Final Exam Human Nutrition
How much energy is in one kilocalorie
A kilocalorie is the amount of heat energy needed to raise the temperature of 1liter if water by 1 Celsius
Hypothesis
A possible explanation for an observation that guides scientific research
What professional title should Simone seek to ensure that they will obtain reliable advice from a college trained health care professional who has extensive knowledge of foods, nutrition and dietetics
A registered dietitian nutritionist
"Doctors don't want you to know about the powerful weight-loss results of one simple plant extract"
Attacks on Conventional Science
Enviormental factor that determine what we eat
Availability of food on campus, income, layout if campus dining facility
Researchers match one person with arthritis to a similar person who doesn't have. They collect and analyze the data as well as food choices bad dietary things
Case control study
As solid fat indie in young adulthood decreases, risk for heart disease in older age decreases
Direct correlation
Macronutrients
Fat, carbohydrates, energy trolling, grams per day
Lance is constipated. Although he eats a low-fiber diet, he insists he consumes enough fiber because he takes a fiber supplement
Food is the best source of nutrients
Tami complains about a cold she has. Her friend suggests that she drink orange juice because the high vitamin C content will cure the cold
Foods and the nutrients they contain are not cure all's
Biological and phychological factors that determine what to eat
Hunger & thirst, age and sense or smell
Data
Information
As vitamin D fortified milk intake in childhood and adolescence increases, development of osteoporosis and bone fractures decrease in older age
Inverse correlation
Jim has diabetes. He's heard that bananas are bad for him because they have too much sugar
Most foods are mixtures of nutrients
"The college Reunion diet promises you will lose twenty pounds in the next two weeks"
Promises of quick and easy remedies
"This all natural, herbal burn supplement will burn fat while you sleep! It is made from the purest ingredients m, so it won't harm your health"
Promotes benefits while overlooking risks
Cognitive and psychological factors that determine what we eat
Religious beliefs, emotional stress level and positive or negative food associations
Experiment
Systematic testing of hypothesis
A hall of framer star baseball player claims, "the cereal diet is what made me such a great baseball player"
Testimonials and anecdotes
The US government agency that regulates nutrition and health related claims in product labels
The food and drug administration (FDA)
Important reason why people should study Nutrition
To improve one's food intake to achieve or maintain a healthy weight
Important reason why people should study Nutrition
To learn about the role of nutrients in the body and how the nutritional quality of a persons diet effects her health
An unimportant reason why people should study Nutrition
To provide advice to people concerning which dietary supplements should be consumed and which avoided
Important reason why people should study Nutrition
To recognize that humans do not have an instinctive drive to satisfy their hunger with nutritious foods
Conventional wisdom
Tradition
"In an early study involving rats, adding a daily vitamin D supplement to the animals diet for months reduced the risk of cancer in them"
Treatment
Attractive displays at the end of supermarkets are designed to direct shoppers to pricy items
True
Education influenced s persons food selection
True
Tina heard that eating only three grapefruits per day will help her lose weight
Variety, moderation, and balance can help ensure a deist nutritional adequacy
Micronutrients
Vitamins, minerals, non energy yield, milligrams per day
Define kilocalorie
A unit of energy used to describe the amount of energy needed in a good or beverage
Responsible scientists will not accept a novel hypothesis as fact until...
Repeated testing confirms the finding
The super berry diet will "cure your weight loss problems and no need for physical activity or cutting calories with this diet"
Claims that sound too good to be true
Anecdote
Report of personal experience
"I'm a subject in this study. I can't tell if I'm in the control group or the treatment group, and the researchers also don't know which group I am in"
Double blind study
The top 4 leading causes of death in the US
Heart disease, cancer, chronic lower respiratory infections, accidents
"Scientists think taking vitamin D supplements regularly in an effective way to reduce the risk of lung cancer"
Hypothesis
The research technique that specifically allows scientists to determine whether the result of an experiment were influenced by the treatment itself or by variables that were not actually being tested
Include a control group
A nutrient is considered essential if
Missing from the diet a deficiency disease occurs, missing then added back signs of deficiency resolved, body does not make or doesn't have enough
"im a subject in this study, but I think the experimental pill that the researchers gave to me to take each day doesn't contain anything"
Placebo
"I'm in a Group is healthy people who are being studied. Some take vitamin D pills regularly and some don't. As participants in the study, such will last 8 years, we have regular checks to determine if still healthy"
Prospective cohort study
Scientists interview a large group of people about their health and past dietary practices including foods usually eaten and supplements. The dietary practices of subjects who have arthritis are compared to those without
Retrospective cohort study
The qualities of a peer review
The reviewers assess the conduct of the study and the presentation of the results, reviewer should be an investigator who conducts research similar to the study under review