Final Exam Review - Sociology

As a bottom-line figure, looking at the data that are available on what percentage of adult individuals are homosexual, researchers Smith and Gates estimate that approximately _____ percent of the US population over eighteen is gay or lesbian.

5

Today, female professionals made approximately _______ percent of what their male counterparts did.

67

Approximately _____ percent of households were married-couple households with children in which only the father was employed

7

Today, employed women earned approximately ______ percent of what employed men did.

77

The text observes that we remain hopeful about family commitment because

Families are central to society as an institution and to our everyday lives.

***Which US Supreme Court decision stated a right of "marital privacy?"

Griswold v. Connecticut

According to therapist John Crosby's typology, which of the following types of relationships rests on interdependence, with each partner having adequate self-esteem and partners experiencing love as a deep emotion?

M-frame

Some psychologists think that what comes first is not rules about what boys and girls should do, but rather the child's awareness of being a boy or girl. This thinking reflects which theory of socialization?

Self-identification

______ refers to male or female anatomy and physiology and includes the different chromosomal, hormonal, and anatomical components of male and females are present at birth

Sex

The text observes that children imitate models for behavior and are rewarded by parents and others for whatever is perceived as sex-appropriate behavior. This reflects which theory of socialization?

Social learning

The feminist perspective calls attention to _______ within groups - including families - and within the larger society.

Unequal power

***Which of the following is NOT one of Ira Reiss's standards of nonmarital sex?

affection, but no sex

***The text points out that everybody knows the American family is a nuclear one, or else that it is dying. This _______ reality may misrepresent the actual experience of families.

agreement (agreement = everyone)

***The text offers several explanations for the drop on overall fertility levels. Which of the following is NOT one of these?

an increase in sexual abstinence

In 1957, the total fertility rate was about 3.6 children per woman. For the last decade and a half, it has been _______ child/children per woman

around 2

______ theory holds that during infancy and childhood, a person develops a general style of connecting with others; once this style is established, she or he unconsciously applies that style to later, adult relationships

attachment

An adult with a(n) ______ attachment style dodges closeness and genuine intimacy either by evading relationships altogether or establishing considerable distance in intimate situations

avoidant

***Which of the following guidelines is NOT offered by sociologist David Knox for ending a relationship?

be prepared for a potentially violent confrontation

***The "_______" script within the David and Brannon typology involves men feeling that they should be occupationally and financially successful.

big wheel

***The ______ perspective argues that humans' evolutionary biology affects much of human behavior and, more specifically, many family related behaviors.

biosocial

Pauline is attracted to persons of either sex. Pauline is

bisexual

***The text observes that most people grow up in some form of family and know something about what marriages and families are. But while personal experience provides us with information, it can also act as

blinders

Traditionally, both law and social science specified that the family consisted of people related by

blood, marriage, and/or adoption

The text points out that families create _______, both physical and psychological, between themselves and the rest of the world

boundaries

Choices made ______ are ones that people make when they are not aware of all the alternatives or when they pursue the proverbial path of least resistance

by default

Studies comparing marriages with and without children consistently report marital happiness to be higher in

child-free unions

***Of the components of consummate love, which is the most gradual to develop?

commitment

***In Robert Sternberg's typology, ________ love is composed of all three dimensions of his theory.

consummate

Which of the following is NOT among the eight theoretical perspectives on the family discussed in the text?

containment theory

***Illegitimate needs are sometimes called "_______ needs"

deficiency

According to one model (Troiden), the process of homosexual constructing their sexual identities occurs in stages. Which of the following is NOT one of these?

denial

With regard t the current fertility rate among black Americans, which of the following explanations best applies?

differential opportunity

***Traditionally in American society, children were viewed as

economic assets

***Which of the following is characterized by intense emotional attachment and powerful sexual feelings or desires?

eros

According to Ira Reiss's theory, there are four stages in the development of love. Which of the following is NOT one of these?

erotic

***Warmth, sensitivity, tenderness, and placing concern about others' welfare above self-interest can be classified as _______ character traits.

expressive

The sequence of singlehood, newly married, parenthood, married with children moved out, and widowhood, are a focus on which of the following perspectives?

family cycle

The ______ perspective focuses on how the family influences and is influenced by the environments that surround it.

family ecology

Family togetherness, stability, and loyalty are all examples of

family values

The technical tern used in social science for reproductive capacity is

fecundity

***Generally speaking, which of the following has been found to be the factor that is most predictive of happiness in relationships?

feelings of equity

In terms of mate selection patterns, the US is an example of what cross-cultural researchers call a(n) _______ culture.

free-choice

Dorothy perceives herself as being ultra-feminine, based on society's definitions of appropriate gender roles. Dorothy's perceptions are linked to her

gender identity

***Propinquity refers to

geographic availability

***David and Susan have been married for 20 years. Both are less interested in sex than they were at the beginning of their marriage, and their sexual frequency has declined over this period of time. David and Susan's circumstances reflect what the text refers to as

habituation

The text reports that divorce rates

have stabilized, although they remain at high levels

Jean is attracted to opposite-sex partners. Jean is

heterosexual

***Americans tend to marry people of similar race, age, education, religious background, and social class. This behavior reflects

homogamy

Richard is attracted to same-sex partners. Richard is

homosexual

Agapic love is often called love of _______.

humankind

Life in American families reflects a tension in American culture between family solidarity and

individual freedom

Children who feel abandoned are likely to acquire a(n) ______ attachment style

insecure/anxious or avoidant

***Confidence, assertiveness, and ambition can be classified as _______ character traits.

instrumental

Besides self-esteem, or self-love, a quality necessary for loving is the ability to be emotionally

interdependent

When both spouses come from a divorced family, the probability of their own divorce is higher. Family scholars refer to this phenomenon as the ______ risk.

intergenerational transmission of divorce

Cohabitation has emerged as a lifestyle

intermediate between marriage and singlehood

***In 1967, in the case of Loving v. Virginia, the US Supreme Court ruled that

interracial marriage must be considered legally valid in all states

According to the text, love involves _______, which implies sharing, a sense of commitment, and disclosure.

intimacy

***With global westernization, "________" are replacing arranged marriage as the preferred way to select mates throughout the world.

love marriages

Psychologists Marilyn Montgomery and Gwendolyn Sorell found that singles were more likely than marrieds to have which combination of love attitudes?

ludic and manic

***Which of the following emphasizes the recreational aspects of sexuality and the enjoyment of many sexual partners?

ludus

On the societal level, _______ is the assignment to men of greater control and influence over society's institutions.

male dominance

_______ partners are extremely jealous and moody, and their need for attention and affection is insatiable.

manic

Consider this maxim: "If I can get him/her to do what I want done, then I'll be sure he/she loves me." This reflects

manipulation

One of the things love isn't is _________, which involves maintaining relationships by consistently ignoring one's own legitimate needs while trying to satisfy virtually all of a partner's needs, even illegitimate ones.

martyring

The structure-functional theoretical perspective views the family as performing at least three important functions. Which of the following is NOT one of these?

mate selection

Julie is extremely concerned about her self-image and how she appears to others, without regard to the well-being of others. Julie's behavior illustrates

narcissism

In recent decades, the earnings gap between men and women

narrowed some

The climate, soil, plants, and animals are all part of the _______ environment

natural physical-biological

Of the components of consummate love, which is the quickest to develop and the quickest to fade?

passion

***Which of the following is NOT one of Patricia Love's misconceptions that limit our ability to maintain love?

passion can be rekindled.

Which standard of nonmarital sex reflects "recreational sex?"

permissiveness without affection

According to the text, in recent years, people have been

postponing marriage

______ love involves rational assessment of a potential partner's assets and liabilities.

pragmatic

A feminine expectation that has emerged over the past 20 years is that of the "_______ woman": independent, ambitious, and self-confident

professional

***According to Reiss's theory of love, feelings of ______ rest on mutual trust and respect

rapport

According to the text, being ______ means that you do not expect your partner to meet all of your needs all of the time.

realistic

The text points out that expressing our individuality within the context of a family

requires us to negotiate innumerable day-to-day issues

Children who can trust that a caretaker will be there to attend to their practical and emotional needs develop which type of attachment style?

secure

Correlating attachment theory with Crosby's relationship typology, a(n) _______ attachment style would characterize partners in an emotionally interdependent, or M-frame relationship.

secure

***According to Branden, "honoring my wants, needs, and values and seeking appropriate forms of their expression in reality" reflects the practice of

self-assertiveness

Which of the following is NOT one of the ways in which high self-esteem is important to pleasurable sex?

self-esteem discourages the tendency toward domination

***Psychologist Nathaniel Branden has described adequate ______ as "the disposition to experience oneself as competent to cope with basic challenges of life and as worthy of happiness."

self-worth (self-esteem)

Childlessness is NOT common among women with

semi-skilled occupations

***During the _______ stage of homosexual identity construction (Troiden), affected individuals feel sexually marginal and have experiences that are related to subsequent definitions of themselves as lesbian or gay.

sensitization

With respect to men and women's roles, in the middle and upper classes, industrialization led to an ideology of what is referred to in the text as

separate spheres

The process by which society influences members to internalize attitudes and expectations is called

socialization

Evidence shows that children, especially when they are young, tend to have which of the following influences on marriage?

stabilization

The ______ lover's basic attitude to his/her partner is one of familiarity

storgic

***In what family counselor John Crosby calls a(n) __________ relationship, each partner depends on the other for a sense of self-worth.

symbiotic

***Which of the following age categories has the least stable marriages?

teenagers

In a study of 100 white working-class and middle-class biological and adoptive parent couples in the Midwest, Mary Ann Lamanna found parents reporting a variety of emotional satisfactions from having children. Which of the following is NOT one of these?

the assurance that they would be well cared for in their old age

***Mary is about to marry a man who is older, has more education and occupational prestige than she does, and is also taller than she is. This illustrates which of the following?

the marriage gradient

***Which of the following is NOT one of Branden's "pillars" of self-esteem?

the practice of narcissism

According to the text, in love relationships and marriage, as well as in other relationships, people seem most comfortable when

things feel generally fair or equitable.

The US Census Bureau defines a family as

two or more persons sharing a household and who are related by blood, marriage, and/or adoption

***Today, among married American women of all ages, there is a strong preference for

two-child families

A majority of children live in ______ households

two-parent

The largest percentage of diagnosed AIDS cases to date involve

young and middle-aged adults

An estimate of the cost of raising a child born in 2015 to the age of 18 for middle-income families was

$231,470