FINAL EXAM PART II

Which valve prevents the back flow of blood into the left ventricle when the ventricles relax? A. Aortic semilunar valve B. Pulmonary semilunar valve C. Right atrioventricular valve D. Left atrioventricular valve

A. Aortic semilunar valve

Sinusoids are found in: a. bone marrow b. spleen c. small intestine e. some endocrine organs f. muscle- g. skin- A. a, b, e B. c, d C. b, c, d, g D. f, g

A. a, b, e

When blood is centrifuged and its components separate, the bottom of the tube holds the ___: A. erythrocytes B. plasma C. electrolytes and waste products D. platelets

A. erythrocytes

Nonspecific immunity is another name for: A. innate immunity B. acquired immunity C. adaptive immunity D. cell-mediated immunity

A. innate immunity

Atrial contraction occurs just before ____: A. isovolumetric contraction B. ventricular ejection C. isovolumetric relaxation D. atrial relaxation and ventricular filling

A. isovolumetric contraction

A drug that decreased calcium levels in a muscle cell and thereby lowered the number of crossbridges formed during the hearts contractions would be a _______: A. negative inotropic agent B. positive chronotropic agent C. positive inotropic agent D. negative chronotropic agent

A. negative inotropic agent

Which are NOT tonsils? A. palatoglossal tonsils B. pharyngeal tonsils C. palatine tonsils D. lingual tonsils

A. palatoglossal tonsils

The thoracic duct collects lymph from all of the following, except the __________: A. right arm B. right foot C. abdomen D. left leg

A. right arm

Which circuit of the cardiovascular system is responsible for sending blood to the kidneys, stomach, and pelvic regions? A. systemic circuit B. visceral circuit C. coronary circuit D. pulmonary circuit

A. systemic circuit

The term 'primary lymphatic structure' applies: A. to the red bone marrow and thymus B. to the spleen and lymph nodes C. only to red bone marrow D. to lymph nodes and MALT

A. to the red bone marrow and thymus

Tactile (Merkel) cells are sensitive to: A. touch B. chemicals C. cold D. heat

A. touch

The first phase in hemostasis is: A. vascular spasm B. elimination of clots C. platelet plug formation D. coagulation

A. vascular spasm

During a cardiac cycle, how many of the four chambers contract at any one time? A. 1 B. 2 C. 4 D. highly variable, depending on the heart beat rate

B. 2

Helper T-lymphocytes are also known as: A. T8 cells-CD8+ B. CD4+ cells C. Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes-CD8+ D. CD8+ cells

B. CD4+ cells

Several things happen to inhaled air in a process called conditioning. Select the exception: A. The air is humidified B. The air is cooled C. The air becomes turbulent D. The air is cleansed

B. The air is cooled

The clumping of foreign cells that occurs when antibodies cross-link their antigens is known as: A. Opsonization B. agglutination C. neutralization D. precipitation

B. agglutination

What are considered the effectors of humoral immunity? A. natural killer cells B. antibodies C. helper T-lymphocytes D. cytotoxic T-lymphocytes

B. antibodies

For the repolarization phase of an SA nodal cell action potential, ______: A. calcium channels open and sodium channels close B. calcium channels close and potassium channels open C. calcium and potassium channels close D. sodium and potassium channels open

B. calcium channels close and potassium channels open

Lymph is transported through a network of increasingly larger lymphatic passageways. What is the correct order of these, from smallest diameter to largest diameter? A. capillaries-ducts-trunks-vessels B. capillaries-vessels-trunks-ducts C. ducts- capillaries-vessels-trunks D. vessels-capillaries-trunks-ducts

B. capillaries-vessels-trunks-ducts

The papillary muscles attach to the cusps of the atrioventricular valves by means of the: A. conus ateriosus-muscle of right ventricle in heart B. chordae tendineae C. trabeculae carneae-irregular, muscular ridges on inner wall D. pectinate muscles

B. chordae tendineae

Fibrinolysis involves ______ of the fibrin framework, and it involves the protein: A. destruction, thombokinase B. destruction, plasmin C. construction, plasmin D. construction, actinomyosin

B. destruction, plasmin

Active immunity requires: A. that an active virus be used in a vaccine B. direct encounter with the antigen C. the transfer of antibodies from another individual D. that all immune responses to the pathogen result in symptoms of illness

B. direct encounter with the antigen

Which is NOT a function of the spleen? A. recycles aged erythrocytes B. filters lymph C. filters blood D. houses lymphocytes

B. filters lymph

Thick skin contains: A. four epidermal strata and lacks sweat glands B. five epidermal strata and lacks sebaceous glands C. five epidermal strata and lacks sweat glands D. four epidermal strata and lacks sebaceous glands

B. five epidermal strata and lacks sebaceous glands

A membrane attack complex is a protein grouping that: A. triggers phagocytosis of a target cell by a nearby macrophage or neutrophil B. forms a channel in the target cell membrane that causes cytolysis C. stimulates basophils to attack a multicellular parasite in the body D. links a pathogen to a red blood cell so that it is carried to the liver or spleen

B. forms a channel in the target cell membrane that causes cytolysis

Cardiac output equals the ____: A. blood pressure multiplied by heart rate B. heart rate multiplied by stroke volume C. stroke volume divided by heart rate D. end diastolic volume minus end systolic volume

B. heart rate multiplied by stroke volume

The type of leukocyte that will migrate in the blood and take up residence in the tissues as a macrophage is a(n)? A. neutrophil B. monocyte C. basophil D. eosinophil

B. monocyte

"Mad Cow Disease" (variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease) is caused by a: A. fungus B. prion C. virus D. bacterium

B. prion

Which type of antibody is formed in response to parasitic infections and allergies and has the effect of activating mast cells and basophils? A. IgB B. IgG C. IgE D. IgD

C. IgE

The hemoglobin found in erythrocytes is able to chemically attach to _____: A. only carbon dioxide B. only oxygen C. both oxygen and carbon dioxide D. oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen

C. both oxygen and carbon dioxide

Sebum is a secretion that: A. protects the skin from the harmful effects of UV radiation B. cools the skin and eliminates certain drugs C. lubricates skin and helps defend against bacteria D. acts as a pheromone once reproductive maturity is reached

C. lubricates skin and helps defend against bacteria

The type of leukocyte that is very active during a bacterial infection is a(n)_____: A. basophil B. monocyte C. neutrophil D. eosinophil

C. neutrophil

Regions of MALT called Peyer patches are found in the ______: A. urinary bladder B. stomach C. small intestine D. trachea

C. small intestine

Typically, an adult's body contains _________ liters of blood: A. 10 Liters B. 15 Liters C. 1 Liter D. 5 Liters

D. 5 Liters

Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes destroy infected cells by releasing: A. bradykinin and histamine B. CD4+ C. Perforin and granzymes D. Antibodies

D. Antibodies

Which area does NOT contain MALT? A. urinary tract B. gastrointestinal tract C. respiratory tract D. No exceptions; all choices contain MALT

D. No exceptions; all choices contain MALT

Which are functions performed by the fibrous skeleton of the heart? a. separates the atria and ventricles b. anchors the heart valves c. provides electrical insulation between the atria and ventricles d. provides framework for the attachment of the myocardium e. none of these are true functions of the fibrous skeleton of the heart A. b, d B. e C. a, d D. a, b, c, d

D. a, b, c, d

Keratinocytes are ____________ A. found throughout all epidermal strata B. sometimes alive and sometimes dead, depending on where they are found C. able to synthesize the protein keratin D. all of the choices are correct

D. all of the choices are correct

Keratinocytes are: A. able to synthesize the protein keratin B. found throughout all epidermal strata C. sometimes alive and sometimes dead, depending on where they are found D. all of the choices are correct

D. all of the choices are correct

Which of the following is NOT one of the three main factors influencing stroke volume? A. Afterload B. venous return C. inotropic agent D. chronotropic agent

D. chronotropic agent

Tonsils have multiple invaginated outer edges called ___that help trap material. A. clefts B. trabeculae C. sinuses D. crypts

D. crypts

The process of producing the formed elements of blood is called _________: A. erythropoiesis B. leukopenia C. leukocytosis D. hemopoiesis

D. hemopoiesis

Which is the actively growing part of the nail? A. nail bed B. free edge C. nail root D. nail matrix

D. nail matrix

Which leukocytes are derived from the myeloid line? A. neutrophils B. basophils and eosinophils C. lymphocytes and monocytes D. neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, and monocytes

D. neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, and monocytes

During ventricular contraction: A. The AV valves close and the semilunar valves open B. Only the semilunar valves close C. The semilunar vales close and the AV valves open D. Only the AV valves close

The AV valves close and the semilunar valves open

Which is going to result in significant agglutination? A. Donor is type AB, recipient is type B B. Donor is type B, recipient has antibody anti-A C. Donor is type A, recipient has anti-body anti-B D. Donor is type A, recipient is type AB

A. Donor is type AB, recipient is type B

Air flows out of the body during expiration because: A. Intrapulmonary pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure B. Intrapleural pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure C. Atmospheric pressure is greater than intrapulmonary pressure D. Intrapleural pressure is greater than intrapulmonary pressure

A. Intrapulmonary pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure

In an ECG, what does the T wave represent? A. Repolarization of the ventricles B. Closure of the AV valves C. Depolarization of the atria D. Depolarization of the left ventricle

A. Repolarization of the ventricles

Sympathetic innervation of the heart: A. Increases heart rate B. Decreases heart rate C. Increases force of contractions D. Decreases force of contractions E. Has no effect on contraction force A. a, c B. a, d C. b, e D. a, e

A. a, c

An autorhythmic heart cell is one in which: A. action potentials fire spontaneously B. action potentials always occur at exactly the same frequency C. action potentials are initiated by autonomic nervous system D. action potentials are stimulated by internal stores of acetylcholine

A. action potentials fire spontaneously

Just prior to atrial contraction: A. all four chambers are at rest and AV valves are open B. all four chambers are contracting and all valves are open C. all four chambers are at rest and AV valves are closed D. both ventricles are contracting and blood is being ejected into the major arteries

A. all four chambers are at rest and AV valves are open

In order to retain heat, which occurs in the skin on a cold day? A. blood vessels of the dermis constrict B. blood vessels of the epidermis dilate C. blood vessels of the epidermis constrict D. blood vessels of the dermis dilate

A. blood vessels of the dermis constrict

Chemotaxis is the process by which: A. cells migrate towards chemical signals B. chemical messengers are secreted that stimulate the sensation of pain that accompanies inflammation C. CAMs on leukocytes adhere to CAMs on endothelial cells of capillaries within injured tissues D. Cells exit the blood by squeezing our between cells in blood vessel walls

A. cells migrate towards chemical signals

The viscosity of blood is ______ proportional to the number of erythrocytes and ____ proportional to the amount of fluid. A. directly, indirectly B. indirectly, indirectly C. indirectly, directly D. directly, directly

A. directly, indirectly

The term "primary lymphatic structure" applies ___________ A. to the red bone marrow and thymus B to the spleen and lymph nodes C. to lymph nodes and MALT D to only red bone marrow

A. to the red bone marrow and thymus

The viscosity of blood is _____ proportional to the number of erythrocytes and ____ proportional to the amount of fluid. A. directly, directly B. directly, indirectly C. indirectly, directly D. indirectly, indirectly

B. directly, indirectly

If someone had a cut on their skin through which a bacterium entered, but that bacterium was then destroyed by a neutrophil, this would be an example of ______: A. failed external adaptive immunity, but successful innate immunity B. failed external innate immunity, but successful internal innate immunity C. failed innate immunity, but successful adaptive immunity D. failed external immunity, but successful internal acquired immunity

B. failed external innate immunity, but successful internal innate immunity

Antigens are: A. something made by a white blood cell to destroy a pathogen B. something than an antibody or T-lymphocyte binds to C. disorders involving overactive immune system D. membrane receptors on B-lymphocytes

B. something than an antibody or T-lymphocyte binds to

Immune cells of the epidermis tend to be found in the stratum _________: A. lucidum B. spinosum C. basale D. corneum

B. spinosum

Which lymphatic organ contains red pulp and white pulp? A. thymus gland and lymph nodes B. spleen C. thymus gland D. spleen and lymph nodes

B. spleen

The term "epicardium" is another name for the: A. parietal layer of the serosal pericardium B. visceral layer of the serosal pericardium C. external layer of the fibrous pericardium D. myocardium

B. visceral layer of the serosal pericardium

The Larynx is supported by nine pieces of cartilage. Which cartilages occur in pairs? A. Corniculate and cricoid B. Thyroid and corniculate C. Corniculate, cuneiform, and arytenoid D. Cricoid, corniculate, and arytenoid

C. Corniculate, cuneiform, and arytenoid

MHC class I molecules on a cell allow it to interact with _____: A. helper T-lymphocytes B. CD8+ B-lymphocytes C. Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes D. Natural killer cells

C. Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes

The carotid bodies contain ______ chemoreceptors that respond to changes in _______: A. Peripheral; cerebrospinal fluid concentration of H+ B. Central; blood concentrations of H+ but not CO2 and O2. C. Peripheral; Blood concentrations of H+ and O2. D. Peripheral; concentrations of carbon, dust, and pollution in the lungs

C. Peripheral; Blood concentrations of H+ and O2.

Which are applicable to the stratum corneum: A. most superficial layer B. cells are dead C. interlocking keratinized cells D. cells are anucleate A. a, c, d B. a, d C. a, b, c, d D. a, b, d

C. a, b, c, d

Which are functions of hair? A. sensory reception B. Heat retention C. protection D. visual identification A. a, b, d B. a, d C. a, b, c, d D. a, b, c

C. a, b, c, d

Among the components of the dermis are: A. sweat glands B. Hair follicles C. collagen fibers D. sensory nerve endings E. arrector pili muscles A. a, b, c, e B. a, c, d C. a, b, c, d, e D. a, b, d, e

C. a, b, c, d, e

Which can be used to characterize blood flow in the human body? A. There is unidirectional flow B. Arteries always carry oxygenated blood C. Veins always carry deoxygenated blood D. Arteries carry blood away from the heart E. Veins carry blood toward the heart A. a, c, d, e B. b, c, e C. a, d, e D. a, b, c, d, e

C. a, d, e

Norepinephrine is considered a positive chronotropic agent because it causes: A. heart cell membrane potentials to become more positive during action potentials B. more forceful contractions during each heart rate C. an increase in the firing rate of SA node cells D. less calcium to enter heart cells, which leads to lower risk of heart attack

C. an increase in the firing rate of SA node cells

The type of gland that secretes sweat into a hair follicle that is found in the axillary, anal, and genital regions is the ________ sweat gland A. sebaceous B. merocrine C. apocrine D. ceruminous

C. apocrine

the structure responsible for pulling on the follicle and causing "goosebumps" is the: A. glassy membrane B. internal root sheath C. arrector pili muscle D. external root sheath

C. arrector pili muscle

According to Frank-Starling Law: A. the more calcium available to the heart cell, the more forcefully it will contract B. the faster the heart rate, the larger the stroke volume C. as the volume of blood entering the heart increases, ventricular contractions become more forceful D. the greater the resistance from the arteries, the higher the blood pressure

C. as the volume of blood entering the heart increases, ventricular contractions become more forceful

Which are characteristics of leukocytes? A. smaller than erythrocytes B. have a nucleus C. have no hemoglobin D. more numerous than erythrocytes E. depending on type, may or may not contain granules A. b, c, d, e B. a, b, c, d C. b, c, e D. a, b, c, d,e

C. b, c, e

The hemoglobin found in erythrocytes is able to chemically attach to: A. only oxygen B. only carbon dioxide C. both oxygen and carbon dioxide D. oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen

C. both oxygen and carbon dioxide

What is the sequence of events in the transmission of an impulse through the heart muscle? a. AV node b. AV bundle c. SA node d. Through the atria e. Through the ventricles f. Bundle branches g. Purkinje fibers A. c, d, a, f, b, g, e B. d, b, a, c, f, g, e C. c, d, a, b, f, g, e D. b, a, d, c, f, g, e

C. c, d, a, b, f, g, e

Lymphatic organs: A. lack a connective tissue capsule B. contain an incomplete capsule of dense irregular connective tissue- C. contain a complete capsule of dense irregular connective tissue D. none of the above are correct

C. contain a complete capsule of dense irregular connective tissue

During plateau phase of a cardiac muscle cell's action potential, the membrane stays ___: A. hyperpolarized as potassium enters and calcium exits B. depolarized as potassium enters and calcium exits C. depolarized as less potassium exits and calcium enters D. hyperpolarized as sodium and calcium exit

C. depolarized as less potassium exits and calcium enters

The carbon dioxide molecules that bind to the hemoglobin molecule are attached to the ____units. A. calcium B. heme C. globin D. iron

C. globin

The main function of tonsils is to detect and protect against infectious agents that are ________: A. in the lymph B. in blood C. ingested or inhaled D. secreted by salivary glands

C. ingested or inhaled

Activation of lymphocytes occurs in ___: A. effectors such as muscles and glands B. tertiary lymphatic structures C. secondary lymphatic structures D. primary lymphatic structures

C. secondary lymphatic structures

The path that fluid takes as it enters a lymphatic capillary is through _____: A. cell membrane leakage channels that allow diffusion B. vesicles that move fluid across the cell (transcytosis) C. spaces between capillary endothelial cells that are arranged as one-way flaps D. active transport protein pumps on endothelial cell membranes

C. spaces between capillary endothelial cells that are arranged as one-way flaps

The second signal during B-lymphocyte activation involves stimulation from: A. bradykinin released by antigen presenting cells B. antibodies released by antigens C. IL-2 released by cytotoxic T-lymphocytes D. IL-4 released by helper T-lymphocytes

D. IL-4 released by helper T-lymphocytes

Which is NOT a function of the integument? A. temperature regulation B. involved in synthesis of vitamin D C. protection D. No exceptions; all are functions of the integument

D. No exceptions; all are functions of the integument

Which is NOT correct regarding lymph nodes? A. they are drained by efferent lymphatic vessels B. they contain inward extensions of cortical tissue, called medullary cords, which house B cells, T cells, and macrophages C. they contain macrophages D. No exceptions; all are true of lymph nodes

D. No exceptions; all are true of lymph nodes

The classical pathway of complement activation, ______: A. complement binds with polysaccharides on a microbial cell wall B. complement is activated within liver cells and released into the blood C. complement inhibits inflammation and binds to opsonins D. complement binds to an antibody that is bound to a foreign substance

D. complement binds to an antibody that is bound to a foreign substance

One of the main dangers of burns is: A. hypocalcemia, as blood ion levels are dramatically altered B. hyperthermia, as temperature regulation is very compromised C. respiratory infection, as body defenses are concentrated superficially D. dehydration, as water can escape from the body

D. dehydration, as water can escape from the body

At the AV node of the conduction system, the action potential is: A. rapidly advanced due to the cells being small and well insulated by myelin B. rapidly advanced due to the cells being large and well connected by gap junctions C. delayed due to the cells being large and having many leakage channels D. delayed due to the cells being small and having few gap junctions

D. delayed due to the cells being small and having few gap junctions

Which of the following lists the body's first, second, and third lines of defense in order?: A. adaptive immunity, external innate immunity, internal immunity B. external innate immunity, adaptive immunity, internal innate immunity C. external adaptive immunity, internal adaptive immunity, innate immunity D. external innate immunity, internal innate immunity, adaptive immunity

D. external innate immunity, internal innate immunity, adaptive immunity

The agglutinogens (or antigens) that determine the ABO and Rh blood types are ___: A. located on the surface of the leukocytes B. found in the cytosol of the erythrocytes C. shaped like a "Y" with receptor sites D. found on the surface of erythrocytes

D. found on the surface of erythrocytes

IgA is primarily found: A. on the surface of B-lymphocytes B. in the thymus, spleen, and lymph nodes C. in lymph-IgG D. in external secretions such as tears, saliva, and mucus

D. in external secretions such as tears, saliva, and mucus

Cardiac reserve is: A. the blood that the heart uses to nourish its cardiac muscle and does not put into general circulation B. the potential increase in stroke volume someone would show if they engaged in athletic training C. the amount of blood left in the heart after the ventricle contracted during cardiac cycles at rest D. increase in cardiac output an individual is capable of demonstrating during rigorous exercise

D. increase in cardiac output an individual is capable of demonstrating during rigorous exercise

Defensins and lysosomes are both part of ____ immunity and function ____: A. innate; to stimulate the production of antibodies B. adaptive; as attackers of pathogenic cells C. adaptive; as physical barriers to pathogen entry D. innate; to directly act on pathogenic cells

D. innate; to directly act on pathogenic cells

Which is NOT an action of interferon? A. it triggers synthesis of enzymes that destroy viral nucleic acids B. it binds to receptors of neighboring cells preventing them from being infected C. it stimulates macrophages and NK cells to destroy virus-infected cells D. it signals the immune system that the secreting cell is part of the body and so should not be attacked

D. it signals the immune system that the secreting cell is part of the body and so should not be attacked

Sebum is a secretion that ____________: A. acts as a pheromone once reproductive maturity is reaches B. cools the skin and eliminates certain drugs C. protects the skin from the harmful effects of UV radiation D. lubricates skin and helps defend against bacteria

D. lubricates skin and helps defend against bacteria

The hypodermis is rich in adipose, and thus its functions include: A. frequent regeneration, structural support, and defense against infection B. water regulation and vitamin synthesis C. maintenance of boundaries and sensation of stimuli D. organ protection, energy storage, and thermal insulation

D. organ protection, energy storage, and thermal insulation

Lymphatic capillaries: A. concentrate lymph prior to passing it to larger lymphatic vessels B. filter lymph C. cannot be discerned structurally from cardiovascular system capillaries D. originate as closed-ended tubes associated with blood capillary networks

D. originate as closed-ended tubes associated with blood capillary networks

Most activated B-lymphocytes differentiate into: A. Macrophages-phagocytize pathogens B. memory helper T-lymphocytes C. antigen presenting cells D. plasma cells

D. plasma cells

Malaria is a disease caused by a ____: A. Bacterium B. multicellular parasite C. virus D. protozoan

D. protozoan

Which type of hair forms the beard on the faces of males? A. lanugo b. pilus C. vellus D. terminal

D. terminal

Which term best describes the function of blood when considering the presence of carbon dioxide and endocrine hormones? A. protection B. prevention C. regulation D. transportation

D. transportation