final exam
educational mission of schools
Critics of interscholastic sport programs claim that these programs interfere with the _____ and distract students from taking seriously their emerging responsibilities as citizens.
their religions do not inspire believers to dominate other human beings
Even though Buddhism and philosophical Hinduism emphasize physical and spiritual discipline, believers have not been able to perform well in organized competitive sports because _____.
faith doping
Güldenpfennig, a German sport scientist, described the strategy of Olympic-level wrestlers in Europe to use silent meditative prayers to relax their minds and gain control as _____.
They promoted the idea that the physical condition of a man's body had religious significance
How did influential Christian men use sports to promote spiritual growth during the mid-1800s?
Physical reality is transient.
Identify a belief of Buddhism and Hinduism that is inconsistent with training to be an elite athlete.
Religious beliefs and rituals are fundamentally mystical and sacred, whereas sport beliefs and rituals are fundamentally clear-cut and secular.
Identify a difference between sport and religion as recognized by essentialists.
They reduce the likelihood of playing with a head injury.
Identify a true statement about the new concussion diagnosis and treatment protocols mandated in high school sports.
These schools have smaller programs and compete at less than a big-time level.
Identify a true statement about the schools affiliated with Divisions II and III of the National Collegiate Athletic Association.
A soccer player wears his socks inside out during big games because he believes that it will help him score goals.
Identify an example of a superstition.
-Racial and athletic stereotypes make it difficult for black athletes to feel welcome on campus. -White students who lack experience in racially diverse groups may feel uncomfortable interacting with black students.
Identify the factors that intensify feelings of social isolation among black athletes on campuses where there are few black students, faculty, and administrators. (Check all that apply.)
-Wrestlers take great care to preserve the purity of the dohyō. -Religious symbols are integrated into the design of sumo rings.
Identify the features of sumo that show that sumo has its ties to Shinto ritual and ceremony. (Check all that apply.)
-The filtering-out process -The selection-in process
Identify the processes in school sports that contribute to differences between athletes and other students. (Check all that apply.)
-They are used to explain the meaning of objects, events, and experiences. -They are used to guide choices and actions.
Identify the similarities between religions and ideologies. (Check all that apply.)
-Both have special sites for events and communal gatherings. -Both have structured organizations and a clear hierarchy of authority.
Identify the similarities between sports and religions. (Check all that apply.)
-When athletes lack academic confidence and seek support from teammates in the same courses -When athletes register in classes involving little work
Identify the situations in which clustering occurs. (Check all that apply.)
-Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) -Non-Football (NF) subdivision -Football Championship Subdivision (FCS)
Identify the subdivisions that make up Division I of the National Collegiate Athletic Association. (Check all that apply.)
-It emphasizes that the supernatural source of truth reveals answers to all questions through sacred writings and personal revelations. -It emphasizes that the reorganization of people's personal lives requires them to be personally committed to the supernatural source of truth.
Identify the true statements about religious fundamentalism. (Check all that apply.)
The National Collegiate Athletic Association The National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics
Identify the two national associations with which schools with intercollegiate sports are generally affiliated. (Check all that apply.)
-fostering booster clubs -collecting sport participation fees -seeking corporate sponsorship
Identity the various fund-raising strategies used by various high schools in the face of budget shortfalls. (Check all that apply.)
winning records and being ranked highly among schools in the state or nation
In the context of the issues in high school sport programs, some high school administrators, athletic directors, and coaches think that educational quality is somehow linked to the development of a sport program that focuses on _____.
distribution of media rights revenues, gate receipts, and fund-raising connections
In the context of the issues that college sport programs face, budget and program inequality at the college level is primarily related to the _____.
strive to live in accord with the energy and forces of nature
Life philosophies in China emphasize the notion that all human beings should _____.
beliefs vary from one native culture to another
Making general statements about religious beliefs and sports participation among Native Americans is difficult because _____.
Division II- awards limited scholarships, rarely give full scholarships to athletes Division III- do not award athletic scholarships
Match the National Collegiate Athletic Association divisions (in the left column) with the descriptions of the scholarships they offer (in the right column).
Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS)- 130 universities Football Championship Subdivision (FCS)- 126 universities Non-Football subdivision (NF)- 98 universities
Match the subdivisions of Division I of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (in the left column) with their descriptions (in the right column).
emotions and feelings were suppressed in a dual quest for worldly success and eternal salvation
Max Weber used historical data to show that the Protestant ethic emphasized a rationally controlled lifestyle in which _____.
the values underlying the growth of capitalist economic systems
Max Weber's study titled The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism focused on the connection between the ideas embodied in the Protestant Reformation and _____.
property taxes
Most interscholastic sport programs are funded through school district appropriations that come from _____
they collect data at one point in time and simply compare students who play on sport teams with those who do not
Most researchers do not have information about the pre-participation characteristics of athletes because _____.
social constructionist approach
Most sociologists study religions and sports as cultural practices that are created by people over time as they live with each other and give meaning to their experiences and the world around them. This is a _____ to studying religions and sports.
many people simply assume that sport is education and that playing sports is learning
Much of the reason why sport programs have become increasingly detached from academic programs is that _____.
their beliefs about what pleases Allah
Muslims have long participated in physical activities and sports, but participation is regulated by _____.
receiving a college athletic scholarship
Noreen, a high school senior, is part of the school softball team. She is an exceptional player who has led her team to success in many tournaments. Her persistent training and practice has made her coaches realize that she has immense potential for a career in softball. Noreen also hopes to play for a college team and eventually gain entry to professional softball. In the context of changing orientations and rising expectations of young people in school sports, Noreen's efforts of developing and improving her skills can be seen as an attempt to maximize her chances of _____.
are oriented around work and achievement
Organized competitive sports are logical sites for the application of Protestant beliefs because these sports _____.
essentialists
People who assume that the universe is governed by unchanging laws and that meaning and truth are inherent in nature are referred to as _____.
-Campus activities often fail to represent the interests and experiences of black students, who consequently often feel like outsiders. -Athletes must devote so much time to their sports that it is difficult for them to become involved in other spheres of campus life.
Many black athletes feel isolated on campuses where there are few black students, faculty, and administrators. Identify the factors that intensify this feeling of isolation. (Check all that apply.)
-Homework checks -Grade checks -Class attendance -Study halls
A factor that has not been studied in the context of the processes that contribute to differences between athletes and other students is the control that parents, teachers, and coaches have over the lives of athletes on school teams. In this context, identify the standard procedures in the lives of athletes when their season is ongoing. (Check all that apply.)
the drake group
A group of college professors formed _____ to reform intercollegiate sports and defend academic integrity in higher education.
the changing and diverse sport interests that exist in a culture that prizes individuality and innovation
A program in which all students in the United States play the same sports across multiple generations ignores educational theory and fails to recognize _____.
often use their own religious beliefs as their only point of reference
A sociological discussion of religion may create controversy because people _____.
identify values and interpret their everyday experiences
According to Doug Foley, sports are socially important because they present students with a vocabulary to _____.
gender nonconformists
According to H.G. Bissinger's account of football games in Odessa, Texas, young men who did not hit hard, physically intimidate opponents, or play with pain were described with nonmasculine terms. At the same time, women who didn't stand by and support their men were seen as _____.
natural differences between men and women
According to H.G. Bissinger, attending football games enabled students and townspeople in Odessa, Texas, to reaffirm their ideas about _____.
are less likely to get arrested
According to Nightengale, 2006, some team owners see "born-again athletes" as good long-term investments because they _____.
Because life philosophies in China are actually general theories of the nature and principles of the universe
According to Susan Brownell's studies of life philosophies in China, why is it difficult to separate religious beliefs from cultural ideology as a whole? Multiple choice question.
To help them cope with the uncertainty involved in sport competition
According to the studies of Cherrington (2012, 2014) and Weber (1922b/1993), why do many athletes use rituals, some based in religion, before they go to play?
comparing the characteristics of athletes and other students
Quantitative research on whether interscholastic sports affect the educational and developmental experiences of high school students has seldom been guided by social theories, and it generally consists of _____.
clustering
Research shows that athletes in certain sports are overrepresented in certain majors and courses. This phenomenon is known as ____.
has little to do with the educational mission of universities or creating general social integration on a campus
Research suggests that the spirit associated with the games of big-time sport teams _____.
social constructionist
The _____ approach used by most sociologists is based on evidence showing that religions and sports have diverse forms and meanings that are understandable only in connection with the social and cultural conditions under which people create and maintain them.
football
The fact that half of all reported concussions in organized school sports occur in _____ raises the anxiety-provoking liability issue for coaches, athletic directors, and school administrators.
creating a sport program that resembles big-time intercollegiate programs
The goal of some high school administrators, athletic directors, and coaches is to achieve excellence by _____, which leads to the emergence of a sports culture in which participants are expected to represent their schools and communities by giving priority to their training, being dedicated to achieving excellence, and being willing to make sacrifices for the team.
have good grades and are socially popular in school
The most logical explanation for differences between athletes on school teams and other students is that school-sponsored sports attract students who _____.
they are administered by and located in athletic departments
The stated role of people working in academic support programs is to help athletes succeed in their academic work. However, the fact that _____ raises questions about their real goals.
true
True or false: Many Christian organizations and groups use sports as sites for evangelizing.
False
True or false: The point of Doug Foley's study and other research on socialization as a community process is that the most important social consequences of high school sports are their impact on grades.
False
True or false: The spirit associated with the games of big-time sport teams eliminates any opportunities for white male college students to party, binge drink, avoid the library, and study less.
false
True or false: When athletes pray, it is always a form of superstition, regardless of its purpose.
-Religion emphasizes humility and love, whereas sport emphasizes personal achievement and conquest. -The aim of religion is to transcend the material world in the pursuit of eternal life, whereas the aim of sport is to embrace material reality.
What are the differences between sport and religion as identified by essentialists? (Check all that apply.)
-Both have events to celebrate and reaffirm shared values. -Both have occasions that inspire emotions and existential thoughts. -Both have rituals before, during, and after major events. -Both involve disciplined quests for perfection in mind, body, and spirit
What are the similarities between sports and religions? (Check all that apply.)
The emergence of private schools
What is exacerbating the growing inequality in funding for sports across all academic programs?
The National Collegiate Athletic Association acted quickly to highlight academic success stories in college sports.
What was a consequence of The Drake Group's lobbying of the U.S. Congress?
educational
When it comes to high school and college sports, the great sport myth has been used to assume that all sports are essentially "_____," and playing sports always involves positive and valuable learning experiences.
-To attract people to embrace Christian beliefs -To provide support for athletes who hold Christian beliefs
Why are some Christian religious organizations developed around sports? (Check all that apply.)
Big-time college sports are tied to many interests unrelated to education.
identify a reason why it is difficult to make academic support programs a key part of big-time athletic departments.
The essence of religion is grounded in divine inspiration, whereas the essence of sport is grounded in human nature.
identify the essentialists' view of religion and sport
define sports participation as an act of worship
realizing that sports participation is a self-centered, self-indulgent activity may create a crisis of meaning for athletes. One way to deal with this crisis is to _____.
Individualism- People control their spiritual destiny by accepting a personal relationship with God or Christ. Achieved status- Worldly success is associated with goodness and salvation, whereas failure is associated with sin and damnation. Rationalization- Truth is discovered through human reason, and virtue is expressed through efficiency and measurable achievements. Goal directedness- Spiritual salvation and the moral worth of human action depend on achievement and success.
Sociologist Steven Overman showed that the Protestant ethic emphasizes a combination of seven key virtues. In this context, match the key virtues (in the left column) with the ideas they promote (in the right column).
social networks that support academic identities and facilitate academic success
Athletes who most effectively maintain a realistic balance between their academic and athletic commitments have _____.
academic support programs
Athletic departments with big-time sport programs now maintain _____ to help athletes succeed in their academic work.
division I
Bjorn wants to get into a university that allots many full scholarships for football players. He needs to apply to universities under _____ of the National College Athletic Association to maximize his chances of getting a full scholarship.
often define, in moral terms, expectations related to gender
For those who study sports and gender, it is helpful to understand that religious beliefs _____.
successfully claiming a masculine identity
For young men who play sports, _____ is assumed to bring acceptance, autonomy, and recognition as adults.
based on moral principles
Fundamentalist movements in all religions arise when people perceive moral threats to a past way of life that was, according to their beliefs, _____.
the foundation for culture and social organization
Fundamentalists emphasize the "moral decline of society" and the need to return to a time when religious truth was _____.
receiving a college athletic scholarship
Garvin is a high school senior and a seasoned quarterback. His parents want him to consistently improve his skills and performance and expect him to play professional football someday. He devotes extra hours toward regular practice and training. He has secured several victories for his team during tournaments. In the context of changing orientations and rising expectations of young people in school sports, Garvin's efforts and contributions can be seen as an attempt to maximize his chances of _____.
-To gain skills needed for group survival -To reaffirm social connections within specific native cultural groups
Historically, Native Americans have often included physical games and running races in religious rituals. Identify the purposes of doing this. (Check all that apply.)
religions
In sociological terms, ____ are socially shared belief systems comprised of the words, symbols, metaphors, myths, and rituals that people use to think about their relationship with the supernatural realm and communicate their thoughts to others.
of receiving a college athletic scholarship
In the context of changing orientations and rising expectations in sports, a growing number of athletes at the high school level seek opportunities to develop the skills and visibility that maximize their chances _____.
year-round involvement in a single sport
In the context of changing orientations and rising expectations in sports, most athletes at the high school level believe that _____ is essential to receive a college athletic scholarship.
These schools can recruit student athletes without being limited by any geographical restrictions.
In the context of growing inequality in funding for sports, identify a true statement about private schools.
males and females in North America are still treated and evaluated differently
In the context of high school sports and popularity, adolescents use different strategies for seeking acceptance, autonomy, sexual identity, and recognition because _____.
achieve and express personal power
In the context of high school sports and popularity, sports are used by young women to _____.
self-identification focal point in their lives
In the context of high school sports and popularity, young women in high school are less likely than their male peers to view sports as a(n) _____.
National Collegiate Athletic Association
In the context of intercollegiate sports, the _____ is the largest and most powerful association, with close to 1200 member institutions, nearly 500,000 athletes, and revenues of well over $1 billion per year for the national headquarters.
interscholastic sports, the culture and organization of high schools, and the everyday lives of students
In the context of interscholastic sports and the educational and developmental experiences of high school students, qualitative research, often based on a critical approach and guided by combinations of cultural, interactionist, and structural theories, has focused on the connections between _____.
demonstrates a person's moral worth
In the context of the Protestant ethic and the spirit of sports, Protestant beliefs have supported the idea that individual competitive success _____.
religions- They always bring a divinity or the supernatural into the sense-making process and connect meaning and understanding to a sacred realm that transcends the here-and-now material world. ideologies- They focus mostly on secular, here-and-now, material world issues and are neither automatically nor inevitably linked with a supernatural realm or a divinity.
In the context of the differences between religions and ideologies, match the terms (in the left column) with their descriptions (in the right column).
residential distribution of wealth across neighborhoods, towns, and even regions of the country
In the context of the issues facing high school sport programs, budget and program inequality among high schools is related primarily to the _____.
adding new sports to athletic programs
In the context of the issues in high school and college sports, the progress that has been made toward achieving gender equity is due to _____.
make few distinctions between the secular and the sacred
Studying Islam and sports is a challenge because Muslims, like many Buddhists and Hindus, _____.
the educational mission of schools and the development of young people
Supporters of interscholastic sport programs claim that these programs promote _____.
-The time ethic -Rationalization -The work ethic
Which of the following are the key virtues emphasized by the Protestant ethic as identified by sociologist Steven Overman in his book The Protestant Work Ethic and the Spirit of Sport: How Calvinism and Capitalism Shaped American Games (2011)? (Check all that apply.)
-The idea that the body had moral significance -The idea that moral character could be strengthened with physical conditioning
Which of the following ideas encouraged many Christian organizations to use sports in their efforts to recruit boys and men? (Check all that apply.)
The involvement of sports and religions in the processes of formation and transformation of social and cultural life.
Which of the following is a topic that inspires critical sociological analysis by sociologists who study sports and religions?
Religious fundamentalism
Which of the following is based on the belief that the secular foundation of modern societies is inherently corrupt and can be redeemed only if people reorganize their personal lives and the entire social order to manifest the absolute and unchanging Truth contained in a sacred text?
Abdul, who gets into a university with big-time programs for football
Which of the following persons is enrolled in a Division I institution under the National Collegiate Athletic Association?
They have past experiences that consistently reaffirm the importance of education. They have social relationships and experiences that expand confidence and skills apart from sports. They have perceived access to career opportunities following graduation.
Which of the following statements are true of athletes who most effectively maintain a realistic balance between their academic and athletic commitments? (Check all that apply.)
Sumo
Which of the following terms refers to traditional Japanese wrestling that has strong historical ties to Shinto, a traditional Japanese religion?
public relations and fund-raising tools
in the context of the difficulty in reforming big-time college sports, instead of focusing on high-profile sports as educational programs, academic administrators generally use them as _____.
