final exam biology

if it occurs in the first codon

A DNA substitution mutation in a codon is most likely to result in an amino acid substitution in translation

the solution in the balloon is hypertonic relative to the solution in the beaker.

A balloon permeable to water but not to glucose contains 10% glucose solution. A beaker contains a 5% glucose solution

has only two electrons in its first shell and 4 in the second shell

A carbon atom has 6 electrons however its valency is 4. This is because the carbon atom

covalent

A carbon atom is most likely to form what kind of bond with other atoms

genetic drift

A change in the allele frequency of a population as a result of chance events rather than natural selection.

a gene transmitted to males from the maternal line and from fathers to daughters

A gene is considered to be non-Mendelian in its inheritance pattern if it seems to "violate" Mendel's laws. Which of the following would be considered Mendelian?

peptide bond

A glycosidic linkage is analogous to which of the following in proteins?

Correlation

A measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other.

any mutation in the sequence is selected against

A part of the promoter, called the TATA box, is said to be highly conserved in evolution. Which of the following might this illustrate?

blue and violet

A plant has a unique photosynthetic pigment. The leaves of this plant appear to be reddish yellow. What wavelengths of visible light are being absorbed by this pigment

many noncoding stretches of nucleotides are present in mRNA.

A transcription unit that is 8,000 nucleotides long may use 1,200 nucleotides to make a protein consisting of approximately 400 amino acids. This is best explained by the fact that

gametes have one copy of each allele

According to Mendel's law of segregation...

alternate versions of a gene

Alleles are described as

fix CO2 into organic acids during the night

CAM plants keep stomata closed in daytime, thus reducing loss of water. They can do this because they

both

Can carbon make polar or nonpolar bonds

microevolution

Change in allele frequencies in a population over generations.

DNA and protein

Chromatin consists of ______.

evolution

Darwin described it as descent with modification, can be seen as a patter and a process

artificial selection

Darwin noted that humans have modified other species by selecting and breeding individuals with desired traits, a process called

Unity of life, diversity of life, the match between organisms and their environment

Dawin made three broad observations what were they?

they have variations in arrangement around a double bond

Describe a cis-trans isomer.

both

Does the generation of protein gradient across membranes occur in photosynthesis or respiration?

retained in the two pyruvates

During glycolysis, when each molecule of glucose is catabolized to two molecules of pyruvate, most of the potential energy contained in glucose is

mitochondrial inner membrane

Energy released by the electron transport chain is used to pump H+ into which location in eukaryotic cells

there is more than one way to splice and RNA transcript

How can a single RNA transcript be translated into different polypeptides?

20

How many amino acids are common to all living systems

develop as a female

If a XY individual had a deletion of the SYR gene, they would

7

If a protein is coded for by a single gene and this protein has six clearly defined domains which number of exons below is the gene likely to have

50% since the mother is the only carrier.

If a woman is a carrier for the color-blind recessive allele and her husband has normal vision, what are their chances that a son will be color-blind?

all

If glucose is the sole energy source, what fraction of the carbon dioxide exhaled by animals is generated only by the reactions involved in oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA?

three

In C2H6 molecule each carbon atom is bonded to _____ hydrogen

NADH and pyruvate

In addition to ATP, what are the end products of glycolysis?

ATP, CO2, and ethanol

In the absence of oxygen, yeast cells can obtain energy by fermentation, resulting in the production of

in both glycolysis and the citric acid cycle

In which reactions of cellular respiration and fermentation does substrate-level phosphorylation occur?

2 years

MRSA takes how many years to evolve against antibiotics.

Translocation

One possible result of chromosomal breakage is for a fragment to join a non homologous chromosome whats this called

quaternary structure

Results from two or more polypeptide subunits.

DNA in both daughter cells would be radioactive

Suppose you are provided with an actively dividing culture of E. coli bacteria to which radioactive thymine has been added. What would happen if a cell replicates once in the presence of this radioactive base?

the number of hydrogen bonds between A and T in DNA

The TATA sequence is found only several nucleotides away from the start site of transcription. This most probably relates to which of the following?

self-fertilizes to produce offspring identical to the parent

The best definition of a true-breeding plant is one that

1% frequency of recombination between two genes

The centimorgan (cM) is a unit named in honor of Thomas Hunt Morgan. To what is it equal?

the chemical versatility of carbon atoms

The complexity and variety of organic molecules is due to ________

initiation, elongation, termination

The correct sequence of events occurring during transcription is ______.

Gogi apparatus, lysosomes, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, and vacuoles

The endomembrane system includes

ATP citrate

The enzyme phosphofructokinase (PFK) catalyzes a key step in glycolysis. PFK is inhibited by high levels of which of the following molecules?

21k

The human genome contains approximately ____ genes

accepting electrons at the end of the electron transport chain

The oxygen consumed during cellular respiration is directly involved in which of the following processes or events?

splitting water molecules

The oxygen released by photosynthesis is produced by which of the following processes?

enables the membrane to stay fluid, more easily when cell temperature drops

The presence of cholesterol in the plasma membranes of some animals

the rules for base pairings between the third base codon and tRNA that recognize them are dispensable

There are 61 mRNA codons that specify an amino acid but only 45 tRNAs This is best explained by the fact that

It is used to establish and maintain a proton gradient.

What happens to the free energy released as electrons are passed from photosystem II to photosystem I through a series of electron carriers?

The more electronegative atom is reduced, and energy is released.

What happens when electrons are passed from one atom to a more electronegative atom?

DNA packing and unpacking

What is the first level of control of eukaryotic gene transcription?

to add nucleotides to the 3' end of a growing DNA strand

What is the function of DNA polymerase III?

biosphere, ecosystem, commnities, populations, organisms, organs, tissues, cell, organelles, molecules, atoms

What is the hierarchy

small and hydrophobic

What kinds of molecules pass through a cell membrane most easily?

the presence of lactose

What would you assume if you found RNA transcripts of lactose-utilizing genes within E. coli?

splitting water molecules

When oxygen is released as a result of photosynthesis, it is a direct by-product of

buildup of lactate

When skeletal muscle cells undergo anaerobic respiration, they become fatigued and painful. This is now known to be caused by

mitochondrial inner membrane

Where are the proteins of the electron transport chain located?

cytosol

Where does glycolysis occur?

NADH and FADH2

Which electron carrier(s) function in the citric acid cycle?

ATP and NADPH

Which of the following are products of the light reactions of photosynthesis that are utilized in the Calvin cycle?

glycolysis

Which of the following metabolic processes normally occurs regardless of whether or not oxygen (O2) is present?

phospholipids and proteins

Which of the following types of molecules are the major structural components of the cell membrane?

translating polypeptides directly from DNA

Which of the following variations on translation would be most disadvantageous for a cell?

Methyl

Which of the functional groups is not reactive but serves as a recognizable tag on the DNA molecule and alter the expression of genes in the cells.

chitin

Which polysaccharide is an important component in the structure of many animals and fungi?

They use PEP carboxylase to initially fix CO2

Why are C4 plants able to photosynthesize with no apparent photorespiration?

codominant

______ genes violate Mendels principle of independent assortment

point mutation

a change in a single nucleotide in a DNA sequence

postzygotic

after mating leads to hybrid inevitability or sterility

each new DNA double helix consist of one old strand in one new strand

after replication ______

genetic variation

among individuals is caused by differences in genes or other DNA segments

homologous structures

are anatomical resemblances that represent variations on a structural theme present in a common ancestor

Agamospecies

asexual organisms

C4

can C3 or C4 plants fix CO2, even at relatively low CO2 concentrations in high oxygen concentration

DNA to RNA to protein

central dogma of biology

gene pool

consists of all the alleles for all loci in a population

system biology

constructs models for the dynamic behavior of whole biological systems

evolution, structure and function, information flow, pathway and transformation of energy and matter, system

core concepts of biology

Dehydration reactions assemble polymers; hydrolysis reactions break polymers apart.

dehydration and hydrolysis relationship is

RNA polymerase transcribes through the terminator sequence, causing the polymerase to separate from the DNA and release the transcript

describe the termination of transcription in prokaryote

structural isomers

differ in the covalent arrangements of their atoms

Paleospecies

difference through time

sexual dimorphism

differences in secondary sexual characteristics

homologous chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

during metaphase I

exons

expressed sequence of DNA; codes for a protein

a higher number of cis double bonds

for lipids to be fluid at room temperature they should have

divergence

force causing the isolation

ring species

geographic circle with a single origin

Allopatry

geographic isolation

Allopatric

geographically separated populations

species

groups of interbreeding natural populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups.

condensed

heterochromatin is condensed or less compact

gene variability

heterozygosity, the percent of loci that are heterozygous in a population

carry the same genes

homologous chromosomes

ten translations

how long does mRNA last after translation

22 or 44

how many autosomes do humans have

Nonpolar substances that repel water molecules

hydrophobic substances such as vegetable oil are

evolutionary tree

hypotheses about the relationships among different groups

Hydrogen

in a molecule of DNA purine based form ____ bonds with pyrmidine bases

operator

in an operant the _____ acts as an on/off switch

populations

individuals evolve over time instead __________ evolve over time

teritary structure

irregular folding due to interactions among R groups

both

is DNA present in Arcadia cells or bacteria cells

less compact

is euchromatin condensed or less compact

enatiomers

isomers that are mirror images of each other

disaccharide

lactose sugar in milk is composed of one glucose molecule joined by a glycosidic linkage to one galactose molecule. How is lactose classified

absorption and release of heat would hydrogen bonds break, and form

liquid water is high specific heat is mainly a consequence of

sugar

major difference between RNA and DNA

prezygotic

mating does not happen

nucleotide variability

measured by comparing the DNA sequences of pairs of individuals

G2

measurements of the amount of DNA panniculus were taken at a large number of cells from a growing fungus. The measured DNA levels range from 3 to 6 pico grams per Nicolas in which stage of the cell cycle to the nucleus contains six people grams of DNA.

sympatric

no geographic barrier

Sympatry

nongeographic isolation

clines

north south intra species variation

reproductive isolation

premating, post mating, postzygotic

order, response to enviroment, reproduction, adaptation, growth, regulation, homeostasis, energy processing, evolution

properties of life

Calvin cycle

reactions of photosynthesis in which energy from ATP and NADPH is used to build high-energy compounds such as sugars, occurs in stroma of chloroplast.

calvin cycle

reactions that requires CO2 take place in

novel offspring phenotype

recombinant phenotype is

prokaryotic chromosomes, have a single origin of replication where eukaryotic chromosomes have many

replication in prokaryotic is different from replication in eukaryotic, for which reason

biological species

reproductive isolation

primary structure

sequence of amino acids

analogous

similar

Morphospecies

similar phenotypes

to determine if they have thylakoids in the chloroplasts

some photo synthetic organisms contain chloroplasts that lack photosystem two yet are able to survive the best way to detect the lack of photosystem two in these organisms would be

substrate-level phosphorylation

the ATP made during glycolysis is generated by

position of hydroxyl/carboxyl group

the difference between an aldose sugar and a ketose sugar is

convergent evolution

the evolution of similar or analogous features in distantly related groups

The leading and the lagging strands differ in that

the leading strand is synthesized in the same direction as the movement of the replication fork, and the lagging strand is synthesized in the opposite direction

secondary structure

the regular local patterns of coils or folds of a polypeptide chain.

RNase

these ubiquitous enzymes breakdown transcripts

coincidence

two or more things occurring at the same time by chance

genes

units of inheritance that transmit information from parents to offspring.

active transport

uses ATP as an energy source, can move solutes against their concentration gradient, requires the cell to expend energy, can involve the transport of ions

R group

what component of amino acid structure varies among different amino acids

The five prime to three Prime direction of one strand runs counter to the five prime to 3 prime direction of the other strand

what is meant by the description anti-parallel regarding the strands that make up DNA

Electric beams have much shorter wavelength than visible light

what is the reason that a modern electron microscope can resolve biological images to the Southern nanometers level as opposed to tense of nanometers achievable for the best super resolution light microscope

When they stop dividing, they do so at random points in the cell cycle. They are not subject to sales cycle controls, and they do not exhibit density dependent inhibition when growing and culture.

what is true about cancer cells

R group

what makes amino acids different

locus

what name is given to the specific location of a gene on a chromosome

reduced

when a molecule of NAD+ gains a hydrogen atom molecule becomes

tRNA

which type of RNA gets the amino acids for protein synthesis

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

which type of organelle or structure is primarily involved in the synthesis of oils, phospholipids and steroids

the majority of their bonds are nonpolar covalent carbon to hydrogen linkages

why are hydrocarbons insoluble in water?

common element on earth

why is carbon so important in bio

protein

you arrive late to a biological seminar however, just as you enter the room, you hear the speaker referring to the amino, and in the carboxyl end of a macromolecule immediately you know that they are talking about a