Final Exam His 102
How did the culture of sports change in the late nineteenth century?
Cruel sports such as cockfighting declined, while commercialized spectator sports became popular
What agreement did the United States develop to resolve the economic problems of Germany and international tensions in Europe in 1924?
Dawes Plan
In the 1950s and 1960s, what became the basic objective of all Western European governments?
Economic growth
What was a central component of the improvements in sanitation in the nineteenth century?
Excrement from outhouses could be carried off by water through sewers at low cost
In 1954, Vietnam gained independence from
France
What did the "war guilt clause" in the Treaty of Versailles declare?
Germany (with Austria) was solely responsible for the war and had to pay reparations
What was the clearest sign that a family was middle-class?
Having servants
How did Lenin gain popular support upon his return to Russia in 1917?
He appealed to soldiers, peasants, and workers
How did Mao Zedong gain the support of the peasantry in China?
He promised to expropriate land from the large landowners
What did the Marshall Plan accomplish?
It prevented economic collapse in Western Europe.
Which of the following describes late nineteenth-century prostitution?
It was a stage of life for many poor young women, which they moved beyond as they established their own homes and families
What was the British political party that emerged during the 1920s as the main opposition to the Conservative party?
Labour party
What was companionate marriage?
Marriage based on romantic love and middle-class family values
How did the nature of marriage change by the late nineteenth century?
Married couples increasingly developed stronger emotional ties and based marriage decisions on sentiment and sexual attraction
What did the Petrograd Soviet Army Order No. 1 state?
Military officers were stripped of their authority and power was placed in the hands of elected committees of soldiers
In the early twentieth century, the traditional arts and amusements of people in villages and small towns was overshadowed by
Modern mass media, such as cinema and radio
Who assassinated Grigori Rasputin in 1916?
Nationalist aristocrats
The international military tribunal organized by the four Allied powers to try the highest-ranking Nazi military and civilian leaders was held in the city of
Nuremburg
What did President Franklin Roosevelt's National Recovery Administration (NRA) attempt to do?
Plan and control the U.S. economy
After the Second World War, the Soviet Union
Reestablished a harsh dictatorship.
The German Communist Party, noisy and active in the 1920s, reserved their greatest hatred and sharpest barbs for
Social democrats
Who were the two potential successors for power in the Soviet Union after Lenin's death?
Stalin and Trotsky
How did Lenin and the Bolsheviks' view of the Marxist party in Russia differ from the Mensheviks' view of the party?
The Bolsheviks wanted a small, disciplined party, while the Mensheviks wanted a democratic party with mass-membership
What was the immediate cause of British entry into the First World War?
The German invasion of neutral Belgium
What crisis presented the National Socialists in Germany with an opportunity to gain more popular support?
The Great Depression
What happened to Armenian inhabitants of the Ottoman Empire during World War I?
The Ottoman Empire ordered their mass deportation from their homeland, resulting in about a million Armenian deaths from murder, starvation, and disease
Established in 1949, NATO was
The anti-Soviet alliance of western governments
What was the result of the Berlin Blockade in 1948-49?
The creation of two separate German states: West Germany and East Germany
What did the New Left advocate?
The establishment of socialism with a human face that would avoid the worst excesses of capitalism or Soviet-style communism
Where did Nazi administrators initially gain experience in mass murder?
The murder of Germans with physical and mental disabilities prior to the war
What was the Holocaust?
The systematic effort of the Nazi state to exterminate all European Jews during the Second World War
What did the era of stagflation in the 1970s demonstrate about the social welfare states in Western Europe?
The welfare state was capable of preventing mass suffering and sustaining political stability and democracy
Why did German military command recommence submarine warfare in the Atlantic despite knowing that it would lead the United States to enter the war against them?
They believed that improved submarines could starve Britain into submission before the United States could come to Britain's rescue
How did the Nazis manage the northern European states that they conquered?
They established puppet governments with collaborators willing to rule the states in accord with German needs
How did the Nazis seek to legitimize their racial policies?
They established research institutes and academies that measured and defined racial differences in order to present prejudice in the guise of enlightened science
What were the duties of the German Einsatzgruppen (Special Task Forces)?
They followed the German army into Central Europe, systematically murdering "undesirables" as they moved from town to town
Why did middle-class families spend considerable portions of their income on food?
They gave frequent, large dinner parties as their favored social activity
Why did Germans accept the Treaty of Versailles?
They had little alternative, especially as the naval blockade was still in place and the German people were starving.
How did France and Belgium react when Germany refused to make its second reparations payment?
They occupied the Ruhr district
For artists such as the Dadaists and Surrealists, what was the purpose of art?
To expose the bankruptcy of modern society and produce radical social change
What was Mikhail Gorbachev's goal in bringing reforms to Russia?
To revitalize the Soviet system in order to save it
Which of the following describes Eastern Bloc living standards in the 1970s?
Well below those in the West but well above those in the developing world
The "cult of the Dulce" (leader) promoted the image of Mussolini as
a powerful strongman embodying the best qualities of the Italian people
After years of scientific investigation and reflection, Charles Darwin concluded that
all life had gradually evolved from a common ancestral origin
What did Richard Nixon do following his election to the US presidency in 1968?
gradually reduced American involvement in the Vietnam war
The Brezhnev Doctrine stated that the Soviet Union and its allies...
had the right to intervene in any East Block country if necessary to preserve Communist rule
In his pioneering work of sociology, Suicide (1897), Emile Durkheim concluded that ever-higher suicide rates were caused by widespread feelings of
rootlessness
Unemployment during the Great Depression
soared
Khrushchev's speech at the Twentieth Party Congress in 1956 was a(n)
surprising attack on Stalin and his crimes
The Great Depression did not hit Britain as hard as the United States or Germany, in part because
the British economy had moved away from international markets and toward the production of goods for the domestic market
In his writings on human psychology, Sigmund Freud asserted that
the id is the unconscious source of sexual and aggressive instincts
How was the Tet Offensive, launched by the Vietcong in January 1968, perceived in the United States?
As a sign that the war was not close to ending
How did the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe Communist regimes treat displaced persons returning home after the war?
As politically unreliable because of their exposure to Western European society
Why did Britain adopt a policy of appeasement in its relationship with Hitler?
British conservative leaders underestimated Hitler
How did the role of Christian churches change in postwar Europe?
Church membership and attendance declined significantly
How did the electric streetcar affect the urban environment?
Cities could expand as even people of modest means could travel quickly and cheaply to new, improved, and less congested housing
As practiced in the 1930s, appeasement was
A British policy that aimed to give Hitler whatever he wanted in order to avoid war
What was the policy of détente that Social Democrats in Europe pursued?
A progressive relaxation of Cold War tensions
What was the February Revolution in Russia in 1917?
An unplanned uprising of hungry and angry people in the capital