Final Exam Human Nutrition

How much energy is in one kilocalorie

A kilocalorie is the amount of heat energy needed to raise the temperature of 1liter if water by 1 Celsius

Hypothesis

A possible explanation for an observation that guides scientific research

What professional title should Simone seek to ensure that they will obtain reliable advice from a college trained health care professional who has extensive knowledge of foods, nutrition and dietetics

A registered dietitian nutritionist

"Doctors don't want you to know about the powerful weight-loss results of one simple plant extract"

Attacks on Conventional Science

Enviormental factor that determine what we eat

Availability of food on campus, income, layout if campus dining facility

Researchers match one person with arthritis to a similar person who doesn't have. They collect and analyze the data as well as food choices bad dietary things

Case control study

As solid fat indie in young adulthood decreases, risk for heart disease in older age decreases

Direct correlation

Macronutrients

Fat, carbohydrates, energy trolling, grams per day

Lance is constipated. Although he eats a low-fiber diet, he insists he consumes enough fiber because he takes a fiber supplement

Food is the best source of nutrients

Tami complains about a cold she has. Her friend suggests that she drink orange juice because the high vitamin C content will cure the cold

Foods and the nutrients they contain are not cure all's

Biological and phychological factors that determine what to eat

Hunger & thirst, age and sense or smell

Data

Information

As vitamin D fortified milk intake in childhood and adolescence increases, development of osteoporosis and bone fractures decrease in older age

Inverse correlation

Jim has diabetes. He's heard that bananas are bad for him because they have too much sugar

Most foods are mixtures of nutrients

"The college Reunion diet promises you will lose twenty pounds in the next two weeks"

Promises of quick and easy remedies

"This all natural, herbal burn supplement will burn fat while you sleep! It is made from the purest ingredients m, so it won't harm your health"

Promotes benefits while overlooking risks

Cognitive and psychological factors that determine what we eat

Religious beliefs, emotional stress level and positive or negative food associations

Experiment

Systematic testing of hypothesis

A hall of framer star baseball player claims, "the cereal diet is what made me such a great baseball player"

Testimonials and anecdotes

The US government agency that regulates nutrition and health related claims in product labels

The food and drug administration (FDA)

Important reason why people should study Nutrition

To improve one's food intake to achieve or maintain a healthy weight

Important reason why people should study Nutrition

To learn about the role of nutrients in the body and how the nutritional quality of a persons diet effects her health

An unimportant reason why people should study Nutrition

To provide advice to people concerning which dietary supplements should be consumed and which avoided

Important reason why people should study Nutrition

To recognize that humans do not have an instinctive drive to satisfy their hunger with nutritious foods

Conventional wisdom

Tradition

"In an early study involving rats, adding a daily vitamin D supplement to the animals diet for months reduced the risk of cancer in them"

Treatment

Attractive displays at the end of supermarkets are designed to direct shoppers to pricy items

True

Education influenced s persons food selection

True

Tina heard that eating only three grapefruits per day will help her lose weight

Variety, moderation, and balance can help ensure a deist nutritional adequacy

Micronutrients

Vitamins, minerals, non energy yield, milligrams per day

Define kilocalorie

A unit of energy used to describe the amount of energy needed in a good or beverage

Responsible scientists will not accept a novel hypothesis as fact until...

Repeated testing confirms the finding

The super berry diet will "cure your weight loss problems and no need for physical activity or cutting calories with this diet"

Claims that sound too good to be true

Anecdote

Report of personal experience

"I'm a subject in this study. I can't tell if I'm in the control group or the treatment group, and the researchers also don't know which group I am in"

Double blind study

The top 4 leading causes of death in the US

Heart disease, cancer, chronic lower respiratory infections, accidents

"Scientists think taking vitamin D supplements regularly in an effective way to reduce the risk of lung cancer"

Hypothesis

The research technique that specifically allows scientists to determine whether the result of an experiment were influenced by the treatment itself or by variables that were not actually being tested

Include a control group

A nutrient is considered essential if

Missing from the diet a deficiency disease occurs, missing then added back signs of deficiency resolved, body does not make or doesn't have enough

"im a subject in this study, but I think the experimental pill that the researchers gave to me to take each day doesn't contain anything"

Placebo

"I'm in a Group is healthy people who are being studied. Some take vitamin D pills regularly and some don't. As participants in the study, such will last 8 years, we have regular checks to determine if still healthy"

Prospective cohort study

Scientists interview a large group of people about their health and past dietary practices including foods usually eaten and supplements. The dietary practices of subjects who have arthritis are compared to those without

Retrospective cohort study

The qualities of a peer review

The reviewers assess the conduct of the study and the presentation of the results, reviewer should be an investigator who conducts research similar to the study under review