final exam review chapters 1- 5

Select all that are functions of proteins

-Movement of substances across the plasma membrane -Transport of nutrients through the blood stream

Sort the following into the order in which a negative feedback loop functions.

1. detection of a change in a critcal physiological factor 2. signal sent to effector cell 3.effector cell causes change in physiology 4. change in physiology drives critical physoiological factor back to normal levels.

How many "true" ribs are expected in an adult human?

7

Predict what would happen if the concentration of DMSO (nonpolar compound) was 10-fold higher outside a cell than inside the cell.

A nonpolar molecule like DMSO would move through the cell membrane until the concentrations on both sides of the membrane were the same.

Which statement best distinguishes the difference between a transverse and sagittal plane through the body?

A sagittal plane makes identical halves of the body along the midline.

Which answer best defends the statement that homeostasis is essential for human survival?

A small change in plasma pH has a large impact on breathing

What is the definition of a "meatus"?

A tunnel or passageway through a bone

Describe the role of the mitochondria in cells.

ATP production

What is a key feature of adipocytes, and how does it aid in cell function?

Accommodates large lipid droplet in the cytoplasm -- for energy storage

A typical phospholipid is:

Amphipathic

Fibroblasts:

Are able to produce collagen and elastic fibers

You are asked to identify a type of connective tissue under the microscope. You see an array of collagen and elastin fibers, with few fibroblasts and macrophages in the tissue. You are most likely looking at ________.

Areolar tissue

Within the process of mRNA translation into protein, select the correct sequence of events preceding peptide elongation and eventual termination at the stop codon.

Binding of mRNA to ribosomes, together with initiation factors and initiator tRNA

Which anatomical term describes the heel?

Calcaneal

Which of the following biomolecules is used for short term energy storage?

Carbohydrates

What is a key difference between cardiac and skeletal muscle?

Cardiac muscle contains intercalated disks, whereas skeletal muscle does not.

What type of tissue are chondrocytes located in?

Cartilage

The organ system of the body that distributes nutrients to the tissues is the ________ system.

Circulatory

Ligaments are very strong but resistant to stretch. Which protein fiber probably predominates?

Collagen

Select the correct comparison between the role of collagen in skin and in bone.

Collagen provides mechanical strength against shear forces in skin, while in bone it provides flexibility.

Which statement best distinguishes the difference between concentric lamellae and perforating canals inside bones?

Concentric lamellae are cylindrical structures within osteons; Perforating canals are perpendicular channels that connect neighboring osteons.

What are the four major classes of connective tissue?

Connective tissue proper, bone, cartilage, blood

Which of the following would best substitute the loss of sebaceous glands in the skin?

Covering the skin with an oil-based lotion

Placing a red blood cell with a concentration of 0.9 NaCl into a solution of 1.5% NaCl will cause____ in the red blood cell

Crenation

The axons of sensory neurons that detect the chemical molecules that generate scents pass through the __________ foramina of the ethmoid bone.

Cribiform (olfactory)

Which is the largest component of intracellular fluid?

Cytosol

Sort the following in order of decreasing levels of complexity.

Digestive system stomach three layers of smooth muscle smooth muscle cell mitochondria

Which of the following statements about epithelia is FALSE?

Epithelia is only found internally in the body.

Which tissue is generally located in close proximity to external environments?

Epithelial

Predict what would happen if epithelial cells could not form tight junctions.

Epithelium would be a poor lining for the outermost surface of the body.

Which statement best describes how constant exercise would change the likelihood of osteoporosis in older women?

Exercise at any age increases bone density, which is decreased by osteoporosis.

Which of the following statements best differentiates the difference between simple diffusion and facilitated transport?

Facilitated transport requires protein channels, simple diffusion does not.

Which of the following represents the correct order of the phases of the cell cycle?

G1 -> S -> G2 -> M

Which membrane junction allows substances to pass between neighboring cells?

Gap junction

Which of the following statements best differentiates the difference between gene transcription and gene translation?

Gene transcription produces mRNA, gene translation produces proteins.

Which of the following is the best definition of physiology?

How organisms function

If you wanted to increase the osmotic pressure across a cell membrane what would you modify?

I would have more water on one side of the membrane than the other.

If you wanted to increase permeability across the cell membrane for a water-soluble compound without killing the cell, what would you modify? Water soluble comounds are not able to freely pass through the plasma membrane they require a door/channel.

I would increase the number of transport proteins in the cell membrane.

I anticipate that if the skull were to be comprised of a single piece of bone, it would lead to ______________.

Improved protection of the brain, but the skull would not allow for any changes in brain size during growth

Ricky just completed a 2-hour cardio session at the gym. To cool the body down after an intensive workout, his body:

Increases sudoriferous eccrine gland activity

Which of the following anatomical terms is used to describe the groin

Inguinal

Which of the following would be caused by a defect in the mitochondria?

Insufficient energy to perform an essential task.

Which is the largest component of extracellular fluid?

Interstitial fluid

Which of the following best describes the importance of apoptosis to the cell?

It allows an unnecessary cell to undergo programmed cell death.

Describe the role of hyaline cartilage in connective tissue.

It covers the surface of bones within joints, providing a friction-free surface.

Which of the following is a distinguishing characteristic of the vertebra known as the axis?

It has a superior projection from the vertebral body (dens).

What the purpose of the costal groove of a rib?

It is a conduit for nerves and blood vessels to pass through.

Which of the following is not a feature of the Stratum spinosum?

Keratinocytes in this layer are held together by adherens junctions, a type of cell-cell interaction

A patient complaining of pain on his left side just deep to the ribs would be referring to which abdominopelvic quadrant?

Left upper

Which of the following biomolecules is responsible for long term storage of energy?

Lipids

Which structure is normally located in the upper right quadrant?

Liver & Gallbladder

Predict what would happen if the epiphyseal plate never ossified.

Long bones would continue growing in length.

You look under the microscope and note that the tissue appears clear. Based on this observation, you suspect you are looking at the ________ layer of the epidermis.

Lucidum

Compare the function of Meissner's corpuscles to lamellated corpuscles

Meissner's corpuscles detect light touch, lamellated corpuscles detect deep pressure.

What is the importance of melanin in the integumentary system?

Melanin provides protection against the damaging effects of UV radiation.

Melanoma is a type of skin cancer manifesting as asymmetrical brown or black irregular patches on the skin. These are caused by the uncontrolled cell growth of these pigment-producing cells:

Melanocytes

Which sweat gland is most common and produces a watery perspiration?

Merocrine

Cytology is a field that examines subcellular architecture. Which of the following best describes this type of anatomy?

Microscopic

Which part of the cell is not involved in protein trafficking?

Mitochondria

Which of the following is the lowest level of anatomical organization inside the body?

Molecular

What is found in the stratified squamous epithelia of the epidermis?

Multiple layers of rounded and flat cells

John is working near a hot surface when he accidentally leans up against it. Almost instantly and without thinking, he reacts by pulling his hands away from the surface without getting burned. This is because his ________ system responds fastest to changes in environmental stimuli and relays them to his ________ system.

Nervous; Musculoskeletal

Which two structures, located on either side of the foramen magnum, articulate with the first cervical vertebra?

Occipital condyles

Which of the following statements about tissues and the structure of organs is correct?

Organs are made up of four main types of tissues.

Which of the following best describes the role of osmosis within the cell?

Osmosis refers to the movement of water down its concentration gradient.

Select the answer that correctly describes the cells involved in bone remodeling.

Osteoclasts remove old bone, while osteoblasts form new bone.

Compare the function of osteoclasts to osteocytes

Osteocytes maintain existing bone, while osteoclasts resorb bone.

Which of the following is the basic functional unit of compact bone?

Osteon

Hypothesize how a decrease in the number of free nerve endings in the skin would affect people.

People would be less sensitive to pain felt through the skin.

Select the two components of compact bone from the following

Periosteum Osteon

Which of the following extends downwards to become part of the nasal septum

Perpendicular plate

A disease affects a patient's inability to fight off bacterial infections. This could be a defect in which degradation system?

Phagoytosis

The respiratory tract contains ________ epithelia which contain specializations called ________.

Pseudostratified; cilia

Which of the following best illustrates areolar connective tissue?

Reticular, collagenous and elastic fibers with fibroblasts and macrophages

Simple cuboidal epithelium is ideal for which of the following functions?

Secretion and absorption

Which feature of a holocrine gland will distinguish it from merocrine and apocrine glands?

Secretions are released by rupture of whole cells

Which of the following best describes a coronal cut?

Separation into front and back

Separation into front and back

Separation into right and left

Which of the following best describes a transverse cut?

Separation into superior and inferior

What two types of epithelia could be found when transitioning from an outside opening to an inner orifice/ cavity?

Stratified squamous and stratified squamous keratinized epithelia

Psoriasis is a skin condition in which new skin cells form at a much faster rate than the shedding of older dead skin cells, forming itchy and occasionally painful scaly patches of skin. Which layer is responsible for giving rise to new skin cells?

Stratum basale

You are watching a documentary on a group of explorers in the Sahara desert, and note that despite the hot and dry conditions, the explorers have not dried up to a crisp. Which layer of the epidermis is responsible for this?

Stratum corneum

Describe the role of phospholipids in the cell membrane.

The amphipathic nature of phospholipids allows for the formation of bilayers.

How would an anatomist describe the bladder?

The bladder wall contains a transitional epithelium and several layers of smooth muscle.

Which of the following statements best differentiates the difference between the diaphysis and epiphysis of a bone?

The diaphysis is the middle portion of long bones, while the epiphysis is the end of long bones.

Identify the components of extracellular fluid. Select all that apply

The interstitial fluid Blood plasma

Hypothesize how a pregnancy would affect vertebrae curvature.

The lumbar curvature would be greater.

What is the main difference between simple columnar and pseudostratified columnar epithelium?

The nuclei in pseudostratified columnar epithelia appear to be at varying heights in the layer, whereas the nuclei in simple columnar epithelia do not.

What does the tubercle of the rib bone articulate with?

The numerically corresponding vertebrae

A protease is an enzyme that catalyzes a reaction to break down proteins. What would happen if a drug was able to bind to the active site of a protease?

The protein that the protease binds to would be broken down less efficiently.

Which of the following statements best describe the bones that make up the skull?

The skull is made up of 8 cranial bones and 14 facial bones

Which of the following is the best definition of the axial skeleton?

The skull, rib cage, and vertebrae

How would a physiologist describe the small intestine?

The small intestine has a large surface area for more efficient digestion and absorption

Which of the following statements best describes the difference between stratum corneum and stratum basale.

The stratum basale has dividing cells, the stratum corneum does not.

Which statement best describes the difference between thick and thin skin.

The stratum lucidum is only found in thick skin.

Why is the healing and renewal process slow in dense regular connective tissue?

There is limited vascularity in the tissue.

Which of the following best describes the physiological function of the integumentary system?

Thermal regulation

Why do keratinocytes die once they reach the top of the epidermis?

They are cut off from nutrients

Select the statement that best describes the importance of polarized membranes in epithelium.

They enable the apical and basal membranes to have different properties.

What is one role of nails in the integumentary system?

They protect the tips of fingers and toes.

Choose which statement is TRUE.

Thick skin is found on the palmar and plantar areas

What is the main purpose of microvilli present on the apical surface of epithelial cells in the digestive system?

To increase surface area for absorption of nutrients

Calculate how a membrane would change if saturated fatty acids were replaced with unsaturated fatty acids.

Unsaturated fatty acids increase the fluidity of the cell membrane.

What space within the vertebral column does the spinal cord and its associated components pass through?

Vertebral canal

Which statement best demonstrates the effect of a loss of keratin on the epidermis.

Without keratin, the epidermis would be less resistant to friction and abrasion.

Which of the following imaging devices would best visualize a wrist fracture?

X- RAY

In a homeostatic system, the effector is commonly ________.

a muscle

Non-living, extracellular matrix is a feature of ______________.

all connective tissues

Which of the following biomolecules forms proteins?

amino acids

Lipids

are a major component of the cell membrane.

Which anatomical term describes the armpit?

axillary

Positive feedback mechanisms enable small changes in desired outcomes to stimulate the physiological response further. Which of the following is a good example of a positive feedback mechanism?

blood clotting

Match the monomer with the appropriate macromolecule.

carbonhydrate ,protein , nucleic acid

Which of the following would describe the common physical characteristics (structures) of the mouth, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine?

digestive anatomy

I anticipate that a decrease in skin production of sebum would lead to ______________.

drier skin

The visible part of the ear has the ability to stretch significantly, and then recoil back to its original position. Which protein fiber must be present?

elastic

The ability for large arteries to withstand significant changes in pressure is due to what component in the lining of these vessels?

elastic connective tissue

Stretch marks are the result of ________ tearing due to pregnancy or extreme weight gain.

elastic fibers

The uptake of material through the plasma membrane by the formation of a vesicle is ___, whereas the fusion of a vesicle with the plasma membrane and the release of its contents outside of the cell is called __.

endocytosis; exocytosis

Which layer has an active role in defending the body against foreign pathogens?

epidermis

The codon of tRNA is complementary to the anticodon of mRNA.

false

The pleural membranes function like a fluid-filled balloon that completely surrounds the heart.

false

The selective permeability of the plasma membrane allows all substances to pass through the membrane, ensuring that the inside of the cell is in constant interaction with its external environment.

false

The strongest, heaviest, and longest bone in the body is the ______________.

femur

In general, the ________ make and remodel tissue while the ________ live inside tissue and support it.

fibroblasts; fibrocytes

Which of the following best illustrates the relationship between the wrist and fingers?

fingers are distal to the wrist

The membrane-bound organelle that is composed primarily of stacked cisternae and functions to transport and package materials that arrive from the rough endoplasmic reticulum in transport vesicles is the

golgi apparatus.

Athlete's Foot is caused by an interesting fungus that thrives on dead body tissue. This includes the following tissues in the integumentary system EXCEPT the: (which of these is not on the skin surface or in the epidermis)

hair papilla

Placing a red blood cell (0.9% NaCl) into distilled water (0.1% NaCl) will cause _ in a red blood cell.

hemolysis

Adipocytes reside in the:

hypodermis

In a neuron, where can the nucleus be found?

in the cell body

Membrane proteins that penetrate deeply into the lipid bilayer and can possibly extend from one surface to the other are called __ proteins whereas other proteins that are attached to either the inner or the outer surface of the lipid bilayer are called __ proteins.

integral; peripheral

Which is the smallest of all the facial bones?

lacrimal

Which type of vertebrae's transverse processes have no facets or foramina ?

lumbar

The apical side of epithelial cells ___________.

may have specializations such as microvilli for absorption

Which tissue can generate the force necessary to do work?

muscle

Phoebe likes to get manicures once a month. Each time, she gets her nails trimmed, filed, and painted with nail polish. Which part of the nail does this affect?

nail plate

What kind of feedback loop prevents sudden changes in blood pH?

negative

When blood sugar levels increase after a meal, insulin is released. This lowers sugar levels back toward normal. This is an example of

negative feedback

Which of the following biomolecules is used to produce DNA?

nucleic acids

Select all that are monomers.

nucleotide amino acid glucose

Which level of organization in the human body involves two or more tissue types working together to perform specific, complex functions?

organ level

Sort the following in order of decreasing levels of complexity.

organs organs system tissues cells

The type of passive transport that involves the movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from a region of high water concentration to a region of low water concentration is called what?

osmosis

The outer serous membrane lining the abdominal cavity is called the

parietal peritoneum.

What type of bonds link individual amino acids together?

peptide bonds

Certain white blood cells engulf microorganisms and bring them in to digest them. This process is best described as

phagocytosis.

Translation is the synthesis of

proteins from MRNA

The structure of the spleen and lymph nodes are composed mainly of _____.

reticular ct

The organelles responsible for protein synthesis are known as __ and the organelles that assist with the breakdown of proteins are called __.

ribosomes; proteasomes

What is the structure that joins the parietal bones together in the skull?

sagittal suture

Acne commonly arises during puberty for many teenagers, due to increased ________ production. This, in turn, makes the skin more oily and can block hair follicles, which potentially become infected.

sebum

Cephalic is to head as deltoid is to

shoulder

The type of epithelium that would best allow rapid diffusion, osmosis, or filtration is ____ epithelium.

simple squamous

The zygomatic process is found in the __________ region of the temporal bone.

squamous

The breastbone is ________ to the belly button.

superior

The sacrum is ______________ to the coccyx

superior

Homeostasis is best described as

the maintenance of a stable internal environment despite a changing external environment.

Name the structure that is composed of two or more cell types that work together to perform specific functions.

tissue

Which of the following is a function of the ribosome?

translations of proteins

Mitosis and cytoplasmic division result in the formation of two genetically identical cells.

true

Pleural membranes completely surround each lung.

true

The anatomic position refers to the position in which a person is standing upright facing the observer, feet parallel and flat on the floor, and palms facing forward

true