final exam biology
if it occurs in the first codon
A DNA substitution mutation in a codon is most likely to result in an amino acid substitution in translation
the solution in the balloon is hypertonic relative to the solution in the beaker.
A balloon permeable to water but not to glucose contains 10% glucose solution. A beaker contains a 5% glucose solution
has only two electrons in its first shell and 4 in the second shell
A carbon atom has 6 electrons however its valency is 4. This is because the carbon atom
covalent
A carbon atom is most likely to form what kind of bond with other atoms
genetic drift
A change in the allele frequency of a population as a result of chance events rather than natural selection.
a gene transmitted to males from the maternal line and from fathers to daughters
A gene is considered to be non-Mendelian in its inheritance pattern if it seems to "violate" Mendel's laws. Which of the following would be considered Mendelian?
peptide bond
A glycosidic linkage is analogous to which of the following in proteins?
Correlation
A measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other.
any mutation in the sequence is selected against
A part of the promoter, called the TATA box, is said to be highly conserved in evolution. Which of the following might this illustrate?
blue and violet
A plant has a unique photosynthetic pigment. The leaves of this plant appear to be reddish yellow. What wavelengths of visible light are being absorbed by this pigment
many noncoding stretches of nucleotides are present in mRNA.
A transcription unit that is 8,000 nucleotides long may use 1,200 nucleotides to make a protein consisting of approximately 400 amino acids. This is best explained by the fact that
gametes have one copy of each allele
According to Mendel's law of segregation...
alternate versions of a gene
Alleles are described as
fix CO2 into organic acids during the night
CAM plants keep stomata closed in daytime, thus reducing loss of water. They can do this because they
both
Can carbon make polar or nonpolar bonds
microevolution
Change in allele frequencies in a population over generations.
DNA and protein
Chromatin consists of ______.
evolution
Darwin described it as descent with modification, can be seen as a patter and a process
artificial selection
Darwin noted that humans have modified other species by selecting and breeding individuals with desired traits, a process called
Unity of life, diversity of life, the match between organisms and their environment
Dawin made three broad observations what were they?
they have variations in arrangement around a double bond
Describe a cis-trans isomer.
both
Does the generation of protein gradient across membranes occur in photosynthesis or respiration?
retained in the two pyruvates
During glycolysis, when each molecule of glucose is catabolized to two molecules of pyruvate, most of the potential energy contained in glucose is
mitochondrial inner membrane
Energy released by the electron transport chain is used to pump H+ into which location in eukaryotic cells
there is more than one way to splice and RNA transcript
How can a single RNA transcript be translated into different polypeptides?
20
How many amino acids are common to all living systems
develop as a female
If a XY individual had a deletion of the SYR gene, they would
7
If a protein is coded for by a single gene and this protein has six clearly defined domains which number of exons below is the gene likely to have
50% since the mother is the only carrier.
If a woman is a carrier for the color-blind recessive allele and her husband has normal vision, what are their chances that a son will be color-blind?
all
If glucose is the sole energy source, what fraction of the carbon dioxide exhaled by animals is generated only by the reactions involved in oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA?
three
In C2H6 molecule each carbon atom is bonded to _____ hydrogen
NADH and pyruvate
In addition to ATP, what are the end products of glycolysis?
ATP, CO2, and ethanol
In the absence of oxygen, yeast cells can obtain energy by fermentation, resulting in the production of
in both glycolysis and the citric acid cycle
In which reactions of cellular respiration and fermentation does substrate-level phosphorylation occur?
2 years
MRSA takes how many years to evolve against antibiotics.
Translocation
One possible result of chromosomal breakage is for a fragment to join a non homologous chromosome whats this called
quaternary structure
Results from two or more polypeptide subunits.
DNA in both daughter cells would be radioactive
Suppose you are provided with an actively dividing culture of E. coli bacteria to which radioactive thymine has been added. What would happen if a cell replicates once in the presence of this radioactive base?
the number of hydrogen bonds between A and T in DNA
The TATA sequence is found only several nucleotides away from the start site of transcription. This most probably relates to which of the following?
self-fertilizes to produce offspring identical to the parent
The best definition of a true-breeding plant is one that
1% frequency of recombination between two genes
The centimorgan (cM) is a unit named in honor of Thomas Hunt Morgan. To what is it equal?
the chemical versatility of carbon atoms
The complexity and variety of organic molecules is due to ________
initiation, elongation, termination
The correct sequence of events occurring during transcription is ______.
Gogi apparatus, lysosomes, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, and vacuoles
The endomembrane system includes
ATP citrate
The enzyme phosphofructokinase (PFK) catalyzes a key step in glycolysis. PFK is inhibited by high levels of which of the following molecules?
21k
The human genome contains approximately ____ genes
accepting electrons at the end of the electron transport chain
The oxygen consumed during cellular respiration is directly involved in which of the following processes or events?
splitting water molecules
The oxygen released by photosynthesis is produced by which of the following processes?
enables the membrane to stay fluid, more easily when cell temperature drops
The presence of cholesterol in the plasma membranes of some animals
the rules for base pairings between the third base codon and tRNA that recognize them are dispensable
There are 61 mRNA codons that specify an amino acid but only 45 tRNAs This is best explained by the fact that
It is used to establish and maintain a proton gradient.
What happens to the free energy released as electrons are passed from photosystem II to photosystem I through a series of electron carriers?
The more electronegative atom is reduced, and energy is released.
What happens when electrons are passed from one atom to a more electronegative atom?
DNA packing and unpacking
What is the first level of control of eukaryotic gene transcription?
to add nucleotides to the 3' end of a growing DNA strand
What is the function of DNA polymerase III?
biosphere, ecosystem, commnities, populations, organisms, organs, tissues, cell, organelles, molecules, atoms
What is the hierarchy
small and hydrophobic
What kinds of molecules pass through a cell membrane most easily?
the presence of lactose
What would you assume if you found RNA transcripts of lactose-utilizing genes within E. coli?
splitting water molecules
When oxygen is released as a result of photosynthesis, it is a direct by-product of
buildup of lactate
When skeletal muscle cells undergo anaerobic respiration, they become fatigued and painful. This is now known to be caused by
mitochondrial inner membrane
Where are the proteins of the electron transport chain located?
cytosol
Where does glycolysis occur?
NADH and FADH2
Which electron carrier(s) function in the citric acid cycle?
ATP and NADPH
Which of the following are products of the light reactions of photosynthesis that are utilized in the Calvin cycle?
glycolysis
Which of the following metabolic processes normally occurs regardless of whether or not oxygen (O2) is present?
phospholipids and proteins
Which of the following types of molecules are the major structural components of the cell membrane?
translating polypeptides directly from DNA
Which of the following variations on translation would be most disadvantageous for a cell?
Methyl
Which of the functional groups is not reactive but serves as a recognizable tag on the DNA molecule and alter the expression of genes in the cells.
chitin
Which polysaccharide is an important component in the structure of many animals and fungi?
They use PEP carboxylase to initially fix CO2
Why are C4 plants able to photosynthesize with no apparent photorespiration?
codominant
______ genes violate Mendels principle of independent assortment
point mutation
a change in a single nucleotide in a DNA sequence
postzygotic
after mating leads to hybrid inevitability or sterility
each new DNA double helix consist of one old strand in one new strand
after replication ______
genetic variation
among individuals is caused by differences in genes or other DNA segments
homologous structures
are anatomical resemblances that represent variations on a structural theme present in a common ancestor
Agamospecies
asexual organisms
C4
can C3 or C4 plants fix CO2, even at relatively low CO2 concentrations in high oxygen concentration
DNA to RNA to protein
central dogma of biology
gene pool
consists of all the alleles for all loci in a population
system biology
constructs models for the dynamic behavior of whole biological systems
evolution, structure and function, information flow, pathway and transformation of energy and matter, system
core concepts of biology
Dehydration reactions assemble polymers; hydrolysis reactions break polymers apart.
dehydration and hydrolysis relationship is
RNA polymerase transcribes through the terminator sequence, causing the polymerase to separate from the DNA and release the transcript
describe the termination of transcription in prokaryote
structural isomers
differ in the covalent arrangements of their atoms
Paleospecies
difference through time
sexual dimorphism
differences in secondary sexual characteristics
homologous chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell
during metaphase I
exons
expressed sequence of DNA; codes for a protein
a higher number of cis double bonds
for lipids to be fluid at room temperature they should have
divergence
force causing the isolation
ring species
geographic circle with a single origin
Allopatry
geographic isolation
Allopatric
geographically separated populations
species
groups of interbreeding natural populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups.
condensed
heterochromatin is condensed or less compact
gene variability
heterozygosity, the percent of loci that are heterozygous in a population
carry the same genes
homologous chromosomes
ten translations
how long does mRNA last after translation
22 or 44
how many autosomes do humans have
Nonpolar substances that repel water molecules
hydrophobic substances such as vegetable oil are
evolutionary tree
hypotheses about the relationships among different groups
Hydrogen
in a molecule of DNA purine based form ____ bonds with pyrmidine bases
operator
in an operant the _____ acts as an on/off switch
populations
individuals evolve over time instead __________ evolve over time
teritary structure
irregular folding due to interactions among R groups
both
is DNA present in Arcadia cells or bacteria cells
less compact
is euchromatin condensed or less compact
enatiomers
isomers that are mirror images of each other
disaccharide
lactose sugar in milk is composed of one glucose molecule joined by a glycosidic linkage to one galactose molecule. How is lactose classified
absorption and release of heat would hydrogen bonds break, and form
liquid water is high specific heat is mainly a consequence of
sugar
major difference between RNA and DNA
prezygotic
mating does not happen
nucleotide variability
measured by comparing the DNA sequences of pairs of individuals
G2
measurements of the amount of DNA panniculus were taken at a large number of cells from a growing fungus. The measured DNA levels range from 3 to 6 pico grams per Nicolas in which stage of the cell cycle to the nucleus contains six people grams of DNA.
sympatric
no geographic barrier
Sympatry
nongeographic isolation
clines
north south intra species variation
reproductive isolation
premating, post mating, postzygotic
order, response to enviroment, reproduction, adaptation, growth, regulation, homeostasis, energy processing, evolution
properties of life
Calvin cycle
reactions of photosynthesis in which energy from ATP and NADPH is used to build high-energy compounds such as sugars, occurs in stroma of chloroplast.
calvin cycle
reactions that requires CO2 take place in
novel offspring phenotype
recombinant phenotype is
prokaryotic chromosomes, have a single origin of replication where eukaryotic chromosomes have many
replication in prokaryotic is different from replication in eukaryotic, for which reason
biological species
reproductive isolation
primary structure
sequence of amino acids
analogous
similar
Morphospecies
similar phenotypes
to determine if they have thylakoids in the chloroplasts
some photo synthetic organisms contain chloroplasts that lack photosystem two yet are able to survive the best way to detect the lack of photosystem two in these organisms would be
substrate-level phosphorylation
the ATP made during glycolysis is generated by
position of hydroxyl/carboxyl group
the difference between an aldose sugar and a ketose sugar is
convergent evolution
the evolution of similar or analogous features in distantly related groups
The leading and the lagging strands differ in that
the leading strand is synthesized in the same direction as the movement of the replication fork, and the lagging strand is synthesized in the opposite direction
secondary structure
the regular local patterns of coils or folds of a polypeptide chain.
RNase
these ubiquitous enzymes breakdown transcripts
coincidence
two or more things occurring at the same time by chance
genes
units of inheritance that transmit information from parents to offspring.
active transport
uses ATP as an energy source, can move solutes against their concentration gradient, requires the cell to expend energy, can involve the transport of ions
R group
what component of amino acid structure varies among different amino acids
The five prime to three Prime direction of one strand runs counter to the five prime to 3 prime direction of the other strand
what is meant by the description anti-parallel regarding the strands that make up DNA
Electric beams have much shorter wavelength than visible light
what is the reason that a modern electron microscope can resolve biological images to the Southern nanometers level as opposed to tense of nanometers achievable for the best super resolution light microscope
When they stop dividing, they do so at random points in the cell cycle. They are not subject to sales cycle controls, and they do not exhibit density dependent inhibition when growing and culture.
what is true about cancer cells
R group
what makes amino acids different
locus
what name is given to the specific location of a gene on a chromosome
reduced
when a molecule of NAD+ gains a hydrogen atom molecule becomes
tRNA
which type of RNA gets the amino acids for protein synthesis
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
which type of organelle or structure is primarily involved in the synthesis of oils, phospholipids and steroids
the majority of their bonds are nonpolar covalent carbon to hydrogen linkages
why are hydrocarbons insoluble in water?
common element on earth
why is carbon so important in bio
protein
you arrive late to a biological seminar however, just as you enter the room, you hear the speaker referring to the amino, and in the carboxyl end of a macromolecule immediately you know that they are talking about a