Final exam psychology.

Intellectual disability is a condition of limited mental ability in which an individual has an IQ of ___________ and has difficulty adapting to everyday life.

70 or below

______ is needed to account for sounds above 1,000 times per second.

A combination of frequency theory and place theory.

Which of the following is the smallest unit of language that carries meaning?

A morpheme

In the context of personality characteristics, ________ is associated with taking the right steps toward a long , health life.

A sense of personal control

_________ is behavior that is deviant , maladaptive , or personally distressful over a relatively long period of time.

Abnormal behavior

In the stages of change model, the ___________ stages is immediately followed by the maintenance stage.

Action/ willpower

_________ is a type of self -report test that is created by first identifying two groups that are known to be different.

An empirically keyed test

Which of the following occurs when people perceive a stationary object as moving?

Apparent movement

Cones

Are the receptors cells in the retina that allows for color perception.

________ is a theory of learning that focuses solely on observable actions and responses.

Behaviorism

Therapy integrations are conceptually compatible with the ____________ model of abnormal behavior.

Biopsychosocial

The _______ is the area on the retina where the optic nerve leaves the eye on its way to the brain , and it contains neither rods nor cones.

Blind spot

In the context of descriptive research methods in psychology, _______________ are performed mainly by clinical psychologists when , for either practical or ethical reasons , the unique aspects of an individual's life cannot be duplicated and tested in other individuals.

Case study

According to Freud's psychosexual stages of development, girls in the phallic stage experience.

Castration completed

According to George Bonanno , ___________ is a pattern of grief in which a traumatic grief experience leads to a long-term disruption of functioning in important life domains.

Chronic dysfunction

___________ proposes that one can understand dreaming by applying the same intellectual concepts used in studying the waking mind.

Cognitive theory of dreaming.

According to Jung , the deepest , impersonal layer of the unconscious mind that is shared by all humans because of their common ancestral past is called the

Collective unconscious

A (n) _______ is a person who is given a role to play is a study so that the social context can be manipulated.

Confederate

According to the principle of ______ , researchers are responsible for keeping all of the data they gather on individuals completely confidential and ,when possible , completely anonymous.

Confidentiality

A key aspect of the process of testing hypotheses in the scientific method is

Data analysis

Aspects of a study that communicate to the participants how the experimenter wants them to behave are knows as

Demand characteristics

______ refers to auditory sensory memory , whereas ________ refers to visual sensory memory.

Echoic memory / iconic memory

__________ carry out information out of the brain and spinal cord to other areas of the body

Efferent nerves

Sensory receptors for the kinesthetic sense are

Embedded in muscle fibers and joints

In the course of prenatal development of human beings , by the end of the __________ period, the heart begins to beat , the arms and legs become more differentiated , the face starts to form , and the intestinal tract appears.

Embryonic

The______ involves gaining knowledge by observing events , collecting data , and reasoning logically?

Empirical method

In the context of memory retrieval , the _____ states that information present at the time of encrypting or learning tends to be effective as a retrieval cue

Encoding specificity principle

Which of the following is a crucial concept in Freud's psychosexual stages of personality development?

Erogenous zones

Which of the following is true about exercise?

Exercise formally refers to structured activities whose goal is to improve health.

According to Selye's general adaptation syndrome , serious wear and tear takes a toll on individuals during the _________ stage.

Exhaustion

The __________ is the observers' overestimation of the degree to which everybody else thinks or acts the way we do.

False consensus effect.

According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, the ability to think about things that are not concrete , make predictions, and use logic to come up with hypotheses about the future is attained during the _________ stage.

Formal operational

The ________ are involved in personality , intelligence, and the control of voluntary muscle.

Frontal lobes.

___________ refers to ways in which people present themselves though their appearance, including hairstyle , clothing choices , voices , and behavior.

Gender expression

__________ involves expectations for how females and males should think , act , and feel.

Gender roles.

______ in classical conditioning in the tendency of a new stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus to elicit a response that is similar to the conditioned response.

Generalization

Which of the following infant reflexes disappears in the months following birth as infants develop voluntary control over many behaviors ?

Gripping

In the context of psychological constraints, Carol Dweck ( 2017) studied first-year pre-med majors taking their first chemistry class in college. Identify a result of the study

Growth-mindset students got higher grades than did fixed-mindset students.

Which category of drugs modifies a person's perceptual experiences and produces visual images that are not real. ?

Hallucinogens

______ is a subfield of psychology that emphasizes psychology's role in establishing and maintaining fitness and preventing and treating illness.

Health psychology

In the context of the major regions of the brain , which of the following is the lowest portion of the brain ?

Hindbrain

In the context of psychotherapy , __________ are treatment that uniquely emphasize people's self-healing capacities and that encourage clients to understand themselves and to grow personally.

Humanistic therapies

Which body system is Selye's general adaptation syndrome ( GAS ) model is responsible for regulating various body processes, including digestion , immune-system response , emotion , and energy expenditure ?

Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis ( HPA axis )

____refers to memory in which behavior is affected by prior experience without a conscious recollection of that experience.

Implicit memory

Which of the following is the final stage of Erikson's psychosocial development?

Intergrity vs. despair

Which of the following statements is true of babbling ?

It refers to the endless repetition of sounds and syllables.

The ___________ is a transparent and somewhat flexible , disk-like structure filled with a gelatin -like material.

Lens

According to the Atkinson-shiffrin theory , information can last up to a lifetime in

Long-term memory

The Americans with Disabilities Act.

Made it illegal to discriminate against a person with a psychological disorder in the workplace when the person's condition does not prevent performance of the job's essential.

In the context of dream analysis __________ refers to the conscious, remembered aspects of a dream.

Manifest content

Genes

Manufacture the proteins that are necessary for maintaining life.

_____ is an individual's level of intellectual development relative to that of others.

Mental age

Cognitive psychology is the study of

Mental processes

The cultivation of two mental habits is essential to critical thinking , these habits are :

Mindfulness and open- mindedness

Which of the following is the most common negative consequences that binge- drinking college students create for themselves?

Missing class

The _________ system in the body's electrochemical communication circuitry.

Nervous

The cell body contains the _________ , which directs the manufacture of substances that a neuron needs for growth as maintenance.

Nucleus

Which of the following is the first step in the scientific method?

Observing some phenomenon

Which of the following is more effective in explaining voluntary behaviors rather than involuntary behaviors ?

Operant conditioning

Organisms learn the association between ta behavior and a consequence in

Operant conditioning.

The axons of the ganglion cells make up the ______ , which carries the visual information to the brain for further processing.

Optic nerve

Which of the following refers to physically or verbally harming another person directly?

Overt aggression

In the context of the autonomic nervous system , the _______ calms the body.

Parasympathetic nervous system

According to Baddeley , the _______ is specialized to briefly store speech -based information about the sounds of language.

Phonological loop

According to Baddeley's view of the three components of working memory, which of the following contains two separate components: an acoustic code and rehearsal ?

Phonological loop

According to Schachter and Singer's two-factor theory , emotion is determined by two factors. They are :

Physiological arousal and cognitive labeling.

According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs , which of the following needs must be met first ?

Physiological needs

The useful character of language and the ability of language to communicate even more than is verbalized is known as :

Pragmatics

The association between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation and supervisor ratings , work commitment , burnout , and work- family , among employees in various industries, were tested in a recent study by Kuvaas and others ( 2017 ). It was found that , unlike extrinsic motivation , intrinsic motivation.

Predicted lower burnout and work -family conflict.

According to Lazarus , in __________ , individuals interpret whether an event involves harm or loss that has already occurred , a threat of some future danger ,or a challenge to be overcome.

Primary appraisal

Which of the following is involved in extrinsic motivation ?

Punishments

_________ refers to researchers' assignment of participants to groups by chance , to reduce the likelihood that an experiment's results will be due to preexisting differences between groups.

Radom assignment

_______ refers to ascribing personal meaning to completely random events.

Referential thinking

_________ refers to a person's ability to recover from or adapt to difficult times.

Resilience

A_______ reinforce acquires its positive value through an organism's experience.

Secondary

Which of the following is defined as the motivation to develop one's full potential as human being?

Self - actualization

Some researchers disagree with the notion that the labels " easy" , " difficult " and " slow-to-warm up " are the best way to conceptualize infant temperament. They argue that __________ are the core dimensions of temperament.

Self-regulation , inhibition , and negative affectivity.

A person's knowledge about the world is known as __________ memory

Semantic

__________ is the process of receiving stimulus energies from the external environment and transforming those energies into neutral energy.

Sensation

Which of the following represents the correct chronological sequence of Piaget's stages of cognitive development?

Sensorimotor , preoperational , concrete operational , formal operational.

An individual's _____________ refers to the direction of his or her erotic interests.

Sexual orientation

Which of the following is a primary focus are of behavioral medicine?

Social factors

_______ is characterized by myoclonic jerks and theta waves , whereas _______ is/are characterized by delta waves.

State N1 sleep ; state N3 sleep

__________ is an individual's fast-acting , self-fulfilling fear or being judged based on a negative idea about his or her group.

Stereotype threat

___________ are the circumstances and events that threaten individuals and tax their coping abilities.

Stressors

In which of the following psychological approaches did researches ask participants to think about what was going on mentally as varios events took place.

Structuralism

_________ is a person's assessment of his or her own level of positive affect relative to negative affect , and an evaluation of his or her life in general.

Subjective well - being

The _________ is the part of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body to mobilize it for action and thus is involved in the experience of stress.

Sympathetic nervous system

___________ refers to a language's rules for combining words to form acceptable phrases and sentences.

Syntax

The term ____________ refers to an individual's behaviors style and characteristic way of responding.

Temperament

infinite generativity refers to

The ability to produce an endless number of meaningful sentences.

According to ___________ , the function of positive emotions lies in their effects on an individual's attention and ability to build resources.

The broaden -and -build model

In operant conditioning.

The consequences of behavior produce change in the probability of the behavior's occurrence.

According to __________ people who have first agreed to small request tend to comply later with a larger request.

The foot-in-the-door technique

Which structure of personality did Freud refer to as the " it " ?

The id

According to ___________ , when people evaluate a given item reflects a certain concept, they compare the item with the most typical item(s) in the category and look for a " family resemblance " with that item's properties.

The prototype model

Which theoretical approach emphasizes the contributions of experiences , thoughts, emotions , and personality characteristics in explaining psychological disorders?

The psychological approach

____________ is the tendency to make judgments about group membership based on physical appearances or the match between a person and one's stereotype of a group rather than on available base rate information.

The representativeness heuristic

Mindfulness means

The state of being alert and mentally present for one's everyday activities.

developmental psychologists have used a procedure called the false belief task to examine children's.

Theory of mind

In the context of classifying emotions , which of the following is an example of a low - arousal positive emotion ?

Tranquility

According to Erikson's theory of socioemotional development, the first 18 months of life are devoted to mastering which developmental task?

Trust vs. mistrust

sexually transmitted infections ( STIs ) are contracted through

Vaginal intercourse.

The _____________ is involved in reducing huger and restricting eating.

Ventromedial hypothalamus

Which of the following theorists primarily used the structuralism approach to studying human behavior?

Wilhelm Wundt

All of the following are symptoms of major depressive disorder EXCEPT

a history of manic episodes.

In the context of perception , ________ refers to the minimum amount of stimulus energy that a person can detect.

absolute threshold

REM sleep is initiated by a rise in _____, which activates the cerebral cortex while the rest of the brain remains relatively inactive.

acetylcholine

__________ is the initial learning of the connection between the unconditioned stimulus and the conditioned stimulus when these two stimuli are paired.

acquisition

________ stress is the momentary stress that occurs in response to life experiences

acute

According to Piaget, accommodation occurs when individuals.

adjust their schemas to new information

Which of the following traits is related to generosity and altruism , to reports of religious faith , and to more satisfying romantic relationships?

agreeableness

Jung used the term _____ to refer to the "feminine" side of our personality and the term _____ to refer to the "masculine" side of our personality.

anima and animus

__________ is an eating disorder that involves the relentless pursuit of thinness through starvation.

anorexia nervosa

In addition to providing treatment for depression , antidepressant drugs may also be an effective treatment for

anxiety disorders and eating disorders

Large neuron clusters located above the thalamus and under the cerebral cortex, that work with the cerebellum and the cerebral cortex to control and coordinate voluntary movements are called _____.

basal ganglia

Which of the following regions of the brain are involved in meditation. ?

basal ganglia and prefrontal cortex

The tendency to ignore information about general principles in favor of very specific but vivid information is known as :

base rate neglect

Neuroscience studies are based on the _____ approaches to psychology.

biological

Lithium is commonly used to treat

bipolar disorder

_______ is a mood disorder that is characterized by extreme mood swings that include one or more episodes of mania , an overexcited, unrealistically optimistic state.

bipolar disorder

________ is characterized by a pervasive pattern of instability in interpersonal relationships, self -image , and emotions , and of marked impulsivity beginning by early adulthood and present in various contexts.

borderline personality disorder

______ is an eating disorder in which an individual, typically female , consistently follows a binge-and-purge eating pattern.

bulimia nervosa

In the human cell, threadlike structures that come in 23 pairs, one member of each pair originating from each parent, and that contain DNA are called

chromosomes

Which of the following approaches to psychology focuses on how we direct our attention, perceive , remember , think, and solve problems?

cognitive

________ are mental categories that are used to group objects , events , and characteristics.

concepts

____________ produces the single best solution to a problem.

convergent thinking

Which of the following is one of the issues addressed by the ethics guidelines developed by the American Psychological Association?

debriefing

The Stanford prison experiment provides a dramatic example of how social situations and the roles we take on life can influence

deindividuation

In the context of creative thinking, _____ produces many solutions to the same problem.

divergent thinking

______ refers to rationalizing the amount of work we put into getting something by increasing its value.

effort justification

According to Jeffrey Arnett, the transitional period from adolescence to adulthood is described as

emerging adulthood

According to James Marcia , the two dimensions of identity are

exploration and commitment

All of the following are symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder EXCEPT :

feeling emotionally charged.

n operant conditioning _______ means performing a reinforced behavior on a different situation.

generalization

Long-term potentiation is a concept that explains.

how memory functions at the neuron level

In experimental research , the ________ is a manipulated experimental factor , and the ______ is the outcome.

independent variable; dependent variable

The cochlea is part of the :

inner ear

Standardization

involves developing uniform procedures for administering and scoring a test, as well as creating norms, or performance standards, for the test

According to Freudian dream analysis , the unconscious, hidden aspects that are symbolized by the manifest content of dreams refers to the __________ content.

latent

___________ is the specialization of function in one hemisphere of the brain or the other.

lateralization

A criticism of activation-synthesis theory is that ____

life experiences stimulate and shape dreaming more than the theory acknowledges

Which of the following is an active drug in cigarettes?

nicotine

__________ refers to the processes by which we use social stimuli to form impressions of others.

person perception

_________ are favorable views of the self that are not necessarily rooted in reality.

positive illusions

Awareness and arousal are associated with different parts of the brain. Awareness involves the _____. Whereas arousal is determined by the _____.

prefrontal cortex/reticular activating system

Behavior that is intended to benefit other people is called

prosocial behavior

Which of the following refers to a period of rapid skeletal and sexual maturation that occurs mainly in early adolescence?

puberty

According to Bandura , the way behavior , environment , and person / cognitive factors interact to create personality is described as

reciprocal determinism

The primary goal of behavior therapy is to

reduce or eliminate maladaptive behavior

proactive and retroactive interference are examples of

retrieval failures

Which of the following is most related to extrinsic motivation ?

rewards

The tendency for a group decision to be riskier than the average decision made by the individual group members is known as

risky shift

Which of the following is an important aspect of cognitive-behavior therapy ?

self-efficacy

Which of the following forms of treatment relies on paraprofessionals?

self-help support groups

In operant conditioning,____________ refers to rewarding successive approximations of a desired behavior.

shaping

According to the Atkinson-shiffrin theory ,which of the following memory systems has a time frame of up to 30 seconds. ?

short term memory

According to ___________ , social relationships involve an exchange of goods , the objective of which is to minimize costs and maximize benefits.

social exchange theory

In classical conditioning, organisms learn the association between two :

stimuli

Corticosteroids are

stress hormones

According to Freud , the ____________ is reflected in what we often call conscience and evaluates the morality of our behavior.

superego

Which of the following class of drugs is used to treat agoraphobia?

tricyclic drugs

According to Arnett, all of the following EXCEPT _____ are features of emerging adulthood.

wisdom