?
central nervous system
A police officer comes to Jane's office to discuss personal safety with the employees there. Despite the seriousness of his message, the police officer jokes and laughs with the employees. Jane nevertheless takes what she learned seriously and begins to pay more attention to her safety. Jane used ______ when receiving the officer's message.
central-route processing
______ can be useful to treat disorders such as phobias, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and anxiety disorders by pairing a stimulus that normally causes an unwanted response with a neutral one, eventually creating desirable involuntary reactions.
classical conditioning
The largest subfield of psychology is
clinical
The term that refers to the mental activity that takes place in the brain when a person is processing information, and includes things such as problem solving, communication, and organization of material, is:
cognition
A study showed that Japanese students associated the subjective emotion of happiness with feelings of friendliness and social engagement. The study demonstrated an aspect of processing emotion in a(n) _______________ culture.
collectivistic
Cones are the special cells responsible for
color vision
While Tamara was up late one night watching television, she saw an infomercial advertising a microwavable wok. Knowing that she really didn't need it, she bought it anyway. Tamara's behavior is an example of _______.
compliance
_______ can help us interpret or deal with new information or events that we have never encountered.
concepts
Khalila decided to try a new dish consisting of rice and tomatoes just as she was coming down with the flu. Now, every time she sees rice or tomatoes, she gets sick to her stomach. In this example, Khalila's experience of nausea at the sight of rice or tomatoes exhibits a(n) ____________.
conditioned response
Alyssa has to write a research paper discussing the effects of video games on child behavior. Alyssa believes that video games lead to bad behavior in children, and only finds research that supports her views. Alyssa's inability to find information that supports more than her viewpoint is a demonstration of _______.
confirmation bias
Adoption studies have:
confirmed what twin studies have shown about genetic influences on personality.
In his experiment on conformity, Asch found that
conformity increased with each new confederate, up to four confederates.
After hitting her head during a fall, Tammy temporarily became completely unaware of her surroundings. It appears that Tammy briefly lost ______.
consciousness
When a memory is being formed, several changes take place in the brain in a process called:
consolidation
In Sternberg's model, intimacy, passion, and commitment are all present in:
consummate love
Psychologist Harry Harlow found that
contact comfort is an important factor in love and attachment.
Early studies, such as the one conducted by Bandura, have shown _______ between exposure to media violence and aggression in children.
correlation
Adrenal glands produce hormones called
corticoids
Anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa are examples of _____ because they are most often found in Western societies.
cultural syndromes
______ is psychotherapy that is offered on the Internet.
cybertherapy
If deception is necessary, participants must then be _________ after the study.
debriefed
Teri, a woman suffering from schizophrenia, believes that she is a queen of a far-off land and she has a mission to save the world from an evil force. Teri is experiencing:
delusions of grandeur
In a well-known animal language research study, Kanzi the chimp _________________________.
demonstrated four consistent sounds to represent banana, grapes, juice, and the word yes
The first stage in Kübler-Ross's theory is:
denial
Noah is a junior in college and has always been an average student. This semester, he has a political science class for which he feels very passionate, and he sees himself pursuing a career in politics. For the first time, he wants to do well so that he can get an "A." This is an example of which element of observational learning?
desire
Raheem is questioned about his failure to provide assistance to a fellow student who was calling out for help while being bullied by other students. Raheem replies, "No one else did anything, so I did nothing." Raheem's response is a good example of ______.
diffusion of responsibility
Ryan sees a woman collapse in the mall. He doesn't run over to help her because he assumes there is probably a doctor or nurse in the crowd who can provide better assistance. This is an example of:
diffusion of responsibility
Making a list of all the ways one could use a butter knife requires:
divergent thinking
Driving and talking on a cell phone at the same time is an example of a state of
divided consciousness
Martin, who is male, and Martina, who is female, are twins. What type of twins MUST they be?
dizygotic
Genes that actively control the expression of a trait are referred to as:
dominant
____________ is the psychological tension and physical arousal created when there is a need that motivates the organism to act in order to fulfill the need and reduce the tension.
drive
The best weapon against prejudice is:
education
Which of the following is a way of transferring information from short-term memory into long-term memory by making the information meaningful in some way?
elaborative rehearsal
After medication and psychotherapy did not relieve Maria's severe depression, she tried to commit suicide. Maria's doctor suggested she consider undertaking a different biomedical therapy. Which of the following is her doctor most likely to recommend?
electroconvulsive therapy
In human language, symbols are used
eliberately and voluntarily
_________ includes the ability to be self-motivated, to feel what others feel, and to be socially skilled.
emotional intelligence
Meredith tells her therapist, Dr. Shepherd, that her mother recently died and she's been experiencing suicidal thoughts. Dr. Shepherd responds by explaining that he can imagine that she must be feeling angry and abandoned. Dr. Shepherd is displaying ______, a key element in person-centered therapy.
empathy
The set of mental operations that people perform on sensory information to convert that information into a form that is usable in the brain's storage systems is called:
encoding
________ is the tendency for memory of any kind of information to be improved if the physical surroundings available when the memory is first formed are also available when the memory is being retrieved.
encoding specificity
When researchers destroy the reticular formation of rats via deep lesioning, the rats:
enter a coma-like sleep from which they do not wake up.
Low-level lead exposure is a(n) ______ factor that may be related to the cause of ADHD.
environmental
Roger Sperry was looking for a cure for which disease when researching differentiation of the left and right hemispheres of the brain?
epilepsy
Dr. Benito favors the use of grades, money, and certificates to increase good behavior. Dr. Benito focuses on which kind of motivation?
extrinsic
Roger is open to attending any form of treatment that involves a self-help group but no other form of treatment. Which of the following should Roger avoid?
family therapy
Cindy's unborn baby is at the stage of development where its organs are not yet fully developed, but are functional. It weighs about five pounds, has experienced tremendous growth over the past several months, and would have a high rate of survival if born today. Cindy's baby is in which period of prenatal development?
fetal
________ is a condition that results from exposing a developing embryo to alcohol, and intelligence levels can range from below average to levels associated with intellectual disability.
fetal alcohol syndrome
Damage to the cerebellum could likely result in the malfunction of _______.
fine motor movement
After Eve had used "elaborative rehearsal" to remember her Social Security number, the information:
found its way into her long-term memory
In opponent-process theory, there are _______ primary colors.
four
One theory suggests that the effects of aging are produced by oxygen molecules with unstable electrons bounding around and damaging structures inside our cells. This is called ________ theory.
free-radical
One common cause of aggression is:
frustration
Which early perspective in psychology, associated with William James, focused on how the mind allows people to adapt, live, work, and play?
functionalism
_______ components for eating disorders account for 40 to 60 percent of the risk for anorexia, bulimia, and binge-eating.
genetic
Deirdre is having problems with depression following the recent birth of her baby. Her therapist believes Deirdre would gain emotional support and practical coping skills from other women who are also facing postpartum depression. Her therapist is recommending:
group therapy
Leaders of the United States Congress decided to make a stand to shut down the government so that various demands could be made. Despite the fact that many would be out of work, certain benefits would go unpaid, and the middle- and lower-class population would suffer tremendously, others followed the positions of the congressional leaders, and the government was shut down. This behavior is a good demonstration of ______.
groupthink
________ is the way the brain deals with unchanging information from the environment.
habituation
________ cause the brain to alter its interpretation of sensations
hallucinogens
The tendency of an interviewer to allow the positive attributes of a client to influence how they view the client's behavior is called:
halo effect
One criticism of Freud's psychoanalytic theory is that it:
has many ambiguous concepts that are difficult to evaluate and are not based on sound research.
Wakefield's study linking the MMR vaccine to autism ______________________________________.
has since been discredited
According to the humanistic view, internal conflict can be avoided by:
having a realistic view of one's real self
Terrance proudly acknowledges that he is heterosexual while Fernando hides the fact that he is homosexual. This difference in acknowledgement of sexual orientation is most likely due to the idea that:
heterosexuality is socially accepted in every culture while homosexuality is not.
Ingrid noticed that she was becoming very cold, so she turned on the heater in her home to warm up. By turning on the heater, Ingrid was attempting to establish _____ within her body.
homeostasis
Melatonin and thyroxin are examples of
hormones
In John Watson's experiment with "Little Albert," he demonstrated that
human emotional responses could be conditioned
Many researchers believe that reports of ghostly visions and alien abductions can be explained by __________ during the first stage of sleep.
hypnogogic images
Cognitive psychologists believe abnormal behavior is the result of:
illogical thinking problems
Towanda recently noticed that she has a small pimple on her forehead. She now refuses to go out in public, fearing that everyone will notice her pimple and laugh. Towanda's egocentric behavior is an example of _____.
imaginary audience
The four elements of observational learning are attention, memory, ______ and ______.
imitation; desire
It is extremely difficult to bring ______ into consciousness.
implicit memories
Janet is presenting a paper at a psychology conference. She buys a new suit and shoes, has her hair and nails done, and spends extra time on her makeup the morning of the presentation. Janet appears to be concerned about _______.
impression formation
After dinner, Mitchell feels full and satisfied. A few minutes later, he gets up off the couch, heads to the kitchen and grabs a candy bar. His anticipation of the delicious taste of chocolate is his ________ for choosing to eat even though he is full.
incentive
Trisha, a registered nurse, was asked to work an extra 12-hour shift to help meet the needs of the hospital. After being offered an additional fifteen dollars an hour for the extra shift she was asked to work, Trisha agreed. The additional fifteen dollars that helped motivate Trisha to work extra can be considered a(n) _______.
incentive
The impulsive and often risky behavior that can still be seen in adolescence is partially the result of:
incomplete development of the prefrontal cortex of the brain
A researcher is studying the effects of alcohol consumption on driving ability. In this experiment, alcohol consumption is the _________.
independent variable
________ is the final completion of the ego.
integrity
In The Bell Curve, Herrnstein and Murray made the unfounded claim that:
intelligence is largely inherited
Hispanic psychologist Jorge Sanchez is known for his research on
intelligence tests and their cultural biases
Jim's friends all think that school is unimportant and that people who study are losers. As Jim spends more time with these friends, he also adopts the attitude that school is useless because of:
interaction with others
As Caroline's hand touched the iron, she quickly pulled it back realizing that the iron was hot. The neuron responsible for allowing Caroline to pull back her hand is the ______.
interneuron
Dr. Stevens is treating a client with depression. During their sessions together, Dr. Stevens focuses on the client's relationships with friends, family, and coworkers, as well as how the everyday events of the client's life affect his mood. Dr. Stevens is using ______ to treat his client.
interpersonal psychotherapy
In some languages, changing the stress or pitch of certain words or syllables can change its entire meaning. This is referred to as __________.
intonation
Ebbinghaus found that forgetting
is greatest just after learning
Theo is 6 years old and is about to enter first grade. With his sexual interests repressed, he is ready to begin developing social relationships and intellectual skills. Theo is in what stage of Freud's developmental theory?
latency
If your psychoanalyst tells you that your emergence from a bathtub in your dream is symbolic of being born, she is talking about your dream's
latent content
To minimize the possibility of groupthink:
leaders should remain impartial
While in the store with her little sister, Amber decided to stop to take a look at some jewelry. As soon as she turned her head, her sister disappeared. Though it only took minutes to find her sister, Amber's fear of losing her little sister again caused her to keep a very close eye on her from that moment on. Amber's change in behavior demonstrates which of the following?
learning
______ is the insertion into the brain of an animal of a thin, insulated wire through which an electrical current is sent that destroys the brain cells at the tip of the wire.
lesioning
The idea that the thought processes and concepts within any culture are determined by the words of the culture has come to be known as the _______.
linguistic relativity hypothesis
________ memory is like a giant filing system in which the "files" are individual bits and pieces of memories stored in a highly organized and interconnected fashion.
long-term
Students who stay up all night to study will ____ more information than they _____.
lose; gain
Bella is extremely depressedmost of every day. She experiences drastic changes in appetite, has trouble concentrating, and feels exceptionally tired, but can't seem to sleep. Though she participates in activties, she finds very little to no enjoyment. Bella appears to be experiencing ______.
major depressive disorder
Pam has a dream that she's in the grocery store and can't find her children. Her therapist uses this actual dream imagery, or ______ content to learn about issues that might be important to Pam. He will first have to take this actual dream scenario and interpret it for its underlying symbols.
manifest
Trial and error is another term for:
mechanical solution
Mei Ling was not interested in seeing a movie that her friends told her about until she actually saw the trailer for the film on a huge movie screen. The factor most likely responsible for persuading Mei Ling to change her attitude toward the movie is the _______.
medium
Keneisha is only 11 years old, but she can answer questions that most 15 year olds can answer. According to Binet, fifteen is Keneisha's ______.
mental age
In order for people to be able to tell you how many televisions they have in their house, they would probably use:
mental image
Dovorah has deficits in her cognitive functioning. These limitations were not really recognized until she got to school and her learning difficulties became apparent. As an adult, she is a fairly concrete thinker, although she is capable of living independently with a small amount of regular assistance. Dovorah is probably best described as suffering from ________ intellectual disability.
mild
When Stephen looks out at a field of red, purple, and yellow tulips, he can only see shades of gray. His condition is:
monochrome color blindess
Which of the following sounds would be least likely interpreted by the brain as a high pitch?
mooing cow
A woman falls on the sidewalk in front of Ben. There is no one else around. Studies have shown that Ben is _________ in this situation than if several people were around.
more likely to help
Psychologists in the counseling specialization
must be licensed to practice in their states
While in the middle of a conversation with his co-worker, Jackson unexpectedly slipped into a state of sleep, falling to the floor as he lost control of all the muscles in his body. Jackson appears to have a condition called _______.
narcolepsy
A researcher wants to describe children's normal behavior on the playground. The best method for this research is to use
naturalistic observation
According to the Kinsey study, _____ percent of males had bisexual experiences.
nearly 50
Layla's new puppy keeps chewing the bottoms of her favorite curtains. Now, whenever Layla sees the puppy begin chewing, she turns on a device that makes a continuous loud, annoying sound. She will not turn it off until the puppy stops chewing. Layla is using which technique to change the puppy's behavior?
negative reinforcement
What is the name of the cell that sends and receives messages in the nervous system?
neuron
Jim constantly worries that he will get bad grades, that he will be late for work, or that something bad will happen to his loved ones. He is often edgy and snaps at his friends. He is likely to be a high scorer on which dimension of the Big Five?
neuroticism
Which of the following countries has the most traditional ideas and expectations about the gender behavior of women?
nigeria
A hypnic jerk is likely to occur during
non-REM stage 1 sleep
The body is at its lowest level of functioning during
non-REM stages 3 and 4
In testing whether viewing violence on television causes children to behave in increasingly violent ways, the best method would be:
observation
Social cognitive learning theorists hold that ___________ can lead to the formation of patterns of personality.
observational learning
________ refers to the tendency of observers to see what they expect to see.
observer bias
Description involves ________ a person's behavior and noting everything about it
observing
The United States has the highest rate of obesity in the world because nearly ________ of its population is obese.
one-third
The social-cognitive theory of hypnosis assumes that people who are hypnotized are
only playing a role
Voluntary behavior, to Skinner, was ______ behavior.
operant
Köhler's idea of animal insight was controversial because
other researchers, like Thorndike, did not believe that animals demonstrated that trait
Collin has diabetes for which he has to receive insulin shots. Collin's need for insulin is most likely related to problems with his _______.
pancreas
The bumps on the tongue are called
papillae
A response that receives _________ is more resistant to extinction than a response that receives _______.
partial reinforcement; continuous reinforcement
In an effort to learn more about religious cults, Asma attends the meeting of a religious group well known for their cult-like practices and pretends to be interested in joining the group. Which of the following techniques best describes Asma's approach to gathering research information?
participant observation
When you smell an odor, which aspect of the substance you are smelling actually enters your nose to create the sensation of smell?
particles of the substance itself
According to Bandura, to learn anything through observation, the learner must first
pay attention
Rotter's social learning theory is based on the principle that:
people are motivated to seek reinforcement and avoid punishment.
The first step in the scientific method is
perceiving the question
What is Dr. Philippe Pinel famous for?
personally unchaining inmates in an asylum in Paris and beginning the movement of humane treatment
While on active duty in the army, Chris was involved in a serious accident that led to the amputation of his leg. Though his leg is no longer there, Chris still reports feeling burning and tingling in his missing limb. Chris is most likely experiencing _______.
phantom limb pain
Watson's work with "Little Albert" supported the idea that
phobias can be learned through the process of conditioning
Miley suffers from sleep deprivation because her body doesn't produce enough melatonin. Which gland is most likely responsible for Miley's sleep deprivation?
pineal gland
What portion of the ear serves as a funnel for sound from the outside world?
pinna
At the age of 21, Donte stands at 5 feet 2 inches in height. If it is believed that an endocrine gland is most likely responsible for Donte's lack of growth, which gland might his doctor be most interested in studying?
pituitary gland
Five-year-old Johnny stole a piece of candy from the grocery store. Since he was not punished for stealing the candy, he believes it is okay to steal again. Johnny is in which level of moral development?
pre conventional
According to Freud, the ________ mind is where we keep events, information, concerns, and thoughts of which we are not currently aware but can readily access.
preconscious
A doctor informs the parents of a 14-year-old that, without hospitalization, her anorexia nervosa will worsen and cause grave medical conditions. The doctor is making a(n)
prediction
Chen is interested in studying the effects of physical exercise on levels of concentration. He hypothesizes that aerobic exercise will improve an individual's ability to concentrate on various tasks. Chen is demonstrating which goal of psychology?
prediction
According to the research of Dr. Joseph LeDoux, emotional stimuli travel to the brain through both a fast, crude subcortical "low road" and through a slower "high road" for processing by the:
prefrontal cortex
Research has found that lower levels of dopamine produced by the ________ are associated with attention deficits and poor organization of thought, two negative symptoms of schizophrenia.
prefrontal cortex
In toilet training a cat, "Lid Up, Seat Down" is known in operant conditioning as:
preparing the training arena
Marcia dated Davio for several years. They recently broke up and Marcia went out on a date with a man named Oliver. While on the date, Marcia mistakenly called him Davio. This is an example of:
proactive interference
The TPJ is an area of the brain involved in both _____ and _____ behavior.
prosocial; competitive
Which of the following is an advantage of group therapy?
provides support from people who have similar or nearly identical problems
The surfacing and resurfacing of forbidden thoughts and ideas cause maladaptive behaviors in those individuals trying to keep those thoughts away. This is how the ______ perspective views the onset of abnormality in people.
psychodynamic
Marty has low self-esteem, anxiety over sexual performance, self-consciousness about his body image, and depression. Marty is suffering from several examples of _______ that can lead to sexual dysfunctions.
psychological stressors
A professional who holds a doctoral degree (but has not attended medical school) and may work in a wide number of vocational settings would be a(n) ________.
psychologist
Nora suffers from depression. Her doctor prescribes antidepressant medication. Her doctor is using _____ to treat her.
psychopharmacology
Time-out is an example of ______.
punishment by removal
Genes that tend to fade into the background when paired with a more dominant gene are called:
recessive
Carrie has cystic fibrosis, which must mean that she has inherited a ______ gene for the disease from her mother and a ______ gene for the disease from her father.
recessive; recessive
A person with schizophrenia would likely display all of the following symptoms EXCEPT:
recurring nightmares, sleep disturbances, and flashbacks.
As Kenya explained to her therapist the current problems and feelings with which she was dealing, her therapist simply responded by restating to Kenya what he had heard her say, allowing Kenya to gain insight into her own problems. Kenya's therapist was using which of the following techniques?
reflection
Light bends as it passes through substances of different densities, a process known as
refraction
Dr. Armen gives his students a test that assesses their learning styles. Two weeks later, Dr. Armen gives the same test to the same students to see if the results remain consistent. Dr. Armen appears to be interested in the ______ of the test.
reliability
Marjorie took a personality test in April. She took the same test in June and December, receiving a very similar score. This test can be considered:
reliable
Marjorie took a personality test in April. She took the same test in June and got a very similar score. This personality test is:
reliable
Information that enters long-term memory by automatic encoding:
requires little or no effort to retrieve
When Angela began to tell her therapist about memories of her grandfather, she suddenly refused to talk. After that session, she did not show up for her next appointment. This is an example of:
resistance
Terry exhibits extraordinary musical ability. According to Spearman, this is an example of ____________ intelligence.
s factor
A recent study has shown that for a group of individuals with ______, computerized cognitive exercises that placed increasing demands on auditory perception were beneficial.
schizophrenia
The term dementia praecox once referred to the disorder now known as:
schizophrenia
While cutting wood for his daughter's playhouse, Lee accidentally severed his finger. Fortunately, Lee was quickly rushed to the hospital where his finger was successfully reattached, and Lee was eventually able to regain some function and feeling in his once-severed appendage. Which of the following is/are responsible for helping to repair the nerve fibers in Lee's finger that give him the ability to regain function and feeling?
schwann cells
Marcus and Geoff decide to train together to participate in a triathlon. Geoff is doing it because he likes the challenge, but Marcus is only doing it because he wants to win the prize money. In terms of theory, Marcus is being motivated by a(n) ________ drive.
secondary
Twice a week, Jerry meets for discussion and support with a group of people who, like him, are trying to stay away from using drugs. Jerry's group is led by a recovering addict. Jerry is participating in:
self-help group
________ memory refers to the awareness of the meanings of words, concepts, and terms as well as names of objects, math skills, and so on.
semantic
In the ________ model of memory, concepts that are related in meaning are thought to be stored physically near each other in the brain.
semantic network
In the three-stage process of memory, the second stage is
short-term memory
As people age, what happens to the body's metabolism?
slows down
In the third element of social identity theory, people use _______ to improve their self-esteem.
social comparison
A little boy protected his sister from a strange dog when they were out for a walk. The parents praised him profusely for his bravery and his "manly" behavior. This is an example of the ______ of gender identity.
social learning theory
Archie believes that people who think they are hypnotized are not actually hypnotized at all. In fact, they are simply acting out everything that they are being told to do by the hypnotist. Archie's way of thinking is similar to which of the following theories?
social-cognitive theory of hypnosis
Running, lifting a book, and sweeping a floor are all actions associated with the use of which nervous system?
somatic
While walking past her bed, Crystal stubbed her toe on the bed's post and experienced severe pain that eventually subsided. What type of pain did Crystal experience?
somatic
If an environmental group is trying to persuade the public to join its cause, it needs to focus on the:
source, message, and target audience.
Jesse has suffered damage to the right parietal and occipital lobes of the cortex and tends to ignore everything in the left visual field. Jesse has a condition called _______.
spatial neglect
After a lengthy period during which the UCS was not applied, Pavlov's dogs stopped responding to the metronome. If a weaker conditioned response to the metronome occurred at some point after this, it would be a demonstration of
spontaneous recover
___________ is a method for comparing mental age and chronological age that was adopted for use with the revised Binet intelligence test.
stern's formula
Four-year-old Joshua reacts with anxiety to the sound of thunder. A chair slides across the wooden floor, making a sound similar to thunder. Joshua reacts with some slight anxiety. This is an example of
stimulus generalization
Edward Titchener believed that every experience can be broken down into its individual emotions and sensations, which he called
structuralism
Thomas Young's theory of color vision
suggested that color vision is made possible by red, blue, and green cones
According to the James-Lange theory of emotion, a physiological response to a stimulus is caused by the arousal of the
sympathetic nervous system
The physical arousal of emotion is created by the:
sympathetic nervous system
Dr. Aman treats individuals who have phobic disorders by having them relax, then instructing them to visualize the feared object while the intensity of the visualization is gradually increased. All the while, the clients maintain relaxation. Dr. Aman appears to be using the technique called ________.
systematic desensitization
Early in life, infants will demonstrate their personalities through their _________________.
temperaments
In a room filled with people, where several conversations are going on, you are able to hear your name being spoken. This is
the "cocktail party effect"
The argument that people with spinal cord injuries can experience emotions without physical feedback from the sympathetic organs to the cortex initially seemed to support which emotional theory?
the Cannon-Bard theory
An example of a biological rhythm is
the beat of a heart
The sleep-wake cycle is controlled by _______.
the brain
In Rogers' view, problems arise when:
the ideal self is impossible to attain
In the study of human development, the term nature refers to:
the influence of our inherited characteristics on our personality, physical growth, intellectual growth, and social interactions.
When a neuron receives a stimulus that is very strong, the result is that
the neuron fires in an all-or-nothing fashion
The cilia in the nose act most like
the taste buds on the tongue
A person who is full, but still takes another helping of food at dinner because it tastes so good, is eating because:
the taste of the food is the incentive for eating.
According to Noam Chomsky, humans have an innate ability to understand and produce language through:
their language acquisition device
When meditation is done properly, brain waves change to include more ______ waves.
theta
According to Maslow, peak experiences are
times in a person's life when self-actualization is temporarily achieved.
The goal of most psychotherapy is:
to help both mentally healthy and psychologically disordered persons understand themselves better.
What is the goal of family counseling?
to treat family members as interacting parts of the whole unit, to discover unhealthy ways members interact, and to teach healthier, more productive means of interaction
The __________ differs from the other perspectives of personality theory in its basic goal of focusing on the personality characteristics, not the processes.
trait perspective
Walter Mischel believed that different circumstances influenced how traits were expressed, an assumption known as:
trait-situation interaction
Tamar just can't seem to get away from the slot machines. She has no idea how many times she has to pull the levers to win money, but she's aware that at some point, she's likely to win. What schedule of reinforcement is being used in this example?
variable ratio
________ sense is the body process that is mostly to blame if you become dizzy after a long ride on a carousel at the amusement park.
vestibular
Sheri's coworker, Stephanie, is very afraid of spiders and screams every time she sees one in the warehouse. After a few weeks of working closely with Stephanie in the warehouse, Sheri is afraid of spiders, too. This is an example of:
vicarious conditioning
_____ is a software-generated three-dimensional simulated environment.
virtual reality
The "learner" in Milgram's study:
was a confederate following a carefully prepared script.
Freud believed that dreams were a kind of ________ for his patients.
wish fulfillment
According to Horney, a child might deal with anxiety by:
withdrawing from personal relationships
Bobby is taking medication for anxiety. Which medication is Bobby MOST likely taking?
xanax