Final Exam SOE 230
All of the above (increases the ability to absorb nutrients, increases the ability of wastes to diffuse out of the organism, increases the surface tension to prevent it from sinking)
A small size is advantageous for marine organisms because it ...
Small organisms
For organisms with the same shape, what has larger surface/volume ratios?
Cyclical
Nutrient flow in an ecosystem is ...
Geological uplifting of ocean basin
Recent worldwide sea level rise cannot be attributed to which of the following?
Greater; higher
Red muscle tissue in fish supplies a much _____ amount of oxygen and supports a much _____ metabolic rate than white tissue
The largest catch that can be taken without overfishing
What is maximum sustainable yield (MSY)?
When an organism benefits without harming the host
What is the definition for commensalism?
When two or more organisms associate in a way that benefits at least one of them
What is the definition for symbiosis?
When both organisms benefit
What is the definition of mutualism?
When an organism benefits at the expense of the host
What is the definition of parasitism?
The maximum amount of fishing you can do without overfishing
What is the maximum sustainable yield?
Marine fish have high concentrations of salt which could cause them to dehydrate due to osmosis
What is the problem requiring osmotic regulation faced by hypnotic fish in the ocean? What would be the consequence in these fish if they did not regulate osmosis?
Side/volume = 1 Surface = 6 S/V = 6/1 = 6
What is the surface to volume ratio of a cube where each side = 1?
Infauna
What is the term for animals that live buried in the mud or sand on the bottom of the ocean?
Epifauna
What is the term for organisms that are attached to bottom (e.g., Sea Anemones) and those that move over it (e.g., Crabs)?
Order Carnivora
What taxonomic classification best characterizes the marine mammal fur seal?
Order Cetacea, Suborder Mysticeti
What taxonomic classification best characterizes the marine mammal grey whale?
Order Cetacea, Suborder Odontoceti
What taxonomic classification best characterizes the marine mammal killer whale?
Order Sirenia
What taxonomic classification best characterizes the marine mammal manatee?
Shark
Which of the following animals compensates for not having a swim bladder by using large and flat pectoral fins and an asymmetrical fin to produce lift?
Sea urchins
Which of the following animals feed directly on living kelp?
Copepods
Which of the following compose the majority of the ocean's zooplankton biomass?
Seastar
Which of the following digests the edible tissue inside a mussel shell by turning its stomach inside out and slipping it through the crack in the shell?
Eukarya
Which of the following domains has cells that house DNA in a discrete nucleus and contain structures that supply energy to build the cell and maintain its functions?
Cnidarians
Which of the following have tentacles armed with stinging cells called nematocysts?
Carbon dioxide
Which of the following human generated gases makes the greatest relative contribution to increasing the greenhouse effect?
Jellyfish
Which of the following is a member of the phylum Cnidaria?
Explosion of the Deepwater Horizon oil-drilling platform in 2010
Which of the following is considered the world's largest accidental spill?
Intentional dumping by the Iraqi army in 1991
Which of the following is considered the world's largest oil spill?
Decreasing ocean acidity
Which of the following is not an effect of climate change in oceans?
Exosphere
Which of the following is not part of Earth's climate system?
Animalia
Which of the following kingdoms contains the multi-celled animals?
Mudflats
Which of the following sediment-covered shores represents the lowest energy environment?
Square; cube
Surface area increases by the _______, volume increases by the _______
Benthos
98% of marine species belong to which of the following?
Contain carbon in their chemical makeup
A good working definition of life does not need to incorporate that living things ...
Plankton
All organisms that drift with ocean currents are ...
Benthos
All organisms that live on or in the ocean bottom are classified as ...
Coastal upwelling zones
Although primary productivity in tropical areas is generally low, which of the following top locations have unusually high productivity rates?
Infauna
An organism that lives in benthic sediments is classified as ...
Epifauna
An organism that lives on top of benthic sediments is classified as ...
Non-target species that are caught along with commercial species
Bycatch or incidental catch refers to ...
Consumers
Carnivores, Bacteriovores, Herbivores, and Omnivores are ...
Cause overfishing
Catches above the maximum sustainable yield ...
Elevated temperatures
Coral bleaching often occurs in response to ...
Small organisms
Does diffusion work more efficiently in small or large organisms?
Unidirectional
Energy flow in an ecosystem is ...
Can capture, store, and transmit energy Capable of reproduction Can adapt to environment/change through time
How do you define life?
60 degrees in a minute 180 degrees from N pole to S pole 180 x 60 = 10,800
How many nautical miles on a pole to pole meridian?
Eukarya
Humans are part of which of the following domains?
Less; Side = 2 Surface 2^2 x 6 = 24 Volume = 2^3 = 8 S/V = 24/8 = 3
If the size doubled (side = 2) would the surface to volume ratio be greater or less?
Because seawater is made up of salt and because of osmosis the high concentration of salt will draw the water out of your body to try to equalize the two substance (water and salt)
If you are dying of thirst, why will drinking sea water further dehydrate you?
Light and nutrients
In middle latitude (temperate) oceans, primary productivity is limited by ...
There is a net gain in organic carbon by organisms
In primary production ...
Nutrient concentrations are high, solar input is low, and water temperature decreases
In temperate oceans of the northern hemisphere during the winter months ...
Small organisms because they tend to have larger surface area/volume ratios which better brings in nutrients in and take out waste they don't want
In terms of diffusion, does this process work more efficiently in small or large organisms? Why?
Seals can't sit up Sea lions can sit up Seals have rear flippers that can't move forward Sea lions have rear flippers that can move forward
List the differences between seals and sea lions
Dolphins and other mammals
Marine Mammal Protection Act protects ...
Primarily as stabilizers
Most active swimming fish use dorsal and anal fins ...
To turn, brake, and balance
Most active swimming fish use pelvic fins and pectoral fins ...
For swim propulsion
Most high speed fish use their caudal fins ...
Gills
Most marine animals have specifically designed fibrous respiratory organs called
Meiofauna
Organisms that live in the spaces between sediment particles are called ...
Producers
Organisms with an ecosystem that nourish themselves through either photosynthesis or chemosynthesis are ...
Meroplankton
Planktonic organisms that spend part of their life in planktonic form and the rest of their life as either benthos or nekton are called ...
Sulfur oxidizing archaea
Primary produces in hydrothermal vent communities are ...
Light limited
Productivity in polar oceans is ...
Nutrient limited
Productivity in tropical oceans are generally ...
Nektonic
Squid, fish, sea turtles, and marine mammals are examples of _________ organisms
Strong wave activity
Strong attachment threads, biological adhesives, a muscular foot, multiple legs, or hundreds of tube feet are adaptations to cope with which of the following adverse conditions of the rocky intertidal zone?
Water vapor
The atmospheric component that naturally contributes to the majority of greenhouse warming on Earth is ...
Viscosity
The body shape illustrated in the diagram allows fish to cope with which of the following properties?
Reflected
The color we see represents wavelengths of the visible electromagnetic spectrum that are ...
Eating the coral polyps
The crowns of thorns sea star destroys coral reefs by ...
Compensation depth
The depth at which the cellular respiration rate equal the photosynthetic rate is referred to as the ... for photosynthesis rate
Length of its siphon
The depth to which a bivalve can bury itself depends primarily on the ...
Chlorophyll
The distribution of benthic biomass closely matches the distribution of _______ in surface waters.
Primary productivity
The distribution of benthic biomass is related to ...
10%
The efficiency of trophic transfers in ecosystems is on average around ...
100 meters
The euphotic zone in the open ocean extends from the surface down to approximately ...
Species
The fundamental unit of taxonomic classification is ...
Pressure
The internal organ illustrated in the diagram allows the fist to adapt to changes in
Loss of zooxanthellae
The loss of color (coral bleaching) in coral reef organisms can be a result of...
Space
The most important limiting factor in rocky intertidal communities is ...
Burrowing into the sediment
The most successful adaptation for living on a sediment covered shore is ...
Nitrogen and phosphorus
The nutrients that tend to limit photosynthesis in marine environments ...
Photosynthesis
The process by which energy is derived from solar radiation that is used by certain organisms to form organic matter is called ...
Osmosis
The process of water molecules moving through semipermeable membrane from a less concentrated solution to a more concentrated solution is called ...
Mutualistic symbiosis
The relationship between the protistan zooxanthellae and the polyps of reef-building corals is best described as a/an ...
Polar waters, temperate waters, tropical waters
The relative productivity in the world's oceans from most productive to least productive is ...
Euphotic zone
The zone that extends from the surface to a depth where enough light still exits to support photosynthesis is called
Aphotic zone
The zone that has no light is called the
Eccentricity, obliquity, precession
Variations in Earth's orbit that influence long-term climate changes include ...
Tropical
Water warm enough to support coral growth is found primarily in the ________ regions of the ocean?
Pelagic
What accounts fo the greatest biomass in the oceans, pelagic or benthic species?
Benthic
What accounts for the greatest diversity of life in the Ocean's pelagic or benthic species?
Organisms that live on or in the seafloor
What are animals of the benthic environment?
Thermal expansion, melting of ice sheets and glaciers
What are the major components of rising sea levels?
Plankton and nekton
What are the names of the two primary groups of marine organisms based on how they move?
Bony fish, jawless fish, cartilage fish
What are the three classes of fish?
Carnivora, Sirenia, Cetacea
What are the three orders of marine mammals?
The availability of solar radiation and availability of nutrients
What are the two main factors affecting primary productivity?
Toothed whales Baleen whales
What are the two suborders of Cetaceans?
Nekton
Which of the following swims it's entire life?
Zooplankton
Which of the following types of plankton are heterotrophic, non-photosynthetic and must get their energy from consuming other organisms?
Phytoplankton
Which of the following types of plankton can photosynthesize and produce its own food?
Lower; lower
White muscle tissue in fish supplies a much _____ amount of oxygen and supports a much _____ metabolic rate than red tissue
Because of the nutrient rich water at depth brings it at the surface
Why do areas of upwelling typically have high primary productivity?
Benthos
With respect to their marine environment, these organisms can be referred to as
