FINAL MAN ORG #3
Goal
what an individual is trying to accomplish; it is the object or aim of an action -direct attention -regulate effort -increase persistence -foster the development and application of task strategies and action plans
ERG Needs Theory
Existence needs Relatedness needs Growth needs
Reasonable Religious Accommodation
any adjustment to the work environment that will allow the employee to practice his religion. Examples of reasonable accommodation include: flexible scheduling, voluntary substitutions or swaps, job reassignments and lateral transfers, and modification of grooming requirements.
BASIC ASSUMPTIONS
represent the core values of the organization's culture those taken for granted and highly resistant to change
Personalized power is exhibited when managers focus more on:
satisfying their own needs. Personalized power is exhibited when managers: (1) focus more on satisfying their own needs, (2) focus less on the needs of their underlings, and (3) act like "the rules" others are expected to follow don't apply to them.
A _____ represents a person's mental picture or summary of a particular event or type of stimulus.
schema Cognitive-category labels are needed to make schemata meaningful.
polychronic time
seen in the multiple and cyclical activities and concurrent involvement with different people in Mediterranean, Latin American, and especially Arab cultures
Cognitive Dissonance
- psychological discomfort experienced when simultaneously holding two or more conflicting cognitions (ideas, values, or emotions)
If a manager is rash in firing an employee and does not use progressive discipline for an underperforming employee, he/she may be falling victim to the Select one: A. recency error. B. halo error. C. horn error. D. primacy error.
A. recency error.
Organization Behavior:
Deals w/ how people act & react in organizations of all kinds
_____ entails identifying and choosing alternative solutions that lead to a desired state of affairs.
Decision making
_____ consists of translating verbal, oral, or visual aspects of a message into a form that can be interpreted.
Decoding
DMAIC:
Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, Control
_____ represent(s) an individual's capacity for constructive thinking, reasoning, and problem solving.
Intelligence
_____ conflict occurs when two individuals disagree.
Interpersonal value This type of value conflict often is at the core of personality conflicts, and such conflicts can negatively affect one's career.
Which of the following is a characteristic of an organic organization?
It has flexible networks of multitalented individuals.
External factors include all but one of the following. Which one?
Putting forth effort
_____ indicates the extent to which a person has a high need for structure or control in his or her life.
Tolerance for ambiguity
According to the leader-member exchange model of leadership, out-group exchanges are characterized by _____.
a lack of mutual respect
A quality circle is an example of a(n) _____ team.
advice Refer: Table 11-2
3 phase model of organizational socialization
anticipatory socialization, encounter, change and acquisition FEW WEEKS TO A YEAR TO COMPLETE
Star athletes are likely to be high in:
bodily-kinesthetic intelligence.
Paying an employee $10 for every 20 units he or she produces is an example of a _____ schedule of reinforcement.
fixed ratio
Salient Stimuli
something that stands out from its context
Nonrational models
Attempt to explain how decisions are actually made Decision making is uncertain Decision makers do not possess complete information Difficult for managers to make optimal decisions Two nonrational models are Herbert Simon's normative model and the garbage can model.
_____ relate only to behavior directed toward specific objects, persons, or situations.
Attitudes
_____ is appropriate for trivial issues or when the costs of confrontation outweigh the benefits of resolving the conflict.
Avoiding
While progressive discipline is seen as ______________, positive discipline is seen as ______________. Select one: A. negative, slow B. punitive, developmental C. punitive, slow D. negative, developmental Feedback
B. punitive, developmental
CHAPTER NOTES
CHAPTER NOTES
Major Trends that Make Organizational Conflict Inevitable
Constant change Greater employee diversity More teams (virtual and self-managed) Less face-to-face communication Global economy with increased cross-cultural dealings
Which of the following influence tactics gets others to participate in planning, making decisions, and changes?
Consultation There are nine influence tactics: rational persuasion, inspirational appeals, consultation, ingratiation, personal appeals, exchange, coalition tactics, pressure, and legitimating tactics. The consultation influence tactic gets others to participate in planning, making decisions, and changes.
Managers should attempt to raise subordinates' self-efficacy by all but one of the following. Which one?
Creating routine jobs that are boring but easy to perform
Which of the following is true about creativity?
Creativity is highest when workers are under moderate stress. Creativity is associated with time pressure and the level of stress in the work environment. Contrary to the belief that people are more creative under a crisis or severe time pressure, time pressure stifles creativity. So does stress. Creativity is highest when workers are under moderate stress.
In order to attract top talent, a company may ______________ the market even though the higher salaries may be unnecessary. Select one: A. lag B. follow C. set D. lead
D. lead
Which of the following is an organizational implication of expectancy theory?
Design challenging jobs Refer: Table 8-2
core Personality
(stable set of characteristics)
About what percent of the labor force holds a college degree?
35%
Moslow's Hierarchy of Needs
5. self actualization 4. esteem and achievement 3. love and belonging 2. safety 1. needs (food, sleep, sex)`
Which of the following statements is true about a team?
A team consists of people committed to a common purpose.
Which of the following is true about organizational ethics?
Ethical conduct is often ignored.
Army recruits must attend boot camp before they can work alongside established soldiers. This is an example of _________ socialization.
FORMAL
Which of the following moral principles of Hodgson states that all have the right be treated equitably, and the right to the necessities of life, especially those in deep need and the helpless?
Fairness
_____ is defined as what an individual is trying to accomplish; the object or aim of an action.
Goal
Gollum effect
Low leader expectations from managers lead to low performance
Jimmy can remember the order preferences of each of his clients. This is the mental ability of ________.
MEMORY
_____ is an example of a group-level stressor.
Managerial behavior
Which of the following is an assumption of McGregor's Theory X?
Most people dislike work and they avoid it when they can.
_____ changes fall midway on the continuum of complexity, cost, and uncertainty.
Innovative
Continuity is the most important work-related value for ____.
Muslims
Which of the following is influenced by psychological contracts?
Normative commitment
Hygiene Factors (Herzberg)
Parts of a job that do not increase job satisfaction but help to remove dissatisfaction, such as reasonable wages and working conditions
_____ is a cognitive process that enables us to interpret and understand our surroundings.
Perception
Human Capital:
Productive potential of individual knowledge & actions
Social Capital:
Productive potential resulting from strong relationships, good will, and co-operative efforts
Which of the following is considered to be a soft influence tactic?
Personal appeal
_____ is the core layer of diversity.
Personality Refer: Figure 2-1
Personal Attitudes S
Specific Targeted: Specifically Via Intentions
_____ is a work practice in which an employee does his or her job in a remote location using a variety of information technologies.
Teleworking
Based on research on the Big Five personality dimensions, which of the following is true?
The Big Five personality structure is valid across different cultures.
Practical Intelligence
The ability to solve everyday problems by utilizing knowledge gained from experience in order to purposefully adapt to, shape, and select environments
Based on information gathered in the GLOBE project, which of the following refers to uncertainty avoidance?
The extent to which people should rely on social norms and rules to limit unpredictability.
Which of the following is true about self-managed teams?
They have no significant effect on absenteeism or turnover.
Build Relationships
This approach is based on the premise that good relationships can overcome differences. It addresses diversity by fostering quality relationships—characterized by acceptance and understanding—among diverse groups
Emotional Contagion
We, quite literally, can catch another person's bad mood or displayed negative emotions.
Realistic job previews _____.
alter unrealistic expectations
People with __________ see themselves as masters of their own fate.
an internal locus of control
Job satisfaction has a positive relationship with _________, and a negative relationship to _______.
job performance; turnover
Kim lives and works in a small town, even though she prefers life in a bigger city. She is quite dissatisfied with her current job and is thinking of leaving the organization. She is worried, however, about her ability to find other employment that pays as well as her current job. Additionally, she is concerned about finding another organization that offers medical benefits. Based on this information, Kim is experiencing _____.
withdrawal cognitions
An individual's overall thoughts and feelings about quitting are called:
withdrawal cognitions.
Jonathan speaks four languages fluently. He is likely to have a high level of _______ intelligence.
linguistic
morally attentive
meaning they faithfully consider the ethical implications of their actions and circumstances
"He will do it because I am the CEO and I say so!" This statement reflects a reliance on _____ power. referent
negative legitimate
self-esteem
one's feelings of high or low self-worth BASED ON ONES-SELF OVERALL EVALUATION
When we give a pass to unethical behavior if the outcome is good, this is called:
overvaluing outcomes.
Delegation amounts to:
power distribution.
An Updated Contact Model for Minimizing Intergroup Conflict
priority number one for managers faced with intergroup conflict is to identify and root out specific negative linkages among groups.
A(n) _____ personality is defined as someone who identifies opportunities, is action-oriented, shows initiative, and perseveres to change things.
proactive
People with an internal locus of control tend to _____.
believe that they control the events that affect their lives
Affirmative action plans:
can negatively affect women and minorities.
The steps in the process of stereotype formation and maintenance in order are:
categorization, inferences, expectations, maintenance.
interactional justice
relates to the "quality of the interpersonal treatment people receive when procedures are implemented." This form of justice does not pertain to the outcomes or procedures associated with decision making, but rather it focuses on whether or not people feel they are treated fairly when decisions are implemented. Fair interpersonal treatment necessitates that managers communicate truthfully and treat people with courtesy and respect.
Cognitions
represent "any knowledge, opinion, or belief about the environment, about oneself, or about one's behavior." those involving anticipation, introspection, planning, goal setting, evaluating, and setting personal standards are particularly relevant to OB.
Psychological contracts
represent an individual's perception about the terms and conditions of a reciprocal exchange between him- or herself and another party. In a work environment, the psychological contract represents an employee's beliefs about what he or she is entitled to receive in return for what he or she provides to the organization.
The remedy for motivated blindness is:
root out conflicts of interest.
Personal competence is composed of:
self-awareness and self-management.
The part of CSE that can best be enhanced because it is most flexible is:
self-efficacy.
According to research on emotional intelligence, empathy, organizational awareness and service are all elements of _____.
social awareness Refer: Table 5-5
According to the systems model of change, organization culture and group processes are examples of _____, which are target elements of change.
social factors
Most cultural lessons are learned:
by observing and imitating role models.
"My goal is to be a powerful advocate on the part of my constituents." This statement reflects a preference for _____ power.
socialized
Self-fullfilling prophecies
someone else's expectations leads to high performance. Strong in military.
According to Tuckman's five-stage theory of group development, the _____ stage is a time of testing when group members test the leader's policies and assumptions as they try to determine how they fit into the power structure.
storming The "storming" stage of group development, is a time of testing, when individuals test the leader's policies and assumptions as they try to determine how they fit into the power structure. Subgroups take shape, and subtle forms of rebellion, such as procrastination, occur.
When measuring organizational effectiveness, the ______ approach is appropriate when powerful stakeholders can significantly benefit or harm the organization.
strategic constituencies
Differences are squelched or discouraged when using the approach of _____.
suppression
human capital
the skills, knowledge, and experience possessed by an individual or population, viewed in terms of their value or cost to an organization or country.
Regarding using personality testing as part of the hiring process, experts have concluded that:
the typical personality test is not a valid predictor of job performance.
According to the leadership lessons from the GLOBE project, _____ was a universally liked leader attribute.
trustworthiness Refer: Table 4-3
Individual Differences
variability among workers is substantial at all levels but increases dramatically with job complexity. In life insurance sales, for example, variability in performance is around six times as great as in routine clerical jobs bridges between self-concept and self-expression.
The _____ component of an attitude reflects the beliefs or ideas one has about an object or situation.
cognitive
You are unlikely to say anything to someone using a cell phone in a restaurant if you believe cell phone use helps people manage their busy lives. Your belief reflects the __________ component of your attitude toward people using cell phones in restaurants.
cognitive
It makes sense for managers and organizations to hire people based on their:
cognitive abilities.
The _____ conflict-handling style is appropriate when parties have opposite goals or possess equal power. It is inappropriate when overuse would lead to inconclusive action.
compromising
Oliver stole three laptops from his workplace and sold them through an online buying and selling website. Oliver's stealing action is classified as a(n):
counterproductive behavior. Counterproductive work behaviors (CWBs) are types of behavior that harm employees and the organization as a whole. Stealing is an example of a counterproductive work behavior.
Extinction (operant conditioning)
decreases in the frequency of a behavior when the behavior is no longer reinforced
Magnificent 7; General moral principles for managers:
dignity for human life, autonomy, honesty, loyalty, fairness, humaneness, common good
The _____ style of handling conflicts has high concern for self and low concern for others, and speed is its primary strength
dominating
Klaus works in a very stressful job, but maintains his "cool" even in the worst times. He is likely to score high on ________.
emotional stability
People who are relaxed, secure, and unworried are likely to score high on:
emotional stability.
Delegation is highly successful when:
employees are competent. Greater delegation is associated with the following factors: (1) employees are competent, (2) employees share manager's task objectives, (3) managers have a long-standing and positive relationship with employees, and (4) the lower-level person also is a supervisor.
According to the concept of building blocks, leading for choice involves:
empowering employees and delegating meaningful assignments and tasks.
. Withdrawal cognitions
encapsulate this thought process by representing an individual's overall thoughts and feelings about quitting
Genderflex
entails the temporary use of communication behaviors typical of the other gender in order to increase the potential for influence.
The millennial generation is described as:
entitled, civic-minded, closely involved with parents.
According to Vroom's expectancy theory, _____ represents an individual's belief that a particular degree of effort will be followed by a particular level of performance.
expectancy
Valued knowledge or information gives an individual _____ power over those who need such knowledge or information.
expert Valued knowledge or information gives an individual expert power over those who need such knowledge or information. The power of supervisors is enhanced because they know about work schedules and assignments before their employees do.
People from low-context cultures most value:
expertise and performance. Refer: Figure 4-2
Servant leadership
focuses on increasing services to others rather than to oneself less likely to engage in self-serving behaviors that hurt others
Legitimate power is anchored to one's:
formal position.
According to Tuckman's five-stage theory of group development, members tend to be uncertain and anxious about their roles, who is in charge and the group's goals in the _____ stage.
forming
The generation with the traits of multitasking, online life, cyberliteracy, and communicating fast and online is:
gen 2020.
Based on information gathered in the GLOBE project, _____ reflects how much effort should be put into minimizing sex discrimination and role inequalities.
gender egalitarianism
When we hold others less accountable for unethical behavior when it's carried out through third parties, this is called:
indirect blindness.
The three basic levels of analysis in organizational behavior are:
individual, group, and organizational.
The task role of _____ involves suggesting new goals or ideas.
initiator Refer: Table 10-4
According to Ajzen's theory of planned behavior, an individual's _____ is the best predictor of behavior.
intention
When Daniel's daughter got seriously ill, his boss Kyle and fellow employees went to the HR department and arranged to donate some of their sick leave to him so he could spend more time with his family. Daniel is most likely to be experiencing:
POS
Which of the following is the first phase of the organizational socialization process?
Anticipatory socialization The anticipatory socialization phase is the first phase of the socialization process and it occurs before an individual actually joins an organization. It is represented by the information people have learned about different careers, occupations, professions, and organizations.
core emotional elements of negotiation
Appreciation: acknowledge that each other's thoughts, feelings, and actions have merit. Affiliation: treat each other as colleagues rather than as adversaries to be kept at a distance. Autonomy: respect each other's freedom to make important decisions. Status: recognize each other's standing instead of viewing the other person as inferior. Role: define your roles and activities in a fulfilling way.
Intention Determinants of
Attitude toward the behavior the degree to which a person has a favorable or unfavorable evaluation or appraisal of the behavior in question. Subjective norm refers to the perceived social pressure to perform or not to perform the behavior the degree of perceived behavior control, which ... refers to the perceived ease or difficulty of performing the behavior and it is assumed to reflect past experience as well as anticipated impediments and obstacles.
_____ have affective, cognitive, and behavioral components.
Attitudes The difference between attitudes and values is clarified by considering the three components of attitudes: affective, cognitive, and behavioral.
Which performance evaluation approach focuses on collaborating with employees to identify goals that employees will work toward that become the focus of the evaluation meeting at a later point in time? Select one: A. Behavioral observation. B. Management by objectives. C. Critical incidents approach. D. Goal setting theory.
B. Management by objectives.
Sam was called to serve on a federal jury. The case lasted four weeks. While he was away, Sam's employer notified him that he had been fired. Under which exception to employment-at-will might Sam be able to make a claim against his employer? Select one: A. Implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing B. Public policy exception C. Sam cannot make a claim; he made a choice to do civic duty over his job D. Implied employment contract
B. Public policy exception
Wiseman's four guidelines for improving your luck:
Be active and involved. Be open to new experiences and networking with others to encounter more lucky chance opportunities. Listen to your hunches about luck. Learn when to listen to your intuitive gut feelings. Meditation and mind-clearing activities can help. Expect to be lucky no matter how bad the situation. Remain optimistic and work to make your expectations a self-fulfilling prophecy. Turn your bad luck into good fortune. Take control of bad situations by remaining calm, positive, and focused on a better future.
To conduct a utilization and availability analysis as part of an affirmative action plan, a company must Select one: A. establish goals and timetables to address underutilization. B. develop and implement an action plan. C. compare the demographic profile of the workers in a particular job grouping in the company with the demographic profile of the relevant labor market. D. ensure that there is a good inventory of workers in the organization in terms of what their training and experience includes and how well that matches their current jobs.
C. compare the demographic profile of the workers in a particular job grouping in the company with the demographic profile of the relevant labor market.
work-related value for each of five religious affiliations:
Catholic. Consideration ("Concern that employees be taken seriously, be kept informed, and that their judgments be used.") Protestant. Employer effectiveness ("Desire to work for a company that is efficient, successful, and a technological leader.") Buddhist. Social responsibility ("Concern that the employer be a responsible part of society.") Muslim. Continuity ("Desire for stable environment, job longevity, reduction of uncertainty.") No religious preference. Professional challenge ("Concern with having a job that provides learning opportunities and opportunities to use skills well.")
According to Ohio State researchers, which of the following sets are the two independent dimensions of leader behavior?
Consideration; initiating structure Researchers at Ohio State University began by generating a list of behaviors exhibited by leaders. At one point, the list contained 1,800 statements that described nine categories of leader behavior. Ultimately, the Ohio State researchers concluded there were only two independent dimensions of leader behavior: consideration and initiating structure.
Which of the following is true about the Leader-Member Exchange (LMX) model of leadership?
It focuses on the quality of relationships between managers and subordinates as opposed to the behaviors or traits of either leaders or followers.
Which of the following is true about organizational behavior (OB)?
OB is both research and application oriented.
Every month, Bombay Bazaar awards an "Employee of the Month" award to one employee and as a reward offers a $100 check and an assigned parking space with the employees' name for the month. This is an example of which of these?
OBSERVABLE ARTIFACT
Some of the typical outputs of _____ teams include surgical operations and disaster assistance.
action Refer: Table 11-2
The remedy for ill-conceived goals is:
brainstorm unintended consequences.
Chauffer driven and group driven systems are used in _____.
computer-aided decision making
According to Thorndike's law of effect, behavior with unfavorable consequences tends to _____.
disappear Thorndike formulated his famous law of effect, which says behavior with favorable consequences tends to be repeated, while behavior with unfavorable consequences tends to disappear.
People with an internal locus of control:
have stronger expectations that effort leads to performance.
Employees with a clear line of sight
understand the organization's strategic goals and know what actions they need to take, both individually and as team members.
_____ is an alternative dispute resolution technique where the disputing parties agree ahead of time to accept the decision of a neutral third party in a formal court-like setting, often complete with evidence and witnesses.
Arbitration
The layers of diversity include all but one of the following. Which one?
Attributional
Internet and Social Media Revolution
Because of _________ traditional media such as newspapers radio and television are less important for the younger generation
According to equity theory, when an employee perceives disequilibrium, the employee may Select one: A. ask for a raise. B. adjust who she compares herself to. C. All of the answers are correct D. quit her job.
C. All of the answers are correct
Which type of vesting gradually gives employees ownership of their retirement benefits? Select one: A. delayed vesting. B. shelf vesting. C. graded vesting. D. cliff vesting.
C. graded vesting
_____ is a nonverbal body movement that communicates defensiveness.
Crossing one's legs Defensiveness is communicated by gestures such as folding arms, crossing hands, and crossing one's legs. Body movements, such as leaning forward or backward, and gestures, such as pointing, provide additional nonverbal information that can either enhance or detract from the communication process.
Ian has dyslexia and has to work really hard at being able to read. Reza never learned to read. Ian and Reza are applying for the same job and the job requires some level of reading ability. They both have the other job qualifications. Which of the following statements is true about Ian and Reza? Select one: A. Both Ian and Reza have a disability. B. Reza meets the ADA requirement for having a disability. Ian does not. C. Neither Ian nor Reza has a disability. D. Ian meets the ADA requirement for having a disability. Reza does not.
D. Ian meets the ADA requirement for having a disability. Reza does not.
A ______________ encourages employees to make suggestions on how to improve productivity and rewards employees if their suggestions work. Select one: A. All of the statements are correct. B. Profit sharing plan C. Gain sharing plan D. Scanlon plan
D. Scanlon plan
Resolving EEO complaints by using an arbitrator or mediator is known as Select one: A. equal opportunity conciliation compliance. B. alternative labor resolution. C. federal complaint compliance. D. alternative dispute resolution.
D. alternative dispute resolution.
Which of the following approaches to organization design says that, organizations tend to be more effective when they are structured to fit the demands of the situation?
Contingency approach
Which of the following calls for using management techniques in a situationally appropriate manner instead of relying on "one best way"?
Contingency approach
Nonverbal Communication
-any message, sent or received independent of the written or spoken word -includes such factors as use of time and space, distance between persons when conversing, use of color, dress, walking behavior, standing, positioning, seating arrangement, office locations and furnishings. Sources: -Body movement and gestures Open body positions such as leaning forward communicate immediacy, a term used to represent openness, warmth, closeness, and availability for communication. Defensiveness is communicated by gestures such as folding arms, crossing hands, and crossing one's legs. Women nodded their heads and moved their hands more than men. Leaning forward, large body shifts, and foot and leg movements were exhibited more frequently by men than women. Hand gestures are especially problematic in cross-cultural situations. -Touch People tend to touch those they like. Women do more touching during conversations than men. men and women interpret touching differently. Sexual harassment claims might be reduced by keeping this perceptual difference in mind. -Facial Expressions Facial expressions convey a wealth of information. Smiling at a business meeting typically represents warmth, happiness, or friendship, whereas frowning conveys dissatisfaction or anger. the association between facial expressions and emotions varies across cultures.Smiling broadly and showing one's teeth, for example, conveys different emotions around the world. -Eye Contact Eye contact is a strong nonverbal cue that serves four functions in communication. 1) eye contact regulates the flow of communication by signaling the beginning and end of conversation. There is a tendency to look away from others when beginning to speak and to look at them when done. 2) gazing (as opposed to glaring) facilitates and monitors feedback because it reflects interest and attention. T 3) eye contact conveys emotion. People tend to avoid eye contact when discussing bad news or providing negative feedback. 4) gazing relates to the type of relationship between communicators. norms for eye contact vary across cultures. Westerners are taught at an early age to look at their parents when spoken to. In contrast, people from many Asian, Latin, and African cultures are taught to avoid eye contact with a parent or superior in order to show obedience and subservience. Positive Nonverbal Actions That Help Communication - Maintaining appropriate eye contact. - Occasionally using affirmative nods to indicate agreement. - Smiling and showing interest. - Leaning slightly toward the speaker. - Keeping your voice low and relaxed. - Being aware of your facial expressions. Actions to Avoid - Licking your lips or playing with your hair or mustache. - Turning away from the person you are communicating with. - closing your eyes and displaying uninterested facial expressions such as yawning. - Excessively moving in your chair or tapping your feet. - Using an unpleasant tone and speaking too quickly or too slowly. - Biting your nails, picking your teeth, and constantly adjusting your glasses.
Which of the following is not one of the stages of social perception? Attention and comprehension Storage and retention Action and decision making Interpretation and categorization Memory
Action and decision making
_____ holds that people are motivated to behave in ways that produce desired combinations of expected outcomes.
Expectancy theory Generally, expectancy theory can be used to predict motivation and behavior in any situation in which a choice between two or more alternatives must be made.
Four Functions of Organizational Culture
Give members an organizational identity. Facilitate collective commitment. Promote social system stability. Shape behavior by helping members make sense of their surroundings.
Personal Values Global Broad: All Situations Variously
Global Broad: All Situations Variously
_____ capital represents the productive potential of an individual's knowledge and actions.
Human
7 OUT OF 10 MERGES FAIL DUE TO?
INCOMPATIBLE CULTURES
negative reinforcement
Increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock. A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response. (Note: negative reinforcement is not punishment.) SEAT BELT EXAMPLE NOT PUNISHMENT
cognitive dissonance
Inner tension that a consumer experiences after recognizing an inconsistency between behavior and values or opinions
Which of the following statements about virtual teams is true?
Internet chat rooms yield poorer decisions than face-to-face group meetings.
Jim is the daytime supervisor for an automobile assembly line. He supervises forty-five workers who perform routine jobs that require minimal training. Which of the following suggests that Jim follows the servant-leadership model of leadership?
Jim refrains from engaging in self-serving behaviors that hurt others and focuses on increased service to others rather than to himself.
Which of the following is a bottom-up approach to job design?
Job crafting
Which of the following is an individual situational factor?
Job knowledge Refer: Figure 9-1
_____ represent(s) rules of thumb or shortcuts that people use to reduce information processing demands.
Judgmental heuristics
Which of the following is true regarding touch as a source of nonverbal communication?
People tend to touch those they like.
____________ is associated with entrepreneurialism.
Proactivity
What is Locus of Control?
Relatively stable personality characteristic that describes how much personal responsibility someone takes for their behavior and its consequences
Schwartz's Value Theory
Schwartz believes that values are motivational in that they "represent broad goals that apply across contexts and time
_____ refers to the number of people reporting directly to a given manager.
Span of control
As a production manager of Great Golf Products (GGP), Lorena believes that her employees are capable of self-direction and self-control. She also believes that they are committed to Titanium's objectives since they are rewarded for doing so. Lorena can be described as a:
Theory Y manager
_____ encompasses the fundamental managerial activities of setting goals, monitoring progress toward goal achievement, and rewarding and punishing people for their level of goal accomplishment.
Transactional leadership
_____ focuses on clarifying employees' role and task requirements and providing followers with positive and negative rewards contingent on performance.
Transactional leadership
_____ is a chronic, determined struggle to accomplish more in less time.
Type A behavior Type A behavior pattern is an action-emotion complex that can be observed in any person who is aggressively involved in a chronic, incessant struggle to achieve more and more in less and less time, and if required to do so, against the opposing efforts of other things or persons.
According to research, which of the following statements about group processes is true?
Uncertainty about group deadlines tends to disrupt group development.
Which of the following is a characteristic of a 21st-century manager?
Viewing people as a primary resource
Which of the following is true of spans of control?
Wider spans of control complement today's trend toward greater worker autonomy. Generally, the narrower the span of control, the closer the supervision and the higher the administrative costs as a result of a higher manager-to-worker ratio. Wider spans complement the trend toward greater worker autonomy and participation. Despite years of debate, organization theorists and senior executives have not arrived at a consensus regarding the ideal span of control.
Which of the following statements regarding sexual harassment is true?
Women typically perceive a broader range of behaviors as sexual harassment than what men perceive.
Which of the following statements about the progress of women in the workplace is false?
Women's participation on boards of directors of Fortune 500 firms decreased between 1995 and 2013
extrinsic rewards
benefits and/or recognition received from someone else
_____ represents the psychological discomfort a person experiences when his or her attitudes or beliefs are incompatible with his
cognitive dissonance
stage 1 social information process model competing environmental stemuli
competing environmental stemuli people events objects
Kelley hypothesized that people make causal attributions by observing:
consensus, distinctiveness, and consistency.
The maintenance role of gatekeeper involves _____.
encouraging all group members to participate
Joe believes his past performance in college is due to the difficulty of courses he has taken and his bad luck in getting tough instructors. Based on this, Joe:
has an external locus of control
layer 2 internal or surface-level
internal or surface-level characteristics are apparent to others (unchangeable) - External influences and
Managers can enhance socio-emotional cohesiveness by:
keeping the group relatively small. Refer: Table 11-5
The generation that currently makes up the largest number of individuals in America is:
millennials.
Whistle-blowing
occurs when an employee reports a perceived unethical and/or illegal activity to a third party such as government agencies, news media, or public-interest groups
Assigning someone the role of devil's advocate when discussing major alternatives is a way to:
prevent groupthink.
Social Capital
productive potential resulting from strong relationships, goodwill, trust, and cooperative effort
Ability
represents a broad and stable characteristic responsible for a person's maximum—as opposed to typical—performance on mental and physical tasks
Vision
represents a long-term goal that describes "what" an organization wants to become.
Glass ceiling
represents an absolute barrier or solid roadblock that prevents women from advancing to higher-level positions
change and acquisition phase
requires employees to master important tasks and roles and to adjust to their work group's values and norms
When measuring organizational effectiveness, the _____ approach is appropriate when inputs have a traceable impact on results or output.
resource acquisition
Organizational culture
set of shared, taken-for-granted implicit assumptions that a group holds and that determines how it perceives, thinks about and reacts to its various environments can impact employee motivation, satisfaction, and turnover can be a source of competitive advantage managers can influence organizational culture
The most common administrative task delegated to self-managed teams is _____.
setting work schedules
Together, social awareness and relationship management constitute:
social competence.
Proactive personality
someone who is relatively unconstrained by situational forces and who effects environmental change. positively associated with individual, team, and organizational success.
According to Ajzen's theory of planned behavior, _____ refers to the perceived social pressure to perform or not to perform the behavior.
subjective norm
Generation Y (Millennials)
the 83 million children of the baby boomers born between 1977 and 2000
As a group proceeds through the development process:
the credibility of peer feedback typically increases.
organizational commitment
the degree to which an employee identifies with a particular organization and its goals and wishes to maintain membership in the organization
Communication
the exchange of information between a sender and receiver and the inference (perception) of meaning between the individuals involved
Management
the process of working with and through others to achieve organizational objectives, efficiently and ethically, in the face of constant change -Dealing effectively with people is what management is all about. -Managers with high skills mastery tend to have better subunit performance and employee morale than managers with low skills mastery -Effective female and male managers do not have significantly different skill profiles,59 contrary to claims in the popular business press in recent years -At all career stages, derailed managers (those who failed to achieve their potential) tended to be the ones who overestimated their skill mastery (rated themselves higher than their employees did)
Bottom-Up Approaches
this approach to job design is driven by employees rather than managers and is referred to as job crafting.
Philip got a mail from his supervisor with compliments and praises for his work over the past few months. This instance is an example of _____ schedule of reinforcement.
variable interval
Which of the following does a person have the most control over? Emotions CSEs Behavior Intelligence Emotional intelligence
Behavior
_____ occurs when a cohesive group is unwilling to realistically view alternatives.
Groupthink
According to Schwartz's value theory, _____ includes pleasure and sensuous gratification for oneself?
Hedonism Hedonism includes pleasure and sensuous gratification for oneself. Refer: Table 6-1
_____ involves creating organizational changes that enable all people to perform up to their maximum potential.
Managing diversity
_____ are physiological or psychological deficiencies that arouse behavior.
Needs
_____ is a belief about one's own self-worth based on an overall self-evaluation.
Self-esteem
Which of the following is true about employees with an internal locus of control?
They are more likely to prefer participative or achievement-oriented leadership.
According to the information/decision-making theory:
heterogeneous work groups will outperform homogeneous work groups.
The use of implicit cognitions:
leads people to make biased decisions.
anticipatory socialization
processes of socialization in which a person rehearses for future positions, occupations, and social relationships
Some of the typical outputs of _____ teams are retail sales and customer service.
production Refer: Table 11-2
The final step in establishing a goal-setting program is to:
provide employees with support and feedback.
Behavior Shaping
providing positive reinforcement for approximation of behavior you are desiring
causal effect
the finding that change in one variable leads to change in another variable
Foreign Assignment Cycle
the first and last stages of the cycle occur at home. The middle two stages occur in the foreign or host country. Each stage hides an OB-related trouble spot that needs to be anticipated and neutralized. Otherwise, the bill for another failed foreign assignment will grow.
Which of the following is true about conflict?
Conflicts have both participants and observers. Personality traits affect how people handle conflict.
_____ represent(s) complex, patterned, organismic reactions to how we think we are doing in our lifelong efforts to survive and flourish and to achieve what we wish for ourselves.
Emotions Richard S Lazarus, a leading authority on the subject of emotions, defines emotions as "complex, patterned, organismic reactions to how we think we are doing in our lifelong efforts to survive and flourish and to achieve what we wish for ourselves."
_____ is recognizing and releasing into the organization the power that people already have in their wealth of useful knowledge, experience, and internal motivation.
Empowerment
_____ entails translating thoughts into a code or language that can be understood by others.
Encoding
You own your own management consulting firm. At a recent seminar, the owner of a local supermarket chain asks you to help him differentiate between a coalition and a network. Which of the following would be a correct response?
Networks are people oriented.
_____ reflects a feeling of obligation to continue employment.
Normative commitment Employees with a high level of normative commitment feel that they ought to remain with the organization.
Intel spends millions of dollars each year to encourage education in math and science by holding tough contests with scholarships. This policy:
builds human capital.
Organizational commitment has the strongest positive correlation with _____ cultures.
adhocracy Refer: Figure 3-4
Research shows that, in general:
social capital can improve operations.
Listening
-Process of actively decoding and interpreting verbal messages. -requires cognitive attention and information processing
Alexa dreads going to work each day. She hates her job and her supervisor, but will not take time to look for a different job. She is experiencing ___________.
Cognitive dissonance
Which of the following is not one of the predominant models of the causes of job satisfaction? Value attainment Equity Met expectations Cognitive dissonance Dispositional factors
Cognitive dissonance
_____ in individuals with hardiness reflects the extent to which an individual is involved in whatever he or she is doing.
Commitment Hardiness embraces the personality dimensions of commitment, locus of control, and challenge. Commitment reflects the extent to which an individual is involved in whatever he or she is doing.
Which of the following sources of performance data might lead to retaliatory consequences against employees if not managed properly? Select one: A. Customer. B. Subordinates. C. Coworkers. D. Supervisors.
B. Subordinates.
The primary role of EEO laws is to Select one: A. define what demographic characteristics can and cannot be used for employment decisions. B. eliminate discrimination in the workplace. C. ensure that Blacks and Whites are paid equally if doing comparable jobs. D. make sure employees get paid at least a minimum wage and overtime.
B. eliminate discrimination in the workplace.
The degree to which employees believe that if they work toward a certain performance objective they will be able to achieve that objective is Select one: A. valence. B. expectancy. C. instrumentality. D. merit.
B. expectancy
The Social Security Act provides benefits for all of the following except Select one: A. death. B. unemployment. C. old age. D. disabilities.
B. unemployment.
Which of the following statements about emotions is false? Emotions may occur from past or possible future events. Emotions change psychological and/or physiological states. Emotions motivate behavior. Felt emotions are always displayed. Positive emotions result from goal achievement.
Felt emotions are always displayed.
_____ socialization is the practice of segregating a newcomer from regular organization members during a defined socialization period versus not clearly distinguishing a newcomer from more experienced members.
Formal Refer: Table 3-1
Which of the following is an example of an individual function of a formal group?
Give individuals an opportunity to test and share their perceptions of social reality Researchers point out that formal groups fulfill two basic functions: organizational and individual. One of them is to give individuals the opportunity to test and share their perceptions of social reality is an individual function of a formal group. Refer: Table 10-2
Internal Locus of Control
I Make Things Happen Look What I Can Do! I Can Determine My Future
Angelo derives pleasure from the task of book writing itself. He can be described as __________ motivated.
INTRINSICALLY
_____ is an emotional/behavioral response to real or imagined threats to an established work routine.
Resistance to change
Which of the following is not a suggestion for managers who want to reduce voluntary turnover?
Reward all employees equally
_____ is defined as the extent to which a person observes his or her own self-expressive behavior and adapts it to the demands of the situation.
Self-monitoring
Kelly found that she was the only woman in her advanced statistics course, which had 30 students. Which of the following best describes Kelly's situation?
She will be perceived as a salient stimulus by her classmates and thus receive their attention.
_____ represents the specific capacity to physically manipulate objects.
Skill
_____ represents the extent to which the job requires an individual to perform a variety of tasks that require him or her to use different skills and abilities.
Skill variety
Religuard is a pharmaceutical company that has factories in Taiwan. Due to strict environmental regulations in the country, Religuard has had to shut operations at three of its five manufacturing units. Which of the following external forces of change had a role to play in the shutting down of these units?
Social and political pressures
Which of the following statements about feedback is usually true?
The acceptance of feedback should not be treated as a given.
Anchoring bias
The anchoring bias occurs when decision makers are influenced by the first information received about a decision, even if it is irrelevant. This bias happens because initial information, impressions, data, feedback, or stereotypes anchor our subsequent judgments and decisions. How would you answer the following two questions? Is the population of Iraq greater than 40 million? What's your best guess about the population of Iraq? Was your answer to the second question influenced by the number 40 million suggested by the first question? If yes, you were affected by the anchoring bias.
Which of the following is true regarding line and staff positions?
The president and executive directors of a company are examples of line managers. Line managers such as the president, the executive directors, and the various directors occupy formal decision-making positions within the chain of command. Line positions generally are connected by solid lines on organization charts on organization charts.
Interpretation
The reciprocal process of perception
Job Satisfaction - Correlates of
The relationship between job satisfaction and these other variables is either positive or negative. The strength of the relationship ranges from weak (very little relationship) to strong. Strong relationships imply that managers can significantly influence the variable of interest by increasing job satisfaction.
Historical Perspective
The study of a subject in light of its earliest phases and subsequent evolution. *The object is to sharpen one's vision of the present, not the past.
According to Schwartz's value theory, _____ is associated with understanding, appreciation, tolerance, and protection of the welfare of all people and of nature.
Universalism Refer: Table 6-1
Hardiness
collection of characteristics, referred to as hardiness, involves the ability to perceptually or behaviorally transform negative stressors into positive challenges. Hardiness embraces the personality dimensions of commitment, locus of control, and challenge. Commitment reflects the extent to which an individual is involved in whatever he or she is doing. Committed people have a sense of purpose and do not give up under pressure because they tend to invest themselves in the situation. individuals with an internal locus of control believe they can influence the events that affect their lives. People possessing this trait are more likely to foresee stressful events, thereby reducing their exposure to anxiety-producing situations. their perception of being in control leads "internals" to use proactive coping strategies. Challenge is represented by the belief that change is a normal part of life. Hence, change is seen as an opportunity for growth and development rather than a threat to security.
The maintenance role of the _____ involves helping resolve conflict by meeting others half way.
compromiser Maintenance roles foster supportive and constructive interpersonal relationships. The maintenance role of the coordinator involves helping resolve conflict by meeting others half way. Refer: Table 10-4
control strategy
consists of using behaviors and cognitions to directly anticipate or solve problems. A control strategy has a take-charge tone. Examples include talking to your professor or boss about workload if you feel overwhelmed with your responsibilities, and confronting someone who is spreading negative rumors. control coping was positively related to overall health outcomes. People are more apt to use control coping when they possess high self-esteem, self-efficacy, and problem-solving skills.
symptom management strategy
consists of using methods such as relaxation, meditation, medication, or exercise to manage the symptoms of occupational stress.
Self-awareness, self-management, social awareness, and relationship management are all components of _____.
emotional intelligence Emotional intelligence is the ability to manage oneself and one's relationships in mature and constructive ways. Referred to by some as EI and others as EQ, emotional intelligence is said to have four key components: self-awareness, self-management, social awareness, and relationship management.
Withdrawal Cognitions
encapsulate this thought process by representing an individual's overall thoughts and feelings about quitting
According to Alderfer's ERG theory:
frustration of higher-order needs can influence the desire for lower-order needs. ERG theory contains a frustration-regression component. That is, frustration of higher-order needs can influence the desire for lower-order needs.
Job rotation
moving employees from one specialized job to another
People tend to find _______ information more salient than _______. This leads to ______ bias.
negative; positive; negativity
The majority of people from high-context cultures prefer:
negotiations to be slow and ritualistic. Refer: Figure 4-2
A(n) _____ communication style is characterized by inhibition and self-denying behavior.
nonassertive Refer: Table 14-2
organizational identification
occurs when one comes to integrate beliefs about one's organization into one's identity
Intrapersonal Value Conflict
people are likely to experience inner conflict and stress when personal values conflict with each other. For employees who want balance in their lives, a stressful conflict can arise when one values Therapists suggest that this type of value conflict can be reduced by "taking pride in characteristics that can't be stripped away—virtue, integrity, honesty, generosity. They also recommend investing more time and pride in relationships with family, friends, and community."6 In general, people are happier and less stressed when their personal values are aligned.
low self monitors
people who pay little attention to responses others have to them
Field Study
probes individual or group processes in an organizational setting. Because field studies involve real-life situations, their results often have immediate and practical relevance for managers.
Information/decision-making theory
proposes that diverse groups should outperform homogeneous groups.
Barney was late to work one morning. So he drove over the speed limit through a school zone. As a result, he got pulled over by a police officer and received a ticket. This scenario is an instance of _____.
punishment
Value orientation
reflects the extent to which an individual focuses on either task and technical concerns or people and social concerns when making decisions Some people, for instance, are very task focused at work and do not pay much attention to people issues, whereas others are just the opposite.
One day Sara's boss storms into her office and tells her, "I'm not at all satisfied with our work on the project, Sara. I'll expect better next time!" Then, he storms out. Sara, who has been working on five projects at the same time, has no idea which one her boss was referring to. She is not even sure if "our work" means Sara's work with the boss, with her co-workers, or just her own work. In this scenario, Sara is a victim of the _____ barrier to effective communication.
semantic
job crafting
the physical and cognitive changes individuals make in the task or relational boundaries of their work job crafting is limited by the amount of latitude people have in changing their own jobs.
ORGANIZATIONAL SOCIALIZATION
the process by which newcomers learn an organization's values and norms and acquire the work behaviors necessary to perform jobs effectively. CONVERTING OUTSIDERS INTO FULL-FUNCTIONAL EMPLOYEE INSIDERS. 3 PHASE MODEL.
Skill
the specific capacity to physically manipulate objects. Among the many desirable skills and competencies in organizational life are written and spoken communication, initiative, decisiveness, tolerance, problem solving, adaptability, and resilience. Importantly, our cautions about on-the-job personality testing extend to ability, intelligence, and skill testing and certification
A politically naïve employee believes that _____.
the truth will win out Refer: Table 15-2
Cyber Loafing
using the Internet for nonwork-related activities such as communicating with friends via e-mail and social media, Web surfing, shopping, and gaming
Kim lives and works in a small town, even though she prefers life in a bigger city. She is quite dissatisfied with her current job and is thinking of leaving the organization. She is worried, however, about her ability to find other employment that pays as well as her current job. Additionally, she is concerned about finding another organization that offers college tuition reimbursement. Based on this information, Kim is experiencing _________.
withdrawal cognitions
Personal Attributes
• Attitude • Personality • Teamwork • Leadership
The fundamental attribution bias says that we tend to overattribute others' behaviors to _________ factors.
personal
The _____ influence tactic involves referring to friendship and loyalty when making a request.
personal appeal There are nine influence tactics: rational persuasion, inspirational appeals, consultation, ingratiation, personal appeals, exchange, coalition tactics, pressure, and legitimating tactics. The personal appeal influence tactic involves referring to friendship and loyalty when making a request.
Organizational commitment exists to the degree that a person's _______ match the __________.
personal values; organizational culture
External Locus of Control
tend to attribute key outcomes in their lives to environmental causes, such as luck or fate
People with moderate emotional stability __________ than people with low emotional stability.
tend to perform more OCBs
Keys to Effective Listening
we can improve our listening skills by adhering to the following three fundamental recommendations: - Attend closely to what's being said, not to what you want to say next. - Allow others to finish speaking before taking your turn. - Repeat back what you've heard to give the speaker the opportunity to clarify the message.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Group-Aided Decision Making
If additional information would increase the quality of the decision, managers should involve those people who can provide the needed information. If acceptance is important, managers need to involve those individuals whose acceptance and commitment are important. If people can be developed through their participation, managers may want to involve those whose development is most important.
Decision-Making Biases
(1) availability, (2) representativeness, (3) confirmation, (4) anchoring, (5) overconfidence, (6) hindsight, (7) framing, and (8) escalation of commitment.
Team Leadership
Team leadership aimed at building group cohesiveness and limiting conflict tended to enhance team performance A coaching style of leadership was effective for charismatic leaders when dealing with team members having low self-efficacy. A directive style worked better for leaders who lacked charisma and had team members with high self-efficacy. Treating members as separate individuals and applying differentiated leadership may result in some loss of group effectiveness
Availability heuristic
The availability heuristic represents a decision maker's tendency to base decisions on information that is readily available in memory. Information is more accessible in memory when it involves an event that recently occurred, when it is salient (e.g., a plane crash), and when it evokes strong emotions (e.g., a high-school student shooting other students). This heuristic is likely to cause people to overestimate the occurrence of unlikely events such as a plane crash or a high-school shooting. This bias also is partially responsible for the recency effect. For example, a manager is more likely to give an employee a positive performance evaluation if the employee exhibited excellent performance over the last few months.
Steps Managers Can Take to Enhance the Two Types of Group Cohesiveness
The trick is to keep task groups small, make sure performance standards and goals are clear and accepted, achieve some early successes, and follow the tips in Table 11-5.
analytical
This style has a much higher tolerance for ambiguity and is characterized by the tendency to overanalyze a situation. People with this style like to consider more information and alternatives than do directives. Analytic individuals are careful decision makers who take longer to make decisions but who also respond well to new or uncertain situations. They can often be autocratic.
Relationship between Conflict Intensity and Outcomes
Work groups, departments, or organizations experiencing too little conflict tend to be plagued by apathy, lack of creativity, indecision, and missed deadlines. Excessive conflict, on the other hand, can erode organizational performance because of political infighting, dissatisfaction, lack of teamwork, and turnover. Workplace bullying, reportedly experienced by one-third of the employees in a recent survey,is unhealthy conflict. Workplace aggression and violence also can be manifestations of excessive conflict. Appropriate types and levels of conflict energize people in constructive directions.
Demographic fault line
-"hypothetical dividing lines that may split a group into subgroups based on one or more attributes." -Fault lines form when work-group members possess varying demographic characteristics and negative interpersonal processes occur when people align themselves based on salient fault lines or demographic characteristics. Fault lines form when work-group members possess varying demographic characteristics (e.g., gender, age, ethnicity), and negative interpersonal processes occur when people align themselves based on salient fault lines or demographic characteristics.
______________ involves listing jobs in order from highest to lowest based on each job's worth to the organization. Select one: A. Job ranking B. Joint classification C. Job classification D. Benchmarking
A. Job ranking
Which of the following statements about organizational culture is true?
An organization's culture is not determined by fate. A company's organizational culture is formed and shaped by the combination and integration of the top managers. Organizational culture is clearly related to measures of organizational effectiveness. This reinforces the conclusion that an organization's culture can be a source of competitive advantage.
Employee ownership programs relate to which theory of motivation that discusses alignment of goals? Select one: A. Expectancy theory. B. Agency theory. C. Goal setting theory. D. Reinforcement theory.
B. Agency theory.
Which of the following likely reflects ethical concerns when designing a performance management system Select one: A. if the employees feel that dimensions the system is measuring is ethical. B. All of the answers are correct. C. if the climate created by the system foster ethical decisions. D. if employees see the system as ethical.
B. All of the answers are correct.
Nordstrom is famous for having a customer oriented focus for their employees. Given this focus, which of the following would be an appropriate method for evaluating their employees? Select one: A. All of the answers are correct. B. Behavioral. C. Absolute. D. Comparative. Feedback
B. Behavioral.
GE is highly competitive and ranks how people perform against each other in their performance management system. Using the 4 Es, it is likely that they will tell the low performers to look for a new job. 3M on the other hand is all about innovation and taking risks. Differences in how these two companies approach their performance management approach are shaped by Select one: A. Employee concerns. B. Different cultures. C. Labor Force Trends. D. Ethical considerations.
B. Different cultures.
Which of the following is true regarding the Pregnancy Discrimination Act? Select one: A. An employer can refuse to hire someone who is pregnant if doing so would be an undue hardship to the company. B. Employers are required to treat pregnancy the same as they would any other medical condition or temporary disability. C. An employer must hire a pregnant applicant even if she is not well qualified for the job. D. Company health insurance plans can exclude pregnancy.
B. Employers are required to treat pregnancy the same as they would any other medical condition or temporary disability.
Deandra recognizes her employees who are doing well and sets up meetings to discuss their objectives for the year. She is using which theory to motivate her employees? Select one: A. Expectancy theory. B. Reinforcement theory. C. Goal-setting theory. D. Agency theory.
C. Goal-setting theory.
Question text When it comes to telecommuting, Select one: A. workers are not eligible for workers' compensation if they are injured in their home office. B. employers have the right to inspect home offices. C. Workers' compensation laws do not distinguish between home offices and other workplaces. D. OSHA will inspect a home office if the employee wishes.
C. Workers' compensation laws do not distinguish between home offices and other workplaces.
As a senior serving as the student representative on the Ethics Advisory Board of your university, you feel strongly that cheating on college examinations is unethical. You have never cheated on any exam in your academic career. However, this semester your best friend was desperate for your help, and you allowed him to take a quick "peek" on your answer sheet. Since then, you feel uncomfortable every time you think of the situation. Which of the following concepts best explains your psychological discomfort?
Cognitive dissonance
Creative ideas at work are often triggered by work-related problems, incongruities, or failures. Which of the following stages focuses on the problem on hand?
Concentration
Individual-Organization Value Conflict
Conflict can occur when values espoused and enacted by the organization collide with employees' personal values. We defined this type of conflict as PE fit. PE fit represents the extent to which personal characteristics match those from a work environment
Maintree Systems encourages its employees to meet each other frequently, and systematically integrates their efforts to achieve a collective objective. Which of the following is Maintree Systems trying to achieve?
Cooperation
The United States requires employers to give their employees how many paid vacation days and holidays? Select one: A. 5 days. B. 5 weeks. C. 3 weeks. D. 0 days.
D. 0 days.
Which of the following is true about benefits administration? Select one: A. Most plans are easy to explain to employees and are straightforward. B. Benefits offered must be the same across all jobs in an organization for equity. C. Benefit packages always start as soon as the employee begins work. D. Employees often do not know how much an employer spends on benefits.
D. Employees often do not know how much an employer spends on benefits.
Which of the following performance management systems might lead to bias and even discrimination lawsuits by forcing managers to arbitrarily come up with reasons to allocate employees into different ratings categories to meet the requirements of the performance management system? Select one: A. Paired comparisons. B. Management by objectives. C. Behavioral observation scales D. Forced distribution.
D. Forced distribution.
The _____ technique is a group process that anonymously generates ideas or judgments from physically dispersed experts.
Delphi
Which of the following is a characteristic of a 21st century manager?
Multicultural orientation Refer: Table 1-2
Which of the following is true about organizational values?
Organizations are less likely to accomplish corporate goals when employees perceive an inconsistency between the espoused values of the organization and their own personal characteristics. Employees' satisfaction, performance, and turnover are affected when they feel that their values do not match the organization's enacted values.
COMPETING VALUE FRAMEWORKS CVF
PROVIDE PRACTICAL WAY FOR MANAGERS TO CHANGE ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE
Which of the following attributes of high-performance teams refers to creating interdependency by empowering and serving others?
Participative leadership
Which of the following team competencies models desirable team member behavior?
Promoting a positive team environment
Which of the following defines esteem support?
Providing information that a person is accepted and respected despite any inadequacies. Social support is the amount of perceived helpfulness derived from social relationships. One of the types of social support is esteem support, which is providing information that a person is accepted and respected despite any problems or inadequacies.
_____ is a psychosocial function of mentoring.
Role modeling
SELF CONCEPT
SELF ESTEEM, SELF EFFICACY, SELF MONITORING
Social Competence
Social Awareness • Relationship Management
Lessons from Group Cohesiveness Research
There is a small but statistically significant cohesiveness→performance effect. The cohesiveness→performance effect was stronger for smaller and real groups (as opposed to contrived groups in laboratory studies). The cohesiveness→performance effect becomes stronger as one moves from nonmilitary real groups to military groups to sports teams. Commitment to the task at hand (meaning the individual sees the performance standards as legitimate) has the most powerful impact on the cohesiveness→performance linkage. The performance→cohesiveness linkage is stronger than the cohesiveness→performance linkage. Thus, success tends to bind group or team members together rather than closely knit groups being more successful. Contrary to the popular view, cohesiveness is not "a 'lubricant' that minimizes friction due to the human 'grit' in the system." All this evidence led the researchers to this practical conclusion: "Efforts to enhance group performance by fostering interpersonal attraction or 'pumping up' group pride are not likely to be effective."
Perception
a cognitive process that enables us to interpret and understand our surroundings
Bill, who has an internal locus of control, failed his last history test. He is apt to respond to this grade by:
admitting that he hadn't studied hard enough to prepare himself.
self-monitoring
being attuned to the way one presents oneself in social situations and adjusting one's performance to create the desired impression
Johnson & Co. has divided its employees according to the locations of the customers that they tend to. Thus, it has teams that cater to the urban areas, semi-urban areas, etc. Johnson & Co. is said to have a _____ structure.
divisional
Harry is thinking about meeting Connie. He writes a text message to Connie, inviting her for a drink at the local bar. This is an example of _____.
encoding This is an example of encoding. Encoding entails translating thoughts into a code or language that can be understood by others. This forms the foundation of the message.
A person can build his/her social capital by:
getting a mentor.
Management by Walking Around (MBWA)
involves managers literally walking around the organization and informally talking to people from all departments and levels. It is an effective way to communicate because employees prefer to get information directly from their manager. tips for conducting MBWA: -Dedicate a certain amount of time each week for MBWA. -Don't take your cell phone. It is important to stay focused on the person/people you are talking with and to avoid distractions. -Use active listening and don't take the approach that business is the only available topic for discussion. Employees may enjoy some amount of casual conversation. -The experience should be a two-way conversation. Show interest in your employees' issues and concerns -Don't hesitate to take a notepad and record things requiring follow-up. Don't bring formal charts and graphs; the goal is to maintain an informal conversation. -Thank the individual or group for their time and feedback.
motivational feedback
serves as a reward or promise of a reward
Ethics
involves the study of moral issues and choices. It is concerned with right versus wrong, good versus bad, and the many shades of gray in supposedly black-and-white issues.
Mutuality of interest
involves win-win situations in which one's self-interest is served by cooperating actively and creatively with potential adversaries. The Constant Tug-of-War between Self-Interest and Mutuality of Interest Requires Managerial Action
A _____ is a group of people working together to collectively enhance their capacities to create results that they truly care about.
learning organization A learning organization is a group of people working together to collectively enhance their capacities to create results that they truly care about. A learning organization is one that proactively creates, acquires, and transfers knowledge and that changes its behavior on the basis of new knowledge and insights.
An organization chart reveals an organization's:
line and staff positions. To organization theorists, however, organization charts reveal much more. The organization chart reveals four basic dimensions of organizational structure: (1) hierarchy of authority (who reports to whom), (2) division of labor, (3) spans of control, and (4) line and staff positions.
Employees with a clear _____ understand the organization's strategic goals and know what actions they need to take, both individually and as team members.
line of sight
One characteristic of good listeners is that they _____.
listen for the central or overall ideas Effective listening is a learned skill that requires effort and motivation. One characteristic of good listeners is that they listen for the central or overall ideas. Refer: Table 14-3
In Maslow's need hierarchy theory, the _____ need contains the needs for affection and belonging.
love
Halim, one of your employees, always seems to be "taking it easy," often ignores problems that arise, and rarely takes action on his own. It is likely that Halim is:
not a proactive personality.
The _____ model of communication is based on the belief that a receiver creates the meaning of a message in his or her mind, and the receiver's interpretation of the message may differ from the message intended by the sender.
perceptual
Fundamental Attribution Bias
reflects one's tendency to attribute another person's behavior to his or her personal characteristics, as opposed to situational factors. This bias causes perceivers to ignore important environmental forces that often significantly affect behavior.
ENACTED VALUES
represent the values and norms actually exhibited in the organization AND/OR HOW EMPLOYEES REACT AND BEHAVE
Self-Serving Bias
represents one's tendency to take more personal responsibility for success than for failure. The self-serving bias suggests employees will attribute their success to internal factors (high ability or hard work) and their failures to uncontrollable external factors (tough job, bad luck, unproductive co-workers, or an unsympathetic boss). This tendency plays out in all aspects of life.
Social Loafing
tendency for individual effort to decline as group size increases Reasons for Social Loafing -Equity of effort -Loss of personal accountability -Motivational loss due to sharing of rewards -Coordination loss as more people perform the task
Basic Distinctions between Virtual Teams and Self-Managed Teams
two types of teams are distinct but not totally unique. Overlaps exist. For instance, computer-networked virtual teams may or may not have volunteer members and may or may not be self-managed. Another point of overlap involves the fifth variable in Table 11-6: relationship to organization structure. Teams are called parallel structures when they exist outside normal channels of authority and communication. Self-managed teams, on the other hand, are integrated into the basic organizational structure. Virtual teams vary in this regard, although they tend to be parallel because they are made up of functional specialists (engineers, accountants, marketers, etc.) who team up on temporary projects.
Good leaders were perceived as exhibiting the following behaviors:
(1) assigning specific tasks to group members, (2) telling others that they had done well, (3) setting specific goals for the group, (4) letting other group members make decisions, (5) trying to get the group to work as a team, and (6) maintaining definite standards of performance. Another recent study found that good leaders were perceived as those who consistently treated all members of a work unit in a fair manner.
Employee Engagement
"the harnessing of organization members' selves to their work roles; in engagement, people employ and express themselves physically, cognitively, and emotionally during role performance." The essence of this definition is the idea that engaged employees "give it their all" at work. Further study of this attitudinal variable reveals that it contains four components: (1) feelings of urgency, (2) feelings of being focused, (3) feelings of intensity, and (4) feelings of enthusiasm caused by a host of variables that can be separated into two categories: personal factors and contextual or work-environment factors. -Personal characteristics found or thought to influence employee engagement include positive or optimistic personalities, proactive personality, conscientiousness, PE fit, and being present or mindful. Mindfulness represents the extent to which someone is focused on a moment in time and what is happening rather than daydreaming about something or somewhere else. -contextual factors that potentially impact employee engagement. One clearly involves organizational culture. For example, employees are more likely to be engaged when an organization has a clan culture that promotes employee development, recognition, and trust between management and employees Job security and feelings of psychological safety also propel employee engagement. -Job security and feelings of psychological safety also propel employee engagement. employee engagement is higher when people feel that they are being supported by both their direct supervisor and the company as a whole and when they have a line of sight with the organization's vision, strategies, and goals: Line of sight represents the extent to which employees understand how their jobs influence the achievement of broader strategic goals employee engagement was significantly associated with organizational-level customer satisfaction/loyalty, profitability, productivity, turnover, and safety outcomes.a positive relationship between employee engagement and employees' performance and physical and psychological well-being, and corporate-level financial performance and customer satisfaction
Alderfer's ERG Theory
*existence needs (E)—the desire for physiological and materialistic well-being; *relatedness needs (R)—the desire to have meaningful relationships with significant others; *growth needs (G)—the desire to grow as a human being and to use one's abilities to their fullest potential does not assume needs are related to each other in a stair-step hierarchy as does Maslow. Alderfer believes that more than one need may be activated at a time. Finally, ERG theory contains a frustration-regression component. That is, frustration of higher-order needs can influence the desire for lower-order needs
Dave is not very patient with restaurant service and will often complain loudly if things don't go as expected. He is not very high in __________.
EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE
Bad Leader Traits
-Incompetent - The leader and at least some followers lack the will or skill (or both) to sustain effective action. With regard to at least one important leadership challenge, they do not create positive change. -Rigid - The leader and at least some followers are stiff and unyielding. Although they may be competent, they are unable or unwilling to adapt to new ideas, new information, or changing times. -Intemperate - he leader lacks self-control and is aided and abetted by followers who are unwilling or unable effectively to intervene. -Callous - The leader and at least some followers are uncaring and unkind. Ignored or discounted are the needs, wants, and desires of most members of the group or organization, especially subordinates. -Corrupt - The leader and at least some followers lie, cheat, or steal. To a degree that exceeds the norm, they put self-interest ahead of the public interest. -Insular - he leader and at least some followers minimize or disregard the health and welfare of "the other," that is, those outside the group or organization for which they are directly responsible. -Evil - Evil leaders such as Adolf Hitler and Saddam Hussein encourage their followers to commit atrocities. They tend to use pain as an instrument of power. The harm done to men, women, and children is severe rather than slight. The harm can be physical, psychological, or both.
The top management of Rock-Top Sports Equipment has clearly stated the values and norms that are preferred by Rock-Top. These are referred to as __________.
Espoused values.
Overcoming Resistance to Change
-Provide as much information as possible to employees about the change -Inform employees about the rationale for the change -Conduct meetings to address employee's concerns -Provide employees the opportunity to discuss how the proposed change might affect them
Five Bases of Power
1) Reward - obtaining compliance by promising or granting rewards. Reward power is at the heart of shaping on-the-job behavior with verbal or written recognition and other forms of positive reinforcement. Employees tell us one of the problems they have with rewards is they only receive them when the goal finally is accomplished. Their complaint is generally that no one ever says anything along the way to getting the results. 2) Coercive - obtaining compliance through threatened or actual punishment. 3) Legitimate - obtaining compliance through formal authority. individuals who obtain compliance primarily because of their formal authority to make decisions. Positive legitimate power focuses constructively on job performance. Negative legitimate power tends to be threatening and demeaning to those being influenced. Its main purpose is to build the power holder's ego. Importantly, there is growing concern today about the limits of managers' legitimate power relative to privacy rights and off-the-job behavior. 4) Expert - obtaining compliance through one's knowledge or information. The power of supervisors is enhanced because they know about work schedules and assignments before their employees do. 5) Referent - obtaining compliance through charisma or personal attraction. comes into play when one's personality becomes the reason for compliance. Role models have referent power over those who identify closely with them. Expert and referent power had a generally positive effect Reward and legitimate power had a slightly positive effect Coercive power had a slightly negative effect
Six Sigma 6:
6 standard deviations away from perfect measures...99.9999% quality improvement by illuminating defects & cutting waste
Historically, spans of control of _____ were considered best.
7 to 10
Deming's Rule 85/15 rule:
85% fault lies in policy, management leadership, system or rules are at fault. 15% of time employee's are at fault. Manager typically blame employee's for system faults.
Technology has increased the speed of communication with respect to salaries and has also Select one: A. All of the answers are correct. B. affected what is considered compensable work. C. made it easier to collect salary data. D. changed how compensation is tracked and delivered.
A. All of the answers are correct.
Teresa manages a local retail store. She regularly works over 40 hours per week and makes over $50,000 a year. As the manager, and given her salary, she is considered to be a/an Select one: A. exempt employee. B. well paid employee. C. regular full-time employee. D. nonexempt employee.
A. exempt employee.
Companies pursuing a low cost strategy are most likely to Select one: A. minimize the amount of funds they spend on non-direct compensation. B. diminish their investments in safety programs. C. not provide any benefits. D. provide a strong benefit program to attract employees and reduce turnover.
A. minimize the amount of funds they spend on non-direct compensation.
The agency that oversees compliance with the antidiscrimination laws such as the Civil Rights Act and the ADA is the Select one: A. Department of Labor. B. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. C. Civil Rights Commission. D. Office of Federal Contract Compliance.
B. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission.
Juliet often takes office supplies home for her personal use. This is an example of:
CWB
Which of the following is proposed by the garbage can model?
Decision making is a sloppy and haphazard process. The garbage can model assumes that organizational decision making is a sloppy and haphazard process. According to the garbage can model, decisions result from a complex interaction between four independent streams of events: problems, solutions, participants, and choice opportunities.
Which of the following is a desired outcome of the performance improvement cycle?
Persistent effort Refer: Figure 9-1
Debra hates veal, but at a party at her friend's house, she is served veal for dinner. She hides her revulsion, does not let anyone realize that she hates veal, and eats the other items on the menu. Which of the following can be ascertained from Debra's behavior at the party?
She is a high self-monitor.
Corporate social responsibility (CSR)
The notion that corporations have an obligation to constituent groups in society other than stockholders and beyond that prescribed by law or union contract.
People with an external locus of control tend to ____.
attribute outcomes to environmental causes
Camilla, a manager, notes that while Wilhelm's written reports are very thorough and accurate, his oral presentations are not effective. Camilla is looking at:
consistency.
According to John Kotter, when managers want to create a cross-functional, cross-level group of people with enough power to lead the change, they should:
create a guiding coalition. When managers create the guiding coalition Create a cross-functional, cross-level group of people with enough power to lead the change, they are taking the second of Kotter's eight steps for leading organizational change—create the guiding coalition.
According to the path-goal leadership theory:
effective leaders possess and use more than one style of leadership.
proxemics
the study of cultural expectations about interpersonal space four interpersonal distance zones. Some call them space bubbles. They are intimate distance, personal distance, social distance, and public distance.
The Role of Followers in the Leadership Process
the success of both leaders and followers is contingent on the dynamic relationship among the people involved. both leaders and followers are closely linked. You cannot lead without having followers, and you cannot follow without having leaders. both leaders and followers to focus on developing a mutually rewarding and beneficial relationship. three types of followers: helpers, independents, and rebels. -Helpers show deference and comply with the leadership; -independents distance themselves from the leadership and show less compliance; and -rebels show divergence from the leader and are at least compliant. Among other types of followers, moderate in compliance, are diplomats, partisans, and counselors. Leaders obviously want followers who are productive, reliable, honest, cooperative, proactive, and flexible. Leaders do not benefit from followers who hide the truth, withhold information, fail to generate ideas, are unwilling to collaborate, provide inaccurate feedback, or are unwilling to take the lead on projects and initiatives. followers seek, admire, and respect leaders who foster three emotional responses in others: Followers want organizational leaders to create feelings of significance (what one does at work is important and meaningful), community (a sense of unity encourages people to treat others with respect and dignity and to work together in pursuit of organizational goals), and excitement (people are engaged and feel energy at work).
According to the leader-member exchange model of leadership, in-group exchanges are characterized by mutual _____.
trust
Self-efficacy Model
would involve cognitive appraisal of the interaction between your perceived capability and situational opportunities and obstacles People program themselves for success or failure by enacting their self-efficacy expectations significant positive correlation between self-efficacy and job performance -can be boosted in the workplace through careful hiring, challenging assignments, training and coaching, goal setting, supportive leadership and mentoring, and rewards for improvement.
Interpersonal Skills
• Active listening • Positive attitudes • Effective communication
Which of the following is an example of objective feedback?
"You saved the company $2,000 by altering that delivery schedule." Feedback is objective information about individual or collective performance. Subjective assessments do not qualify as objective feedback. But hard data such as units sold, days absent, dollars saved, projects completed, customers satisfied, and quality rejects are all candidates for objective feedback programs.
Gender and Leadership
(1) Men and women were seen as displaying more task and social leadership, respectively; (2) women used a more democratic or participative style than men, and men used a more autocratic and directive style than women; (3) men and women were equally assertive; and (4) women executives, when rated by their peers, managers, and direct reports, scored higher than their male counterparts on a variety of effectiveness criteria.
Clan Culture
-A clan culture has an internal focus and values flexibility rather than stability and control. It resembles a family-type organization in which effectiveness is achieved by encouraging collaboration between employees. This type of culture is very "employee-focused" and strives to instill cohesion through consensus and job satisfaction and commitment through employee involvement. -Clan organizations devote considerable resources to hiring and developing their employees, and they view customers as partners.
_____ feedback involves letting individuals compare their own perceived performance with behaviorally specific performance information from their manager, subordinates, and peers.
360-degree
Which of the following is true about a field study?
A field study probes individual or group processes in an organizational setting, involving real-life situations. In OB, a field study probes individual or group processes in an organizational setting. Because field studies involve real-life situations, their results often have immediate and practical relevance for managers.
_____ is an attitude, opinion, feeling, or action that is shared by two or more people and guides their behavior.
A norm According to one respected team of management consultants: "A norm is an attitude, opinion, feeling, or action—shared by two or more people—that guides their behavior." Although norms are typically unwritten and seldom discussed openly, they have a powerful influence on group and organizational behavior.
meta-analysis
A statistical pooling technique that permits behavioral scientists to draw general conclusions about certain variables from many different studies. It typically encompasses a vast number of subjects, often reaching the thousands. Are instructive because they focus on general patterns of research evidence, not fragmented bits and pieces or isolated studies.
Organization
A system of consciously coordinated activities or forces of two or more people. Organizations are a social invention helping us to achieve things collectively that we could not achieve alone
Generation X
A term coined by artist and author Douglas Coupland to describe people born in the United States between the years 1965 and 1980. This post-baby-boom generation will have to support the baby boom cohort as they head into their retirement years.
Rachel has the desire to accomplish something difficult? This relates to McClelland's need for
ACHIEVMENT
What is Emotional Intelligence (EI)?
Ability to monitor one's own emotions and those of others, to discriminate among them, and to use this information to guide one's thinking and actions
statistical analysis
According to W. Edwards Deming, _____ is required to uncover system failures. As Deming observed, the typical manager spends most of her time wrongly blaming and punishing individuals for system failures. Statistical analysis is required to uncover system failures.
According to Schwartz's value theory, _____ is associated with personal success through demonstrating competence according to social standards.
Achievement Refer: Table 6-1
_____ change is lowest in complexity, cost, and uncertainty.
Adaptive Adaptive change is lowest in complexity, cost, and uncertainty. It involves reimplementation of a change in the same organizational unit at a later time or imitation of a similar change by a different unit.
_____ teams are created to broaden the information base for managerial decisions.
Advice
_____ is an artificial intervention aimed at giving management a chance to correct an imbalance, an injustice, a mistake, and/or outright discrimination.
Affirmative action
Galatea effect
An individual's high self-expectations of themselves results in to lead to high performance
What is OB?
An interdisciplinary field dedicated to understanding and managing people at work
Oliver was known for his innovative promotional ideas. His boss loved listening to his presentations and trusted his ideas. Though Oliver's ideas started to get monotonous after a while, his boss took only his ideas and did not accept ideas from others. Which of the following biases was Oliver's boss engaging in?
Availability heuristic
_____ represents a decision maker's tendency to base decisions on information that is readily accessible in his or her memory.
Availability heuristic The availability heuristic represents a decision maker's tendency to base decisions on information that is readily available in memory. Information is more accessible in memory when it involves an event that recently occurred, when it is salient, and when it evokes strong emotions.
As mentioned in the text, George Washington University offers a vesting plan in which the employer puts a set amount of money into retirement accounts for employees, even if the employee does not. This type of pension plan is called__________________. Select one: A. defined contribution B. noncontributory C. defined benefit D. contributory
B. noncontributory
HP, as discussed in the textbook uses technology to offer rewards that employee's value. They are using technology to provide rewards with higher levels of Select one: A. instrumentality. B. valance. C. spot awards. D. expectancy.
B. valance.
Which of the following groups of people have traits such as workaholism, idealism, and work ethics?
Baby boomers Baby boomers have traits such as workaholism, idealism, and work ethics. Refer: Table 2-1
The Immigration Reform and Control Act requires that all employers Select one: A. require all individuals hired to become U.S. citizens within six months of hire. B. refuse to hire anyone who does not have a green card. C. verify that all workers hired have the legal right to work in the U.S. D. hire only U.S. citizens.
C. verify that all workers hired have the legal right to work in the U.S.
_____ is a perceptual error that represents the tendency to avoid all extreme judgments and rate people and objects as average or neutral.
Central tendency For example, rating a professor average on all dimensions of performance regardless of his or her actual performance. Refer: Table 7-2
An Open-System Perspective
Closed System self-sufficient entity, closed to the surrounding environment. Open System depends on constant interaction with the environment for survival
Lack of Employee Involvement
Co-workers should learn to work alongside one another and value the contributions of the other person. For example, someone from the United States may not understand the culture and business practices of Asian countries. Co-workers that get along create a happy, more productive work environment. Companies can offer training and education to create a supportive environment.
Levels of Political Action in Organizations
Coalition - an informal group bound together by the active pursuit of a single issue Coalitions may or may not coincide with formal group membership. When the target issue is resolved (a sexual-harassing supervisor is fired, for example), the coalition disbands. Experts note that political coalitions have "fuzzy boundaries," meaning they are fluid in membership, flexible in structure, and temporary in duration. Coalitions are a potent political force in organizations.
_____ is a sense of "we-ness" that helps groups stay together.
Cohesiveness Cohesiveness is a process whereby a sense of 'we-ness' emerges to transcend individual differences and motives. Members of a cohesive group stick together. They are reluctant to leave the group.
Workplace Policy Guidelines for Using Social Media
Company approval is required for authors who use electronic resources of the company to send "tweets" or other public messages. Any identification of the author, including usernames, pictures or logos, or "profile" web pages should not use logos, trademarks, or other intellectual property of the company without approval from the company. If he or she is not providing an official message from the company, an employee who comments on any aspect of the business must include a disclaimer in his or her "profile" or "bio" that the views are his or her own and not those of the company. A message should not disclose any confidential or proprietary information of the company.
Which of the following is a managerial implication of expectancy theory?
Determine the outcomes that employees value Refer: Table 8-2
Suppress
Differences are squelched or discouraged when using this approach. This can be done by telling or reinforcing others to quit whining and complaining about issues. The old "you've got to pay your dues" line is another frequently used way to promote the status quo.
_____ is defined as the perceived fairness of how resources and rewards are allocated.
Distributive justice
_____ usually involves a single issue in which one person gains at the expense of the other.
Distributive negotiation
Which of the following is highlighted by the information/decision-making theory?
Diverse perspectives help to uncover novel alternatives during problem-solving activities.
_____ refers to using the Internet to facilitate every aspect of running a business.
E-business
When Grant is praised for a work behavior, he will try hard to repeat it. This follows the law of ___________.
EFFECT
Amy recently started a new job. Everyone she interviewed with seemed very personable and easy-going. She was quite surprised when during her first week on the job she witnessed a loud and argumentative confrontation in the hallway between two of her coworkers. People seem so different than the way she expected them to be. Amy is in which stage of the socialization process?
ENCOUNTER
ESPOUSED VALUES
EXPLICITLY STATED VALUES BY MANAGEMENT TEAM, ESTABLISHED BY NEW FOUNDER. CONCEPT OF BELIEF, END STATES/BEHAVIORS, TRANSCENDS SITUATIONS, GUIDE SELECTION AND VALUES OF EVENTS, RELEVANCE OF IMPORTANCE
AD HAUCRACY CULTURE
EXTERNAL FOCUS VALUES FLEXIBILITY. INNOVATIVE PRODUCTS AND CREATIVE CULTURE. NO CENTRALIZE POWER. EMPOWER AND ENCOURAGE EMPLOYEES TO TAKE RISK AND THINK OUTSIDE THE BOX. WELL SUITED FOR START-UP COMPANIES.
Which of the following did W. Edwards Deming call for, regarding the human side of development?
Elimination of barriers to good workmanship egarding the human side of quality improvement, one of the things Deming called for was the elimination of barriers to good workmanship.
Personality Dimensions
Extraversion and conscientiousness were found to be the most stable of the Big Five conscientiousness had the strongest positive correlation with job performance and training performance. how to help conscientious employees perform well. Specifically, they prefer goal-focused leadership, like high-complexity jobs, and need valid feedback that will help them learn and not frustrate their pursuit of goals entrepreneurs score high on conscientiousness. Another relevant finding: Extraversion (an outgoing personality) correlated positively with promotions, salary level, and career satisfaction. And, as one might expect, neuroticism (low emotional stability) was associated with low career satisfaction.
Which of the following media is the richest form of communication?
Face-to-face A two-way face-to-face conversation is the richest form of communication. It provides immediate feedback and allows for the observation of multiple cues such as body language and tone of voice. Refer: Figure 14-2
_____ is an alternative dispute resolution technique where a third party urges disputing parties to deal directly with each other in a positive and constructive manner.
Facilitation
_____ lets people know if they are headed toward their goals or if they are off course and need to redirect their efforts.
Feedback
Sources of Uncertainty
Five common sources of uncertainty within organizations are Unclear objectives. Vague performance measures. Ill-defined decision processes. Strong individual or group competition. Any type of change.
Molly works as a dishwasher at a restaurant. She comes across as a very fun-loving, party-going person. One day her dog falls sick and Molly has to take him to the vet. She calls her boss and tells him that she won't be coming in to work. Her boss thinks that Molly is missing work intentionally, so that she can go out and party. Which of the following best describes the boss's perception of the situation?
Fundamental attribution bias
Julia wants to become a successful heart surgeon. This reflects Julia's
GOAL
_____ entails the temporary use of communication behaviors typical of the other gender in order to increase the potential for influence.
Genderflex
Southstar, Inc. manufactures high-quality widgets. The widgets have to be built exactly according to the specifications provided. This requires the use of controlled processes and precise measurements. The company also needs to maintain high efficiency in its production process in order to meet the market demand. For this company, stability is more important than flexibility. Which of the organizational cultures is best suited for Southstar?
Hierarchy culture
Which of the following organizational cultures values stability, and focuses on achieving effectiveness with measures of timeliness, efficiency, and safety?
Hierarchy culture The hierarchy culture has an internal focus, which produces a more formalized and structured work environment, and values stability and control over flexibility. Effectiveness in a company with this type of culture is likely to be assessed with measures of efficiency, timeliness, quality, safety, and reliability of producing and delivering products and services.
Grant is responsible for training new employees. He wants to make sure everyone knows their role in making the firm successful. This is __________ feedback.
INSTRUCTIONAL
Making a Good Impression
If you "dress for success," project an upbeat attitude at all times, and have polished a 15-second elevator speech for top executives, you are engaging in favorable impression management—particularly so if your motive is to improve your lot in life.
Implicit cognition
Implicit cognition represents any thoughts or beliefs that are automatically activated from memory without our conscious awareness. The existence of implicit cognition leads people to make biased decisions without an understanding that it is occurring
Job Characteristics Model
In general terms, core job dimensions are common characteristics found to a varying degree in all jobs. Three of the job characteristics shown combine to determine experienced meaningfulness of work: Skill variety. The extent to which the job requires an individual to perform a variety of tasks that require him or her to use different skills and abilities. Task identity. The extent to which the job requires an individual to perform a whole or completely identifiable piece of work. In other words, task identity is high when a person works on a product or project from beginning to end and sees a tangible result. Task significance. The extent to which the job affects the lives of other people within or outside the organization. Experienced responsibility is elicited by the job characteristic of autonomy, defined as follows: Autonomy. The extent to which the job enables an individual to experience freedom, independence, and discretion in both scheduling and determining the procedures used in completing the job. Finally, knowledge of results is fostered by the job characteristic of feedback, defined as follows: Feedback. The extent to which an individual receives direct and clear information about how effectively he or she is performing the job.
Which of the following is true about in-group thinking?
In-group members exaggerate the differences between their group and other groups In-group members exaggerate the differences between their group and other groups. This typically involves a distorted perception of reality. In-groups view outsiders as a threat.
Which of the following statements about cooperation is true?
Individuals are said to be cooperating when their efforts are systematically integrated to achieve a collective objective.
Which of the following tips should be used by managers to reduce personality conflict?
Investigate and document conflict.
Job enlargement
Involves putting more variety into a worker's job by combining specialized tasks of comparable difficulty. Some call this horizontally loading the job
Personal Initiative: The Other Side of Delegation
Is characterized by the following aspects: it (1) is consistent with the organization's mission, (2) has a long-term focus, (3) is goal-directed and action-oriented, (4) is persistent in the face of barriers and setbacks, and (5) is self-starting and proactive
cwb
It is also commonly used as a name for white gangs.
_____ entails modifying a job such that an employee has the opportunity to experience achievement, recognition, stimulating work, responsibility, and advancement.
Job enrichment
Job Enrichment
Job enrichment is the practical application of Frederick Herzberg's motivator-hygiene theory of job satisfaction entails modifying a job such that an employee has the opportunity to experience achievement, recognition, stimulating work, responsibility, and advancement. These characteristics are incorporated into a job through vertical loading. Rather than giving employees additional tasks of similar difficulty (horizontal loading), vertical loading consists of giving workers more autonomy and responsibility. Intuit, for example, attempts to do this by "encouraging workers to take four hours a week of 'unstructured time' for their own projects and hosting 'idea jams,' where teams present new concepts for prizes
_____ leadership represents a general failure to take responsibility for leading.
Laissez-faire The authors of the full-range model of leadership proposed that leadership behavior varied along a continuum from laissez-faire leadership—a general failure to take responsibility for leading—to transactional leadership to transformational leadership.
barriers of divercity
Language and Cultural Differences Lack of Funding Lack of Employee Involvement Problem Consultants Attitudes
Affirmative Action:
Legislation to outlaw & reduce discrimination
Which of the following people-centered practices is carried out to build a "we" feeling?
Less emphasis on status
_____ consists of three compartments containing categories of information about events, semantic materials, and people.
Long-term memory
Francesca has had stable performance and high quality from one task to another. This refers to:
Low distinctiveness.
What is a key takeaway message from the trait theory?
Management development programs can be used to build a pipeline of leadership talent. Management development programs can be used to build a pipeline of leadership talent. This is a particularly important recommendation in light of results from corporate surveys showing that the majority of companies do not possess adequate leadership talent to fill future needs.
Which of the following is not one of the recommendations to managers about reducing stereotypes? Managers should create opportunities for diverse employees to work together Managers should provide opportunities for employees to get accurate data about the characteristics of other groups of people Managers should educate people about stereotypes Managers should actively ignore stereotypes Managers should encourage all employees to strive to increase their awareness of stereotypes
Managers should actively ignore stereotypes
Which of the following is true about the garbage can model?
Many decisions are made by oversight or by the presence of a salient opportunity.
Mechanistic versus Organic Organizations
Mechanistic organizations Rigid bureaucracies with strict rules, narrowly defined tasks, and top-down communication. Organic organizations Flexible networks of multitalented individuals who perform a variety of tasks
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of virtual organizations?
Members of virtual organizations rely heavily on face-to-face meetings.
Which of the following is true regarding gender and leadership?
Men and women are equally assertive.
Which of the following is true regarding the communication styles of men and women?
Men tend to ignore blame and place it elsewhere. Refer: Table 14-4
_____ is defined as the extent to which group members feel comfortable disagreeing with other group members.
Minority dissent A team of researchers conducted two studies to determine whether a group's innovativeness was related to minority dissent, defined as the extent to which group members feel comfortable disagreeing with other group members, and a group's level of participation in decision making. Results showed that the most innovative groups possessed high levels of both minority dissent and participation in decision making.
Of the following, which is the best action to address any type of diversity issue?
Mutual adaptation
Needs
Needs are physiological or psychological deficiencies that arouse behavior. They can be strong or weak and are influenced by environmental factors. Thus, human needs vary over time and place. The general idea behind need theories of motivation is that unmet needs motivate people to satisfy them. Conversely, people are not motivated to pursue a satisfied need. Let us now consider four popular content theories of motivation: Maslow's need hierarchy theory, Alderfer's ERG theory, McClelland's need theory, and Herzberg's motivator-hygiene model.
Attitudes
Negative attitudes are one of the most common barriers of workplace diversity. This includes stereotyping and prejudice. According to the University of Florida Extension Office, negative attitudes and behaviors can harm working relationships and damage morale and productivity. Employees who stereotype assign labels to certain races and ethnic groups, which is also a form of prejudice. Discrimination can also result when an individual receives different treatment due to their characteristics.
_____ is a give-and-take decision-making process involving interdependent parties with different preferences.
Negotiation
_____ reflects the extent to which an individual identifies with an organization and works to achieve its goals.
Organizational commitment
_____ is (are) the set of shared, taken-for-granted implicit assumptions that a group holds that determines how it perceives, thinks about, and reacts to its environment.
Organizational culture
_____ involves intentional acts of influence to enhance or protect the self-interests of individuals or groups.
Organizational politics Organizational politics involves intentional acts of influence to enhance or protect the self-interest of individuals or groups. An emphasis on self-interest distinguishes this form of social influence.
Which of the following team competencies monitors, evaluates, and provides feedback on team performance?
Organizing and managing team performance Refer: Table 11-3
Which of the following is a personal characteristic that influences employee engagement?
PE fit
PPT QUESTIONS
PPT QUESTIONS
_____ conflict is defined as interpersonal opposition based on individual dislike or disagreement.
Personality
As the mother of two small children, Jen struggles to make ends meet on her minimum wage job. After paying rent and child-care expenses, there is sometimes not enough money left at the end of the month to pay the heating bill. More than once the family has gone without warmth on cold nights, and she and the kids have gone to bed hungry. Which of the five basic needs is Jen struggling to meet?
Physiological Physiological needs are the most basic needs. They entail having enough food, air, and water to survive. Jen is struggling to meet these needs for her family.
_____ is an example of a pay for performance system.
Piece-rate pay Pay for performance is the popular term for monetary incentives linking at least some portion of the paycheck directly to results or accomplishments. The most basic form of pay for performance is the traditional piece-rate plan, whereby the employee is paid a specified amount of money for each unit of work.
_____ is defined as the perceived fairness of the process used to make decisions regarding the allocation of rewards and resources.
Procedural justice
_____ is the most important work-related value for those with no religious preference.
Professional challenge Religious beliefs and practices can have a profound effect on cross-cultural relations. Professional challenge (Concern with having a job that provides learning opportunities and opportunities to use skills well), is the most important work-related value for people with no religious preferences.
Which of the following is not a property of deliberate practice? Highly demanding mentally Designed to improve performance Isn't much fun Can be repeated a lot Provides little or no feedback
Provides little or no feedback
_____ is the process of weakening behavior through the contingent presentation of something displeasing.
Punishment
Steriotyping
Putting people into groups based on their age, race, gender, or other categories, and assuming that everyone in the group is alike
_____ reflects a decision maker's estimate of the probability of an event occurring, reflecting the tendency to assess the likelihood of an event occurring based on one's impressions about similar occurrences.
Representativeness heuristic
A Dynamic Model of Resistance to Change
Resistance to change -An emotional or behavioral response to real or imagined threats to an established work routine Why People Resist Change in the Workplace 1) An individual's predisposition toward change - This predisposition is highly personal and deeply ingrained. It is an outgrowth of how one learns to handle change and ambiguity as a child. While some people are distrustful and suspicious of change, others see change as a situation requiring flexibility, patience, and understanding.36 For example, resilience to change, which represents a composite characteristic reflecting high self-esteem, optimism, and an internal locus of control, was positively associated with recipients' willingness to accommodate or accept a specific organizational change. 2) Surprise and fear of the unknown - When innovative or radically different changes are introduced without warning, affected employees become fearful of the implications. The same is true when managers announce new goals without spelling out specific plans for how the goals will be achieved. 3) Fear of failure - Intimidating changes on the job can cause employees to doubt their capabilities. Self-doubt erodes self-confidence and cripples personal growth and development. 4) Loss of status and/or job security - Administrative and technological changes that threaten to alter power bases or eliminate jobs generally trigger strong resistance. 5) Peer pressure - Someone who is not directly affected by a change may actively resist it to protect the interests of his or her friends and co-workers. 6) Past success - Success can breed complacency. It also can foster a stubbornness to change because people come to believe that what worked in the past will work in the future. Resilience to change represents a composite characteristic reflecting high self-esteem, optimism, and an internal locus of control, was positively associated with recipients' willingness to accommodate or accept a specific organizational change
What can managers do to keep organizational politics within reasonable bounds?
Screen out overly political individuals at hiring time In order to keep organizational politics within reasonable bounds, managers can: (1) screen out overly political individuals at hiring time, (2) create an open-book management system, (3) make sure every employee knows how the business works and has a personal line of sight to key results with corresponding measurable objectives for individual accountability, (4) have nonfinancial people interpret periodic financial and accounting statements for all employees, (5) establish formal conflict resolution and grievance processes. Refer: Table 15-3
Workers can typically expect to collect unemployment insurance for 26 weeks under the condition that Select one: A. they are actively seeking work. B. they paid unemployment tax while they were working. C. the employer is not based in Texas or Oklahoma. D. they were fired from their previous job.
Select one: A. they are actively seeking work.
You are trying to concentrate during an examination but you get distracted by the sound of another student tapping her pencil on her desk. Which of the following stages of the information processing model are you in?
Selective attention/comprehension
Beverly has $11,000 for investment. She speaks with various friends and neighbors to find out what stocks they have invested in. Beverly can be described as being on which stage of the social information processing model?
Selective attention; comprehension
_____ is the view the individual has of himself or herself as a physical, social, and spiritual or moral being.
Self-concept Sociologist Viktor Gecas defines self-concept as "the concept the individual has of himself as a physical, social, and spiritual or moral being." A self-concept would be impossible without the capacity to think about complex things and processes.
Which of the following statements about self-efficacy is true? Self-efficacy is the same as self-esteem. Self-efficacy can be developed. The biggest predictor of a person's self-efficacy is his or her emotional state. A person with high self-efficacy is likely to work less hard than a person with low self-efficacy because he or she is already confident of good results. Self-efficacy is not related to prior experience.
Self-efficacy can be developed.
_____ teams are defined as groups of workers who are given administrative oversight for their task domains.
Self-managed teams
Personal Competence
SelfAwareness • SelfManagement
Which of the following mental abilities was found to be a valid predictor of job performance for both minority and majority applicants?
Spatial ability Personnel selection researchers have found verbal ability, numerical ability, spatial ability, and inductive reasoning to be valid predictors of job performance for both minority and majority applicants.
SMART GOALS
Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Realistic, Timely
Bill provides directions to his house to Mark. Mark listens carefully to make sure that he does not forget the directions and does not get lost on the way. Which stage of the information processing model is Mark currently undergoing?
Storage and retention
A group of minority employees complained about alleged discriminatory practices to their manager. She told them to quit whining and get back to work. This is the use of _________ to manage diversity.
Suppression
Tommy always knew he was meant to be an achiever. He started a small business in his home town but believed that he would make it big one day. Slowly, through years of hard work and perseverance, his business grew into a multi-million dollar company. Which of the following best explains this situation?
The Galatea effect Galatea effect occurs when an individual's high self-expectations for him- or herself lead to high performance. The key process underlying both the Pygmalion and Galatea effects is the idea that people's expectations or beliefs determine their behavior and performance, thus serving to make their expectations come true. In this case, Tommy had high self-expectations that led to hi high performance.
Behavioral Styles Theory
The Ohio State Studies identified two independent dimensions of leader behavior. -Consideration: creating mutual respect and trust with followers. -Initiating structure: organizing and defining what group members should be doing. -Leader behaviors can be systematically improved and developed. -There is no one best style of leadership. -The effectiveness of a particular leadership style depends on the situation at hand.
Managing Age-Related
The following seven initiatives can help to keep older workers engaged and committed to working.50 -Provide challenging work assignments that make a difference to the firm. -Give the employee considerable autonomy and latitude in completing a task. -Provide equal access to training and learning opportunities when it comes to new technology. -Provide frequent recognition for skills, experience, and wisdom gained over the years. -Provide mentoring opportunities whereby older workers can pass on accumulated knowledge to younger employees. -Ensure that older workers receive sensitive, high-quality supervision. -Design a work environment that is both stimulating and fun.
According to the contingency model for selecting media, which of the following choices falls into the overload zone?
The interactive medium for a low-complexity problem According to the contingency model for selecting media, there are three zones of communication effectiveness. Effective communication occurs when the richness of the medium is matched appropriately with the complexity of the problem or situation. An interactive medium or face-to-face communication for a low-complexity problem would provide excessive information and take more time than necessary to communicate, and thus fall into the overload zone. Refer: Figure 14-2
Self-Efficacy Theory
The perception of one's ability to perform a task successfully A situation-specific form of self-confidence
Tips for conducting Town Hall Meetings
The size of the meeting depends on the logistics of your workforce and the message being delivered. If you have good news to tell a number of employees, you can split them into more intimate groups if you like. But if the news is bad, it's better to have everyone hear it at the same time. Consider using speakers other than your senior executives. Broadcast town meetings so employees in other locations can participate. Taping allows absent employees to view the meeting later. When making a presentation, take the educational level of your audience into account. Don't make presentations too technical. Send invitations to all employees who are eligible to attend. Employees should be strongly encouraged to attend meetings, but attendance should not be mandatory. If your meeting is being held after business hours, consider paying employees for their time.
Which of the following is an assumption of McGregor's Theory Y?
The typical person has imagination and creativity. One of the assumptions of McGregor's Theory Y is that the typical member of the general population has imagination, ingenuity, and creativity. Refer: Table 1-1
Which of the following is a characteristic of people with an assertive communication style?
The use of "I" and cooperative "we" statements Refer: Table 14-2
Isolate
This option maintains the current way of doing things by setting the diverse person off to the side. In this way the individual is unable to influence organizational change. Managers can isolate people by putting them on special projects. Entire work groups or departments are isolated by creating functionally independent entities, frequently referred to as "silos."
Which of the following is true about the expertise component of intuition?
This source of intuition increases with age and experience. Expertise represents an individual's combined explicit knowledge (i.e., information that can easily be put into words) and tacit knowledge (i.e., information gained through experience that is difficult to express and formalize) regarding an object, person, situation, or decision opportunity. This source of intuition increases with age and experience.
Categories of Leader Behavior within the Revised Path-Goal Theory
Three key changes: 1) Leadership is more complex and involves a greater variety of leader behavior. 2) The role of intrinsic motivation and empowerment in influencing leadership effectiveness 3) Shared leadership
Which of the following is not a behavior that research found in the employees' schemata of good leaders?
Using an autocratic approach
Adams's Equity Theory of Motivation
a model of motivation that explains how people strive for fairness and justice in social exchanges or give-and-take relationships. As a process theory of motivation, equity theory explains how an individual's motivation to behave in a certain way is fueled by feelings of inequity or a lack of justice. two primary components are involved in the employee-employer exchange, inputs and outcomes. An employee's inputs, for which he or she expects a just return, include education/training, skills, creativity, seniority, age, personality traits, effort expended, and personal appearance. On the outcome side of the exchange, the organization provides such things as pay/bonuses, medical benefits, challenging assignments, job security, promotions, status symbols, and participation in important decisions. if the comparison person enjoys greater outcomes for similar inputs, negative inequity will be perceived . On the other hand, a person will experience positive inequity when his or her outcome to input ratio is greater than that of a relevant coworker. Interestingly, the current economy can create positive inequity for layoff survivors because they feel fortunate to still have a job.
Socio-emotional cohesiveness
a sense of togetherness that develops when individuals derive emotional satisfaction from group participation.
Values represent beliefs that influence behaviors _____________; attitudes relate to behavior __________.
across all situations; toward specific targets
Some of the typical outputs of _____ teams are decisions, selections, proposals, and recommendations.
advice Refer: Table 11-2
If a person attributes outcomes to luck or fate, that person is likely to have:
an external locus of control.
Petra made a large mistake on a report she submitted to her boss, and it ended up costing the company a significant amount of money. When asked why this had occurred, she blamed one of her co-workers for giving her erroneous information for the report. Petra is expressing:
an external locus of control.
Case Study
an in-depth analysis of a single individual, group, or organization, Because of their limited scope, case studies yield realistic but not very generalizable results.
The basic premise behind _____ is that all diverse people will learn to fit in or become like the dominant group.
assimilation
GLOBE (Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness)
attempt to develop an empirically based theory to describe, understand, and predict the impact of specific cultural variables on leadership and organizational processes and the effectiveness of these processes
A(n) _____ is defined as a learned predisposition to respond in a consistently favorable or unfavorable manner with respect to a given object.
attitude
Implicit leadership theory
based on the idea that people have beliefs about how leaders should behave and what they should do for their followers. These beliefs are summarized in what is called a leadership prototype.
Transformational leaders:
can be ethical or unethical. Transformational leaders can be ethical or unethical. Whereas ethical transformational leaders enable employees to enhance their self-concepts, unethical ones select or produce obedient, dependent, and compliant followers.
According to Lewin's change model, the _____ stage involves providing employees with new information, new behavioral models, or new ways of looking at things.
changing This is the stage in which organizational change takes place. This change, whether large or small, is undertaken to improve some process, procedure, product, service, or outcome of interest to management. Because change involves learning and doing things differently, this stage entails providing employees with new information, new behavioral models, new processes or procedures, new equipment, new technology, or new ways of getting the job done.
Jane hated the idea of child labor. She believed that children should not be employed in any type of job. She worked in a factory that claimed that it did not employ children. However, news reports accused the company of employing young children. The psychological discomfort that Jane experienced when she heard this news is known as:
cognitive dissonance.
Perception
cognitive process that enables us to interpret and understand our surroundings Recognition of objects is one of this process's major functions The study of how people perceive one another has been labeled social cognition and social information processing.
People from _____ cultures tend to place greater emphasis on community goals and subordinate their own wishes and goals.
collectivist Collectivist cultures rank shared goals higher than individual desires and goals. People in collectivist cultures are expected to subordinate their own wishes and goals to those of the relevant social unit.
According to Kelley's attribution model, consensus involves _____.
comparing an individual's behavior with that of his or her peers There is high consensus when one acts like the rest of the group and low consensus when one acts differently.
emotions
complex, patterned, organismic reactions to how we think we are doing in our lifelong efforts to survive and flourish and to achieve what we wish for ourselves Lazarus's definition of emotions centers on a person's goals. The word organismic is appropriate because emotions involve the whole person—biological, psychological, and social. Importantly, psychologists draw a distinction between felt and displayed emotions. a person might feel angry (felt emotion) at a rude co-worker but not make a nasty remark in return (displayed emotion)
Consideration involves leader behavior associated with:
creating mutual trust and respect within group members.
A(n) _____ is defined as a paid day off where an employee showing lack of dedication to the job is granted the opportunity to rethink his commitment to working at your company.
day of contemplation A promising tool for nipping workplace incivility in the bud is a day of contemplation, defined as a paid day off where an employee showing lack of dedication to the job is granted the opportunity to rethink his commitment to working at your company.
According to the group decay process, during the _____ stage the work group falls apart as subgroups battle for control.
de-forming
Organic organizations have:
decentralized decision making.
Procedural justice
defined as the perceived fairness of the process and procedures used to make allocation decisions
An open system is:
dependent on the environment for survival. They are capable of self-correction, adaptation, and growth, thanks to characteristics such as homeostasis and feedback control.
Amy has recently joined a new research institute. She had initially thought that her job would entail a lot of field work, which would allow her to gain some practical experience, but her manager just gives her a lot of paperwork instead. She is also learning to adjust to the strict dress code that the company enforces on all of its employees. Amy is in the _____ stage of the socialization process.
encounter Amy is in the encounter phase of the socialization process. During the encounter phase employees come to learn what the organization is really like. It is a time for reconciling unmet expectations and making sense of a new work environment.
The categories of memory that social perception involves are:
event, semantic, and person.
Cross-cultural management
explains the behavior of people in organizations around the world and shows people how to work in organizations with employee and client populations from many different cultures."64 Historically, cross-cultural management research has focused almost exclusively on cultural differences. One researcher, troubled by inappropriate cross-cultural comparisons, recently called this approach "comparing chopsticks with forks
Social rewards are a type of _____ reward.
extrinsic
developmental personal and organizational implications
five key personal implications to consider. First, it is important to foster a broad developmental network because the number and quality of your contacts will influence your career success. Second, job and career satisfaction are likely to be influenced by the consistency between your career goals and the type of developmental network at your disposal. Third, a developer's willingness to provide career and psychosocial assistance is a function of the protégé/protégée's ability and potential and the quality of the interpersonal relationship Fourth, it is important to become proficient at using social networking tools such as Twitter, LinkedIn, and Facebook Finally, you should develop a mentoring plan. Experts suggest that this plan should include the following components:70 - Identify and prioritize your mentoring goals. These goals should be based on a determination of what you want to learn. - Identify people who are skilled or experienced in areas you want to improve. Don't overlook your peers as they are a good source of functional, technical, and organizational knowledge. - Determine how best to build a relationship with these "targeted" individuals. -Determine how you can provide value to your mentor. Because mentoring is a two-way street, others are more likely to help you if they see some value in assisting you in the pursuit of your career goals. -Determine when it is time to move on. Mentors are not forever. If you believe that your mentor is ineffective, or worse yet, causing more harm than benefit, find a new mentor.
According to the criterion of _____, effectiveness is gauged by how well the organization meets or exceeds its stated objectives.
goal accomplishment Goal accomplishment is the most widely used effectiveness criterion for organizations. Key organizational results or outputs are compared with previously stated goals or objectives. Deviations, either plus or minus, require corrective action. Effectiveness, relative to the criterion of goal accomplishment, is gauged by how well the organization meets or exceeds its goals.
"I feel I am a person of worth, as good as other people" is a statement reflecting:
high self-esteem.
The _____ influence tactic tries to build enthusiasm by appealing to others' emotions, ideals, or values.
inspirational appeal There are nine influence tactics: rational persuasion, inspirational appeals, consultation, ingratiation, personal appeals, exchange, coalition tactics, pressure, and legitimating tactics. Trying to build enthusiasm by appealing to others' emotions, ideals, or values is a part of the inspirational appeal influence tactic.
Based on information gathered in the GLOBE project, _____ reflects how much should leaders encourage and reward loyalty to the social unit, as opposed to the pursuit of individual goals.
institutional collectivism The nine cultural dimensions from the GLOBE project are power distance, uncertainty avoidance, institutional collectivism, in-group collectivism, gender egalitarianism, assertiveness, future orientation, performance orientation, and humane orientation. Institutional collectivism reflects how much should leaders encourage and reward loyalty to the social unit, as opposed to the pursuit of individual goals.
relatively fixed
intelligence, cognitive abillity, personality, core self evaluation
Organizational politics
intentional acts of influence to enhance or protect the self-interests of individuals or groups. An emphasis on self-interest distinguishes this form of social influence. Managers are constantly challenged to achieve a workable balance between employees' self-interests and organizational interests. When a proper balance exists, the pursuit of self-interest may serve the organization's interests. Political behavior becomes a negative force when self-interests erode or defeat organizational interests.
If a person views a situation as having low consensus, low distinctiveness, and high consistency, he or she is likely to make an attribution of:
internal causes.
Type A Behavior Pattern
is an action-emotion complex that can be observed in any person who is aggressively involved in a chronic, incessant struggle to achieve more and more in less and less time, and if required to do so, against the opposing efforts of other things or persons. It is not psychosis or a complex of worries or fears or phobias or obsessions, but a socially acceptable—indeed often praised—form of conflict. Persons possessing this pattern also are quite prone to exhibit a free-floating but, extraordinarily well-rationalized hostility. As might be expected, there are degrees in the intensity of this behavior pattern.
Cross-cultural training
is any type of structured experience designed to help departing employees (and their families) adjust to a foreign culture. The trend is toward more such training in the United States. Easiest. Predeparture training is limited to informational materials, including books, lectures, films, videos, and Internet searches. Moderately difficult. Experiential training is conducted through case studies, role playing, simulations, and introductory language instruction. Most difficult. Departing employees are given some combination of the preceding methods plus comprehensive language instruction and field experience in the target culture. As an example of the latter, PepsiCo transfers "about 25 young foreign managers a year to the US for one-year assignments in bottling plants.
Josephine scored very high on the Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) on all three parts. She is likely to possess high ________ intelligence.
logical-mathematical
According to the job characteristics model, growth need strength is an example of a _____.
moderator According to the job characteristics model, growth need strength is an example of a moderator. Refer: Figure 8-4
According to the concept of building blocks, leading for progress involves:
monitoring and rewarding employees.
Harriet saw Josephine cheating on a test in their OB class. However, she did not report this because Josephine is on her team in the class and she feared that Josephine might be kicked out of the class and that this would hurt her team's chances of doing well on their project. Harriet is experiencing:
motivated blindness.
When we overlook an unethical behavior of another when it's in our interest to remain ignorant, this is called:
motivated blindness.
People in polychronic cultures view time as _____.
multidimensional
According to Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences, _____ intelligence is the potential to live in harmony with one's environment.
naturalist
Galatea effect
occurs when an individual's high self-expectations for him- or herself lead to high performance.
The _____ criterion for reward distribution focuses on tangible outcomes such as individual, group, or organization performance, or quantity and quality of performance.
performance: results
Steps to Leading Organizational Change
prescribes how managers should sequence or lead the change process.
Situational theories
propose that the effectiveness of a particular style of leader behavior depends on the situation.
Motivation
psychological processes that cause the arousal, direction, and persistence of voluntary actions that are goal directed Content theories of motivation focus on identifying internal factors such as instincts, needs, satisfaction, and job characteristics that energize employee motivation. These theories do not explain how motivation is influenced by the dynamic interaction between an individual and the environment in which he or she works. This limitation led to the creation of process theories of motivation. Process theories of motivation focus on explaining the process by which internal factors and cognitions influence employee motivation.3 Process theories are more dynamic than content theories.
The task role of coordinator serves to _____.
pull together ideas and suggestions Task roles enable the work group to define, clarify, and pursue a common purpose. The coordinator task role serves to pull together ideas and suggestions. Refer: Table 10-4
Unrealistic expectations regarding foreign assignments can be avoided with ____.
realistic job previews
Empowerment
recognizing and releasing into the organization the power that people already have in their wealth of useful knowledge, experience, and internal motivation.
Role models most likely have _____ power over those who identify closely with them.
referent
Linguistic style
refers to a person's characteristic speaking pattern. It includes such features as directness or indirectness, pacing and pausing, word choice, and the use of such elements as jokes, figures of speech, stories, questions, and apologies. In other words, linguistic style is a set of culturally learned signals by which we not only communicate what we mean but also interpret others' meaning and evaluate one another as people. Linguistic style not only helps explain communication differences between women and men, it also influences our perceptions of others' confidence, competence, and abilities. Increased awareness of linguistic styles can enhance your communication competence.
Stereotype threat
refers to the 'predicament' in which members of a social group (e.g., African Americans, women) 'must deal with the possibility of being judged or treated stereotypically, or of doing something that would confirm the stereotype
Developmental relationship strength
reflects the quality of relationships among the individual and those involved in his or her developmental network A receptive developmental network is composed of a few weak ties from one social system such as an employer or a professional association. traditional network contains a few strong ties between an employee and developers that all come from one social system.
The study of how people perceive one another is called _____.
social cognition
Scientific Management
that kind of management which conducts a business or affairs by standards established by facts or truths gained through systematic observation, experiment, or reasoning. The application of scientific management involves the following five steps: (1) develop standard methods for performing jobs by using time and motion studies, (2) carefully select employees with the appropriate abilities, (3) train workers to use the standard methods and procedures, (4) support workers and reduce interruptions, and (5) provide incentives to reinforce performance
Self-Fulfilling Prophecy: The Pygmalion Effect
that someone's high expectations for another person result in high performance for that person The key process underlying both the Pygmalion and Galatea effects is the idea that people's expectations or beliefs determine their behavior and performance, thus serving to make their expectations come true. In other words, we strive to validate our perceptions of reality, no matter how faulty they may be. Thus, the self-fulfilling prophecy is an important perceptual outcome we need to better understand.
Resiliency
the ability to bounce back from major blows in life, can be developed through deliberate practice,
Communication competence / Communication Styles
the ability to communicate effectively in specific situations
emotional intelligence
the ability to manage oneself and one's relationships in mature and constructive ways. Referred to by some as EI and others as EQ, emotional intelligence is said to have four key components: self-awareness, self-management, social awareness, and relationship management. The first two constitute personal competence; the second two feed into social competence
Internal Locus of Control
the belief that one controls the events and consequences affecting one's life Proactive people identify opportunities and act on them, show initiative, take action, and persevere until meaningful change occurs. an "internal" tends to attribute positive outcomes, such as getting a passing grade on an exam, to her or his own abilities. Accordingly, an "internal" tends to blame negative events, such as failing an exam, on personal shortcomings—not studying hard enough, perhaps.
Target Elements of Change
the components of an organization that may be changed. A problem exists when managers are not obtaining the results they desire. The target elements of change are used to diagnose problems and to identify change-related solutions. -Organizational arrangements -Social factors -Methods -People
Auditors at XYZ Company accept a client firm's questionable financial statements when the infractions have occurred over time. This is an example of:
the slippery slope.
People from high-context cultures prefer:
to come to agreement by general trust.
Organizational Culture Layers - Basic Assumptions
unobservable and represent the core of organizational culture. They constitute organizational values that have become so taken for granted over time that they become assumptions that guide organizational behavior. They thus are highly resistant to change
The components of employee engagement are:
urgency, being focused, intensity, enthusiasm.
e-business
using the Internet to facilitate every aspect of running a business, including the management of virtual teams
The _________ model suggests that managers should structure the work environment and rewards to match employees.
value attainment
encounter socialization
values, skills, and attitudes start to shift as new recruit discovers what the organization is truly like "ON-BOARDING"
Instead of relying heavily on face-to-face meetings, members of _____ organizations send e-mail and voice-mail messages, exchange project information over the Internet, and convene videoconferences among dispersed participants.
virtual
The remedy for indirect blindness is:
when handing off work, ask if the assignment might invite unethical behavior.
What are Personal Attitudes?
• Important because they impact behavior • Ranges from positive to negative • Feelings or opinions about people, places, and objects
types of intellegence
• Linguistic • Logical-Mathematical • Musical • Bodily-Kinesthetic • Spatial • Interpersonal • Intrapersonal • Naturalist
Cross Functionalism
A common feature of self-managed teams, particularly among those above the shop-floor or clerical level, is cross-functionalism. In other words, specialists from different areas are put on the same team.
Cooperation versus Competition
A widely held assumption among managers is that "competition brings out the best in people." From an economic standpoint, business survival depends on staying ahead of the competition. But from an interpersonal standpoint, critics contend competition has been overemphasized, primarily at the expense of cooperation women likelier to agree initially that collaboration is important. I found men much more difficult to get to the door of collaboration. Men maybe have a tougher time looking beyond themselves and those like them. They have got to believe that there is value in the "Other," who will by definition have different interests and ways to see the world.
The Creativity Stages
Researchers are not absolutely certain how creativity takes place. creativity involves "making remote associations" between unconnected events, ideas, information stored in memory or physical objects The preparation stage reflects the notion that creativity starts from a base of knowledge. Experts suggest that creativity involves a convergence between tacit and explicit knowledge. During the concentration stage, an individual focuses on the problem at hand. Creative ideas at work are often triggered by work-related problems, incongruities, or failures. That said, research shows that when you focus too much on trying to come up with creative solutions it can actually block creativity. Incubation is done unconsciously. During this stage, people engage in daily activities while their minds simultaneously mull over information and make remote associations. Associations generated in this stage ultimately come to life in the illumination stage. Finally, verification entails going through the entire process to verify, modify, or try out the new idea.
Cohesiveness
a process whereby "a sense of 'we-ness' emerges to transcend individual differences and motives Cohesive group members stick together for one or both of the following reasons: -they enjoy each others' company -they need each other to accomplish a common goal. Accordingly, two types of group cohesiveness, identified by sociologists, are socio-emotional cohesiveness and instrumental cohesiveness Self-selected work teams (in which people pick their own teammates) and off-the-job social events can stimulate socio-emotional cohesiveness. The fostering of socio-emotional cohesiveness needs to be balanced with instrumental cohesiveness. The latter can be encouraged by making sure everyone in the group recognizes and appreciates each member's vital contribution to the group goal. While balancing the two types of cohesiveness, managers need to remember that groupthink theory and research cautions against too much cohesiveness.
Team
a small number of people with complementary skills who are committed to a common purpose, performance goals, and approach for which they hold them teams are task groups that have matured to the performing stage (but not slipped into decay) The essence of a team is common commitment Without it, groups perform as individuals; with it, they become a powerful unit of collective performance When Katzenbach and Smith refer to "a small number of people" in their definition, they mean between 2 and 25 team members. They found effective teams to typically have fewer than 10 members.
Tolerance for ambiguity
extent to which a person has a high need for structure or control in his life This individual difference indicates the extent to which a person has a high need for structure or control in his or her life. Some people desire a lot of structure in their lives (a low tolerance for ambiguity) and find ambiguous situations stressful and psychologically uncomfortable. In contrast, others do not have a high need for structure and can thrive in uncertain situations (a high tolerance for ambiguity). Ambiguous situations can energize people with a high tolerance for ambiguity.
Conflict
process in which one party perceives its interests are being opposed or negatively affected by another party Conflict can escalate (strengthen) or deescalate (weaken) over time. current and future managers need to understand the dynamics of conflict and know how to handle it effectively (both as disputants and as third parties). Conflicts have both participants and observers. Some observers may be interested and active; others, disinterested and passive. Conflict as war: "We shot down that idea." Anyone viewing a conflict as war or a sports contest will try to win at all costs and wipe out the enemy. Conflict as opportunity: "What will it take to resolve this disagreement?" those seeing a conflict as an opportunity and a journey will tend to be more positive, open-minded, and constructive. Conflict as journey: "Let's search for common ground and all learn something useful." You might disagree with your co-workers on how to get there, but make sure you agree on what you're trying to accomplish.
Production Teams
responsible for performing day-to-day operations Minimal training for routine tasks accounts for the low degree of technical specialization. But coordination typically is high because work flows from one team to another.
Judgmental heuristics
rules of thumb or shortcuts that people use to reduce information processing demands. We automatically use them without conscious awareness. The use of heuristics helps decision makers to reduce the uncertainty inherent within the decision-making process. Because these shortcuts represent knowledge gained from past experience, they can help decision makers evaluate current problems. But they also can lead to systematic errors that erode the quality of decisions, particularly for people facing time constraints such as primary health care doctors.
Adhocracy
_____ cultures value flexibility and have an external focus. An adhocracy culture has an external focus and values flexibility. This type of culture fosters the creation of innovative products and services by being adaptable, creative, and fast to respond to changes in the marketplace.
People from _____ cultures emphasize personal responsibility for one's affairs. proximal
individualistic Individualistic cultures, characterized as "I" and "me" cultures, give priority to individual freedom and choice. Accordingly, they emphasize personal responsibility for one's affairs.
According to the criterion of _____, effectiveness is gauged by how well the organization meets the demands and expectations of key interest groups.
strategic constituencies satisfaction
Managing diversity
_____ involves creating organizational changes that enable all people to perform up to their maximum potential. Managing diversity entails enabling people to perform up to their maximum potential. It focuses on changing an organization's culture and infrastructure such that people provide the highest productivity possible.
According to W. Edwards Deming, when things go wrong, there is roughly a(n) ______ % chance the system (e.g., management, machinery, or rules) is at fault and about a(n) _____ % chance the individual employee is at fault.
85, 15
Deming
85-15 rule.31 Specifically, when things go wrong, there is roughly an 85% chance the system (including management, machinery, and rules) is at fault. Only about 15% of the time is the individual employee at fault
Which of the following behaviors would help managers to harness the Pygmalion effect?
Reinforce positive performance expectations throughout the organization Largely owing to the Pygmalion effect, managerial expectations powerfully influence employee behavior and performance. Consequently, managers need to harness the Pygmalion effect by building a hierarchical framework that reinforces positive performance expectations throughout the organization.
Stressors are _____ factors that produce stress.
Environmental demands, referred to as stressors, produce an adaptive response that is influenced by individual differences.
Which of the following steps can managers take to enhance instrumental cohesiveness?
Equitably reinforce every member's contributions. Refer: Table 11-5
Luis has just learned that Brian, who has less experience and who does less work, receives a higher salary. Since learning this, Luis has been very unhappy and has started to look for another job. What model of job satisfaction best explains Luis's reactions?
Equity
Jacques, a French national, is the CEO of French Global Empire with significant operations in Japan and the United States. Jacques recently announced that all employees of the company, no matter which part of the world they may be in, must learn French and communicate in French only. Which challenge to diversity does this represent?
Ethnocentrism
_____ is the belief that one's native country, culture, language, and behavior are superior to others.
Ethnocentrism
_____ is the feeling that one's cultural rules and norms are superior or more appropriate than the rules and norms of another culture.
Ethnocentrism
_____ represents a process of conscientiously using the best available data and proof when making managerial decisions.
Evidence-based decision making
_____ is a systematic process of rigorously discussing hows and whats, questioning, tenaciously following through, and ensuring accountability.
Execution Execution is a systematic process of rigorously discussing hows and whats, questioning, tenaciously following through, and ensuring accountability. It includes making assumptions about the business environment, assessing the organization's capabilities, linking strategy to operations and the people who are going to implement the strategy, synchronizing those people and their various disciplines, and linking rewards to outcomes.
Which of the following types of power tend to produce commitment, as opposed to compliance or resistance?
Expert, referent, and positive legitimate power Reward, coercive, and negative legitimate power tend to produce compliance (and sometimes, resistance). On the other hand, positive legitimate power, expert power, and referent power tend to foster commitment.
Forces of Change
External forces for change originate outside the organization Demographic characteristics - organizations are changing employment benefits and aspects of the work environment in order to attract, motivate, and retain diverse employees. Organizations also are changing the way in which they design and market their products and services and design their store layouts based on generational differences. persistently higher unemployment levels among young people around the world is creating a strong force for change by governments and organizations alike. Technological advancements - Both manufacturing and service organizations are increasingly using technology as a means to improve productivity, competitiveness, and customer service while also cutting costs.I nformation technology is enabling more and more forms of self-service, from Internet stores and banks for customers to online help for employees who want to learn about their benefits packages. Telepresence is a good example of a technology that enables organizations to change the way they deliver products, coordinate virtual workers, encourage employee collaboration, improve communication, and increase productivity. It represents an advanced form of videoconferencing and robotics that in combination makes virtual conversations seem like they are taking place in one location. Shareholder, customer and market changes - Shareholders have become more involved with pressing for organizational change in response to ethical lapses from senior management and anger over executives' compensation packages. Increasing customer sophistication is requiring organizations to deliver higher value in their products and services. Customers are simply demanding more now than they did in the past. Moreover, customers are more likely to shop elsewhere if they do not get what they want because of lower customer switching costs. This has led more and more companies to seek customer feedback about a wide range of issues in order to retain and attract customers. Social and political pressures - These forces are created by social and political events. For example, widespread concern about the impact of climate change and rising energy costs have been important forces for change in almost every industry around the world. Companies have gone "green," looking for ways to use less energy themselves and to sell products that consume less energy and are safer to use. Internal forces for change originate inside the organization. -Low job satisfaction -Low productivity -Conflict -Strikes
___________ is associated with success for managers and salespeople.
Extraversion
Alternative Dispute Resolution
Facilitation. A third party, usually a manager, informally urges disputing parties to deal directly with each other in a positive and constructive manner. This can be a form of detriangling, as discussed earlier. Conciliation. A neutral third party informally acts as a communication conduit between disputing parties. This is appropriate when conflicting parties refuse to meet face to face. The immediate goal is to establish direct communication, with the broader aim of finding common ground and a constructive solution. Peer review. A panel of trustworthy co-workers, selected for their ability to remain objective, hears both sides of a dispute in an informal and confidential meeting. Any decision by the review panel may or may not be binding, depending on the company's ADR policy. Membership on the peer review panel often is rotated among employees. Ombudsman. Someone who works for the organization, and is widely respected and trusted by his or her co-workers, hears grievances on a confidential basis, and attempts to arrange a solution. This approach, more common in Europe than North America, permits someone to get help from above without relying on the formal hierarchy chain. Mediation. "The mediator—a trained, third-party neutral—actively guides the disputing parties in exploring innovative solutions to the conflict. Although some companies have in-house mediators who have received ADR training, most also use external mediators who have no ties to the company." Unlike an arbitrator, a mediator does not render a decision. It is up to the disputants to reach a mutually acceptable decision. Arbitration. Disputing parties agree ahead of time to accept the decision of a neutral arbitrator in a formal courtlike setting, often complete with evidence and witnesses. Participation in this form of ADR can be voluntary or mandatory, depending on company policy or union contracts.64 Statements are confidential. Decisions are based on legal merits. Trained arbitrators, typically from outside agencies such as the American Arbitration Association, are versed in relevant laws and case precedents.
_____ is a goal congruent emotion.
Relief According to Richard Lazarus, the distinction between positive and negative emotions is goal oriented. Relief, which is a positive emotion, is considered to be goal congruent. Refer: Figure 5-4
Which of the following is not a technique for managers to reduce the effect of implicit cognitions in hiring? Undergo training to reduce bias Use multiple interviewers Rely on stereotypes Use virtual interviews Use structured interviews
Rely on stereotypes
Difficulty in balancing career and family issues
_____ is a barrier to implementing successful diversity programs that particularly affects women. Women still assume the majority of the responsibilities associated with raising children. This makes it harder for women to work evenings and weekends or to frequently travel once they have children.
Race
_____ is an example of an internal dimension of diversity. Refer: Figure 2-1
Enacted
_____ values are values and norms that are exhibited in employees' behavior. Enacted values represent the values and norms that actually are exhibited or converted into employee behavior. They represent the values that employees ascribe to an organization based on their observations of what occurs on a daily basis.
Contingency approach
also known as situational approach, is a concept in management stating that there is no one universally applicable set of management principles (rules) by which to manage organizations.
Job Design
also referred to as job redesign, "refers to any set of activities that involve the alteration of specific jobs or interdependent systems of jobs with the intent of improving the quality of employee job experience and their on the-job productivity
escape strategy
amounts to avoiding the problem. Behaviors and cognitions are used to avoid or escape situations. Individuals use this strategy when they passively accept stressful situations or avoid them by failing to confront the cause of stress
Stress
an adaptive response, mediated by individual characteristics and/or psychological processes, that is a consequence of any external action, situation, or event that places special physical and/or psychological demands upon a person Stress is not merely nervous tension. Stress can have positive consequences. Stress is not something to be avoided. The complete absence of stress is death Eustress Stress that is good or produces a positive outcome
Job Satisfaction
an affective or emotional response toward various facets of one's job. This definition implies job satisfaction is not a unitary concept. Rather, a person can be relatively satisfied with one aspect of his or her job and dissatisfied with one or more other aspects.
Affirmative Action
an artificial intervention aimed at giving management a chance to correct an imbalance, an injustice, a mistake, or outright discrimination that occurred in the past. Affirmative action does not legitimize quotas. Quotas are illegal. They can only be imposed by judges who conclude that a company has engaged in discriminatory practices. It also is important to note that under no circumstances does affirmative action require companies to hire unqualified people. (1) affirmative action plans are perceived more negatively by white males than women and minorities because it is perceived to work against their own self-interests (2) affirmative action plans are viewed more positively by people who are liberals and Democrats than conservatives and Republicans (3) affirmative action plans are not supported by people who possess racist or sexist attitudes
intermittent reinforcement
an operant conditioning principle in which only some of the responses made are followed by reinforcement MUCH MORE IMPACTFUL THAN CONTINOUS REINFORCEMENT
Performance management
an organization-wide system whereby managers integrate the activities of goal setting, monitoring and evaluating, providing feedback and coaching, and rewarding employees on a continuous basis Organizational behavior (OB) can shed valuable light on key aspects of performance management—namely, goal setting, feedback and coaching, and rewards and positive reinforcement. First, people with the requisite abilities, skills, and job knowledge need to be hired. -Never compromise on hiring. -Nothing demotivates people like the equal treatment of unequals. Next, training is required to correct any job knowledge shortfalls
Include/Exclude
an outgrowth of affirmative action programs. Its primary goal is to either increase or decrease the number of diverse people at all levels of the organizations.
layer 1 External influences
and organizational dimensions are considered deep-level characteristics that take time to emerge in interactions
In the _____ phase of the socialization process, people gather information from many sources before they join the organization.
anticipatory socialization The anticipatory socialization phase occurs before an individual actually joins an organization. It is represented by the information people have learned about different careers, occupations, professions, and organizations.
counter productive work behaviors
any behaviors that bring, or are intended to bring, harm to an organization, its employees, or its stakeholders
punishment
any event or object that, when following a response, makes that response less likely to happen again WEAKNES BEHAVIOR
Expatriate refers to:
anyone living and/or working outside their home country.
Stressors
are environmental factors that produce stress. Stated differently, stressors are a prerequisite to experiencing the stress response. he most common examples of individual stressors are job demands, work overload, role conflict, role ambiguity, everyday hassles, perceived control over events occurring in the work environment, and job characteristics. Losing one's job is another important individual-level stressor. Group-level stressors are caused by group dynamics and managerial behavior. Managers create stress for employees by (1) exhibiting inconsistent behaviors, (2) failing to provide support, (3) showing lack of concern, (4) providing inadequate direction, (5) creating a high-productivity environment, and (6) focusing on negatives while ignoring good performance. Sexual harassment experiences and bullying represent other group-level stressors. Stress is higher for people with lower socioeconomic status, which represents a combination of (1) economic status, as measured by income; (2) social status, assessed by education level; and (3) work status, as indexed by occupation.
causal attributions
are suspected or inferred causes of behavior. Generally speaking, people formulate causal attributions by considering the events preceding an observed behavior.
Demographic Fault Line
as "hypothetical dividing lines that may split a group into subgroups based on one or more attributes.
Based on information gathered in the GLOBE project, _____ reflects how confrontational and dominant should individuals be in social relationships.
assertiveness
One way to prevent groupthink is to _____.
assign each member of the group the role of critical evaluator Janis believes prevention is better than cure when dealing with groupthink. One of his recommendations is that each member of the group should be assigned the role of critical evaluator.
ABC Airlines hires flight attendants from diverse backgrounds and puts them through an extensive training and orientation program before they are approved to fly. In addition to learning about responding to medical issues and FAA guidelines, they also must learn the company's many rules and processes that are contained in an extensive procedures and policies manual. ABC Airlines is adopting a(n) ______ option for managing diversity.
assimilate
Managers must accurately identify and communicate the behavioral characteristics and results they look for in good performance:
at the beginning of a review cycle.
flexible
attitude, emotions
Pam is attempting to reduce her inequity at work by attending night school for further job training. In other words, she is trying to ____.
increase her inputs
Based on Hofstede's research, _____ reflects how loosely or closely a person is socially bonded.
individualism-collectivism
Matt completed his assignments on time as his teacher had said that she would allow extra play time to children who submit their assignments on or before time. Which of the following made Matt complete his assignments on time?
Positive reinforcement
Core self-evaluations represent a broad personality trait comprised of all but one of the following. Which one?
Proactivity
Self-Fulfilling Prophecy: The Pygmalion Effect - managers can create positive performance expectations.
Recognize that everyone has the potential to increase his or her performance. Set high performance goals. Positively reinforce employees for a job well done. Provide frequent feedback that conveys a belief in employees' ability to complete their tasks. Give employees the opportunity to experience increasingly challenging tasks and projects. Communicate by using facial expressions, voice intonations, body language, and encouraging comments that reflect high expectations. Provide employees with the input, information, and resources they need to achieve their goals. Introduce new employees as if they have outstanding potential. Encourage employees to stay focused on the present moment and not to worry about negative past events. Help employees master key skills and tasks.
Desired Conflict Outcomes
Agreement. But at what cost? Equitable and fair agreements are best. An agreement that leaves one party feeling exploited or defeated will tend to breed resentment and subsequent conflict. Stronger relationships. Good agreements enable conflicting parties to build bridges of goodwill and trust for future use. Moreover, conflicting parties who trust each other are more likely to keep their end of the bargain. Learning. Functional conflict can promote greater self-awareness and creative problem solving. Like the practice of management itself, successful conflict handling is learned primarily by doing. Knowledge of the concepts and techniques in this chapter is a necessary first step, but there is no substitute for hands-on practice.
Four General Types of Work Teams and Their Outputs
(1) advice, (2) production, (3) project, and (4) action. Each of these labels identifies a basic purpose. For instance, advice teams generally make recommendations for managerial decisions. Less commonly do they actually make final decisions. In contrast, production and action teams carry out management's decisions. Technical specialization is low when the team draws upon members' general experience and problem-solving ability. It is high when team members are required to apply technical skills acquired through higher education or extensive training. The degree of coordination with other work units is determined by the team's relative independence (low coordination) or interdependence (high coordination). Work cycles are the amount of time teams need to discharge their missions.
Integrating Rational and Nonrational Models
A simple context is stable, and clear cause-and-effect relationships can be discerned, so the best answer can be agreed on. This context calls for the rational model, where the decision maker gathers information, categorizes it, and responds in an established way. In a complicated context, there is a clear relationship between cause and effect, but some people may not see it, and more than one solution may be effective. Here, too, the rational model applies, but it requires the investigation of options, along with analysis of them. In a complex context, there is one right answer, but there are so many unknowns that decision makers don't understand cause-and-effect relationships. Decision makers therefore need to start out by experimenting, testing options, and probing to see what might happen as they look for a creative solution. In a chaotic context, cause-and-effect relationships are changing so fast that no pattern emerges. In this context, decision makers have to act first to establish order and then find areas where it is possible to identify patterns so that aspects of the problem can be managed. The use of intuition and evidence-based decision making, both of which are discussed later in this chapter, may be helpful in this situation.
Antecedents of Conflict
Among the situations tending to produce either functional or dysfunctional conflict are: Incompatible personalities or value systems. Overlapping or unclear job boundaries. Interdepartment/intergroup competition. Competition for limited resources. Inadequate communication. Interdependent tasks (e.g., one person cannot complete his or her assignment until others have completed their work). Organizational complexity (conflict tends to increase as the number of hierarchical layers and specialized tasks increase). Unreasonable or unclear policies, standards, or rules. Unreasonable deadlines or extreme time pressure. Collective decision making (the greater the number of people participating in a decision, the greater the potential for conflict). Decision making by consensus. Unmet expectations (employees who have unrealistic expectations about job assignments, pay, or promotions are more prone to conflict). Unresolved or suppressed conflicts.
Social Loafing Theory and Research
Among the theoretical explanations for the social loafing effect are (1) equity of effort ("Everyone else is goofing off, so why shouldn't I?"), (2) loss of personal accountability ("I'm lost in the crowd, so who cares?"), (3) motivational loss due to the sharing of rewards ("Why should I work harder than the others when everyone gets the same reward?"), and (4) coordination loss as more people perform the task ("We're getting in each other's way"). Laboratory studies refined these theories by identifying situational factors that moderated the social loafing effect. Social loafing occurred when: -The task was perceived to be unimportant, simple, or not interesting.94 -Group members thought their individual output was not identifiable.95 -Group members expected their co-workers to loaf. But social loafing did not occur when group members in two laboratory studies expected to be evaluated. Also, research suggests that self-reliant "individualists" are more prone to social loafing than are group-oriented "collectivists." But individualists can be made more cooperative by keeping the group small and holding each member personally accountable for results. Social loafing also was reduced in a recent study when a hybrid combination of individual and shared rewards were employed.
Cross-Cultural Conflict
Because of differing assumptions about how to think and act, the potential for cross-cultural conflict is both immediate and huge. Success or failure when conducting business across cultures often hinges on avoiding and minimizing actual or perceived conflict This is not a matter of who is right and who is wrong; rather it is a matter of accommodating cultural differences for a successful business transaction. Awareness of the GLOBE project's cross-cultural dimensions, is an important first step. Stereotypes also need to be identified and neutralized. Beyond that, cross-cultural conflict can be moderated by using international consultants and building cross-cultural relationships.
Simon's Normative Model
Bounded rationality represents the notion that decision makers are "bounded" or restricted by a variety of constraints when making decisions. These constraints include any personal characteristics or internal and external resources that reduce rational decision making. Personal characteristics include the limited capacity of the human mind, personality (a meta-analysis of 150 studies showed that males displayed more risk taking than females),1and time constraints. Examples of internal resources are the organization's human and social capital, financial resources, technology, plant and equipment, and internal processes and systems. External resources include things the organization cannot directly control such as employment levels in the community, capital availability, and government policies. Satisficing choosing a solution that meets some minimum qualifications, one that is "good enough". Satisficing resolves problems by producing solutions that are satisfactory, as opposed to optimal. Most frequent causes of poor decision making: Poorly defined processes and practices Unclear company vision, mission, and goals Unwillingness of leaders to take responsibility Lack of reliable, timely information
How to Build Trust
Communication. Keep team members and employees informed by explaining policies and decisions and providing accurate feedback. Be candid about one's own problems and limitations. Tell the truth. Support. Be available and approachable. Provide help, advice, coaching, and support for team members' ideas. Respect. Delegation, in the form of real decision-making authority, is the most important expression of managerial respect. Actively listening to the ideas of others is a close second. Fairness. Be quick to give credit and recognition to those who deserve it. Make sure all performance appraisals and evaluations are objective and impartial. Predictability. Be consistent and predictable in your daily affairs. Keep both expressed and implied promises. Competence. Enhance your credibility by demonstrating good business sense, technical ability, and professionalism.
Group Problem Solving Techniques
Consensus reached when all members can say they either agree with the decision or have had their 'day in court' and were unable to convince the others of their viewpoint. Everyone agrees to support the outcome. Brainstorming process to generate a quantity of ideas Nominal Group Technique process to generate ideas and evaluate solutions Delphi technique process to autonomously generate ideas from physically dispersed experts Computer-aided decision making a variety of computer, software, and electronic devices to improve decision making allows managers to quickly obtain larger amounts of information from employees, customers, or suppliers around the world Chauffeur-driven systems, group-driven electronic meetings
Research Support for Cooperation
Cooperation is superior to competition in promoting achievement and productivity. Cooperation is superior to individualistic efforts in promoting achievement and productivity. Cooperation without intergroup competition promotes higher achievement and productivity than cooperation with intergroup competition Cooperation can be encouraged by reward systems that reinforce teamwork, along with individual achievement. Interestingly, cooperation can be encouraged by quite literally tearing down walls, or not building them in the first place. the small team, open-office configuration (desks scattered about in a small area with no partitions) to be significantly correlated with superior performance. In addition, they found that the open-office configuration was particularly favored by the youngest employees, who believe open offices provide them greater access to colleagues and the opportunity to learn from their more seasoned senior compatriots. [Helpful] teammates, both black and white, attract greater respect and liking than do teammates who have not helped. This is particularly true when the helping occurs voluntarily."These findings suggest that managers can enhance equal employment opportunity and diversity programs by encouraging voluntary helping behavior in interracial work teams. Accordingly, it is reasonable to conclude that voluntary helping behavior could build cooperation in mixed-gender teams and groups as well. [Helpful] teammates, both black and white, attract greater respect and liking than do teammates who have not helped. This is particularly true when the helping occurs voluntarily."These findings suggest that managers can enhance equal employment opportunity and diversity programs by encouraging voluntary helping behavior in interracial work teams. Accordingly, it is reasonable to conclude that voluntary helping behavior could build cooperation in mixed-gender teams and groups as well.
Techniques for Stimulating Functional Conflict: Devil's Advocacy and the Dialectic Method
Devil's advocacy assigning someone the role of critic. Dialectic method calls for managers to foster a structured debate of opposing viewpoints prior to making a decision. A major drawback of the dialectic method is that "winning the debate" may overshadow the issue at hand. Also, the dialectic method requires more skill training than does devil's advocacy.
Functional versus Dysfunctional Conflict
Functional conflict Serves organization's interests Also called constructive or cooperative conflict Dysfunctional conflict threatens organization's interests.
How to Build Cross-Cultural Relationships
Good listening skills topped the list, followed by sensitivity to others and cooperativeness rather than competitiveness. Interestingly, US managers are culturally characterized as just the opposite: poor listeners, blunt to the point of insensitivity, and excessively competitive. Some managers need to add self-management and cultural intelligence to the list of ways to minimize cross-cultural conflict.
Self-managed teams
Groups of employees granted administrative oversight for their work. Accountability is maintained indirectly by outside managers and leaders Team advisers rely on four indirect influence tactics: Relating. Understanding the organization's power structure, building trust, showing concern for individual team members. Scouting. Seeking outside information, diagnosing teamwork problems, facilitating group problem solving. Persuading. Gathering outside support and resources, influencing team to be more effective and pursue organizational goals. Empowering. Delegating decision-making authority, facilitating team decision-making process, coaching. the most commonly delegated tasks are work scheduling and dealing directly with outside customers. The least common team chores are hiring and firing. Most of today's self-managed teams remain bunched at the shop-floor level in factory settings. Self-managed teams had: A positive effect on productivity. A positive effect on specific attitudes relating to self-management No significant effect on general attitudes No significant effect on absenteeism or turnover
Groupthink Research and Prevention
Groups with a moderate amount of cohesiveness produce better decisions than low- or high-cohesive groups. Highly cohesive groups victimized by groupthink make the poorest decisions, despite high confidence in those decisions preventive measures: 1 - Each member of the group should be assigned the role of critical evaluator. This role involves actively voicing objections and doubts. 2 - Top-level executives should not use policy committees to rubber-stamp decisions that have already been made. 3 - Different groups with different leaders should explore the same policy questions. 4 - Subgroup debates and outside experts should be used to introduce fresh perspectives. 5 - Someone should be given the role of devil's advocate when discussing major alternatives. This person tries to uncover every conceivable negative factor. 6 - Once a consensus has been reached, everyone should be encouraged to rethink their position to check for flaws.
Five Conflict Handling Styles
Integrating interested parties confront the issue and cooperatively identify the problem, generate and weigh alternative solutions, and select a solution. appropriate for complex issues plagued by misunderstanding. inappropriate for resolving conflicts rooted in opposing value systems. primary strength is its longer lasting impact because it deals with the underlying problem rather than merely with symptoms. primary weakness of this style is that it is very time consuming. Obliging (Smoothing) "An obliging person neglects his or her own concern to satisfy the concern of the other party." often called smoothing involves playing down differences while emphasizing commonalities. appropriate conflict-handling strategy when it is possible to eventually get something in return. inappropriate for complex or worsening problems. primary strength is that it encourages cooperation. main weakness is that it's a temporary fix that fails to confront the underlying problem. Dominating (Forcing) "An obliging person neglects his or her own concern to satisfy the concern of the other party." often called smoothing, involves playing down differences while emphasizing commonalities. appropriate conflict-handling strategy when it is possible to eventually get something in return inappropriate for complex or worsening problems. primary strength is that it encourages cooperation. main weakness is that it's a temporary fix that fails to confront the underlying problem. Avoiding This tactic may involve either passive withdrawal from the problem or active suppression of the issue. appropriate for trivial issues or when the costs of confrontation outweigh the benefits of resolving the conflict. inappropriate for difficult and worsening problems. main strength of this style is that it buys time in unfolding or ambiguous situations. primary weakness is that the tactic provides a temporary fix that sidesteps the underlying problem. Compromising This is a give-and-take approach involving moderate concern for both self and others. appropriate when parties have opposite goals or possess equal power. inappropriate when overuse would lead to inconclusive action (e.g., failure to meet important deadlines). primary strength of this tactic is that it has no disgruntled losers, but it's a temporary fix that can stifle creative problem solving.
Symptoms of Groupthink
Invulnerability Inherent morality Rationalization Stereotyped views of opposition Self-censorship Illusion of unanimity Peer pressure Mindguards
Pros and Cons of Using Intuition When Making Decisions
On the positive side, intuition can speed up the decision-making process. Intuition thus can be valuable in our complex and ever-changing world. Intuition may be a practical approach when resources are limited and deadlines are tight. On the downside, intuition is subject to the same types of biases associated with rational decision making. It is particularly susceptible to the availability and representativeness heuristics, as well as the anchoring, overconfidence, and hindsight biases. In addition, the decision maker may have difficulty convincing others that the intuitive decision makes sense, so a good idea may be ignored.
Attributes of High-Performance Teams
Participative leadership. Creating an interdependency by empowering, freeing up, and serving others. Shared responsibility. Establishing an environment in which all team members feel as responsible as the manager for the performance of the work unit. Aligned on purpose. Having a sense of common purpose about why the team exists and the function it serves. High communication. Creating a climate of trust and open, honest communication. Future focused. Seeing change as an opportunity for growth. Focused on task. Keeping meetings focused on results. Creative talents. Applying individual talents and creativity. Rapid response. Identifying and acting on opportunities. These eight attributes effectively combine many of today's most progressive ideas on management, among them being participation, empowerment, service ethic, individual responsibility and development, self-management, trust, active listening, and envisioning. But patience and diligence are required. According to a manager familiar with work teams, "high-performance teams may take three to five years to build.
conceptual
People with a conceptual style have a high tolerance for ambiguity and tend to focus on the people or social aspects of a work situation. They take a broad perspective to problem solving and like to consider many options and future possibilities. Conceptual types adopt a long-term perspective and rely on intuition and discussions with others to acquire information. They also are willing to take risks and are good at finding creative solutions to problems. On the downside, however, a conceptual style can foster an idealistic and indecisive approach to decision making.
directive
People with a directive style have a low tolerance for ambiguity and are oriented toward task and technical concerns when making decisions. They are efficient, logical, practical, and systematic in their approach to solving problems. People with this style are action oriented and decisive and like to focus on facts. In their pursuit of speed and results, however, these individuals tend to be autocratic, exercise power and control, and focus on the short run. Interestingly, a directive style seems well suited for an air-traffic controller.
How to Deal With Personality Conflicts
Personality traits, by definition, are stable and resistant to change. Employees in the United States suffering from psychological disorders such as depression and mood-altering diseases such as alcoholism are protected from discrimination by the Americans with Disabilities Act. Also, sexual harassment and other forms of discrimination can grow out of apparent personality conflicts. Finally, personality conflicts can spawn workplace aggression and violence.
Assessing the Effectiveness of Team Building
Reaction -How did the participants feel about the activity? Learning -Did the experience increase knowledge or improve skills? Behavior -Did participants' on-the-job behavior improve as a result of the activity? Results -Did participants subsequently achieve better measurable results?
Characteristics of Effective Teamwork
Real teamwork requires a concerted collective effort. It requires lots of tolerance, practice, and trial-and-error learning.
Trust
Reciprocal faith in others' intentions and behavior The more employees trust management, the more engaged and productive they will be—and vice versa. Trust involves "a cognitive 'leap' beyond the expectations that reason and experience alone would warrant" Trust needs to be earned; it cannot be demanded. Trust is anchored to credibility — "developing the integrity, intent, capabilities, and results that make you believable , both to yourself and to others."
Delphi Technique
The Delphi technique is a group process that anonymously generates ideas or judgments from physically dispersed experts. Unlike NGT, experts' ideas are obtained from questionnaires or via the Internet as opposed to face-to-face group discussions. A manager begins the Delphi process by identifying the issue(s) he or she wants to investigate. Next, participants are identified and a questionnaire is developed. The questionnaire is sent to participants and returned to the manager. In today's computer-networked environments, this often means that the questionnaires are e-mailed to participants. The manager then summarizes the responses and sends feedback to the participants. At this stage, participants are asked to (1) review the feedback, (2) prioritize the issues being considered, and (3) return the survey within a specified time period. This cycle repeats until the manager obtains the necessary information. The Delphi technique is useful when face-to-face discussions are impractical, when disagreements and conflict are likely to impair communication, when certain individuals might severely dominate group discussion, and when groupthink is a probable outcome of the group process.
Escalation of commitment bias
The escalation of commitment bias refers to the tendency to stick to an ineffective course of action when it is unlikely that the bad situation can be reversed. Personal examples include investing more money into an old or broken car or putting more effort into improving a personal relationship that is filled with conflict. Researchers recommend the following actions to reduce the escalation of commitment: -Set minimum targets for performance, and have decision makers compare their performance against these targets. -Regularly rotate managers in key positions throughout a project. -Encourage decision makers to become less ego-involved with a project. -Make decision makers aware of the costs of persistence.
Hindsight bias
The hindsight bias occurs when knowledge of an outcome influences our belief about the probability that we could have predicted the outcome earlier. We are affected by this bias when we look back on a decision and try to reconstruct why we decided to do something. Imagine yourself in the following scenario: You are taking an OB course that meets Tuesday and Thursday, and your professor gives unannounced quizzes each week. It's the Monday before a class, and you are deciding whether to study for a potential quiz or to watch Monday night football. Two of your classmates have decided to watch the game rather than study because they don't think there will be a quiz the next day. The next morning you walk into class and the professor says, "Take out a sheet of paper for the quiz." You turn to your friends and say, "I knew we were going to have a quiz; why did I listen to you?"
Why Work Teams Fail
The main threats to team effectiveness are unrealistic expectations leading to frustration. Frustration, in turn, encourages people to abandon teams. Both managers and team members can be victimized by unrealistic expectations. On the left side is a list of common management mistakes. These mistakes generally involve doing a poor job of creating a supportive environment for teams and teamwork. Problems for Team Members The lower-right portion lists common problems for team members. Contrary to critics' Theory X contention about employees lacking the motivation and creativity for real teamwork, it is common for teams to take on too much too quickly and to drive themselves too hard for fast results. Important group dynamics and team skills get lost in the rush for results. Consequently, team members' expectations need to be given a reality check by management and team members themselves. Also, teams need to be counseled against quitting when they run into an unanticipated obstacle. Failure is part of the learning process with teams, as it is elsewhere in life. Comprehensive training in interpersonal skills can prevent many common teamwork problems.
Representativeness heuristic
The representativeness heuristic is used when people estimate the probability of an event occurring. It reflects the tendency to assess the likelihood of an event occurring based on one's impressions about similar occurrences. A manager, for example, may hire a graduate from a particular university because the past three people hired from this university turned out to be good performers. In this case, the "school attended" criterion is used to facilitate complex information processing associated with employment interviews. Unfortunately, this shortcut can result in a biased decision. Similarly, an individual may believe that he or she can master a new software package in a short period of time because a different type of software was easy to learn. This estimate may or may not be accurate. For example, it may take the individual a much longer period of time to learn the new software because it involves learning a new programming language.
Research Lessons for Handling Intergroup Conflict
The top priority for managers faced with intergroup conflict is to identify and root out specific negative linkages between (or among) groups. A single personality conflict may contaminate the entire intergroup experience. The same goes for an employee who voices negative opinions or spreads negative rumors about another group.
Framing bias
This bias relates to the manner in which a question is posed. Research shows that most people chose Program A even though the two programs produce the same results. This result is due to the framing bias. The framing bias is the tendency to consider risks about gains—saving lives-differently than risks pertaining to losses—losing lives. You are encouraged to frame decision questions in alternative ways in order to avoid this bias.
behavioral
This style is the most people oriented of the four styles. People with this style work well with others and enjoy social interactions in which opinions are openly exchanged. Behavioral types are supportive, receptive to suggestions, show warmth, and prefer verbal to written information. Although they like to hold meetings, people with this style have a tendency to avoid conflict and to be too concerned about others. This can lead behavioral types to adopt a wishy-washy approach to decision making and to have a hard time saying no to others and to have difficulty making difficult decisions.
Guidelines for Developing Intuitive Awareness
You can develop your intuitive awareness by using the guidelines shown in...
Groupthink
a mode of thinking that people engage in when they are deeply involved in a cohesive in-group, when members' strivings for unanimity override their motivation to realistically appraise alternative courses of action refers to a deterioration of mental efficiency, reality testing, and moral judgment that results from in-group pressures. members of groups victimized by groupthink are friendly, tightly knit, and cohesive.
Instrumental cohesiveness
a sense of togetherness that develops when group members are mutually dependent on one another because they believe they could not achieve the group's goal by acting separately A feeling of "we-ness" is instrumental in achieving the common goal.
Intergroup Conflict
conflict among work groups, teams, and departments A certain amount of cohesiveness can turn a group of individuals into a smooth-running team. Too much cohesiveness, however, can breed groupthink because a desire to get along pushes aside critical thinking. The study of in-groups by small group researchers has revealed a whole package of changes associated with increased group cohesiveness. Specifically, Members of in-groups view themselves as a collection of unique individuals, while they stereotype members of other groups as being "all alike." In-group members see themselves positively and as morally correct, while they view members of other groups negatively and as immoral. In-groups view outsiders as a threat. In-group members exaggerate the differences between their group and other groups. This typically involves a distorted perception of reality.
Advice Teams
created to broaden the information base for managerial decisions have a low degree of technical specialization Coordination also is low because advice teams work pretty much on their own. Ad hoc committees (e.g., the annual picnic committee) have shorter life cycles than standing committees (e.g., the grievance committee).
Garbage Can Model
decision making is sloppy and haphazard decisions result from complex interaction of four independent streams of events: problems, solutions, participants and choice opportunities attempts to explain how problems, solutions, participants, and choice opportunities interact and lead to a decision. creates "a collection of choices looking for problems, issues and feelings looking for decision situations in which they might be aired, solutions looking for issues to which they might be the answer, and decision makers looking for work." 4 practical implications: 1 - this model of decision making is more pronounced in industries that rely on science-based innovations such as pharmaceutical companies. Managers in these industries thus need to be more alert for the potential of haphazard decision making. 2 - many decisions are made by oversight or by the presence of a salient opportunity. 3 - political motives frequently guide the process by which participants make decisions. It thus is important for you to consider the political ramifications of your decisions. 4 - important problems are more likely to be solved than unimportant ones because they are more salient to organizational participants.
credibility
developing the integrity, intent, capabilities, and results that make you believable, both to yourself and to others
Minority dissent
extent to which group members feel comfortable disagreeing with other group members, and a group's level of participation in decision making most innovative groups possessed high levels of both minority dissent and participation in decision making. How can you apply these results to your own group meetings at school or work? One way is to foster more discussion among group members during meetings. Research also confirms a side benefit to this recommendation. Group members' job satisfaction and performance are increased through group discussion. Another suggestion is to seek divergent views from group members during decision making, and do not ridicule or punish people who disagree with the majority opinion.
Decision tree
graphical representation of the process underlying decisions and it shows the resulting consequences of making various choices the decision tree does provide a framework for considering the trade-offs between managerial and corporate actions and managerial and corporate ethics. can be applied to any type of decision or action that an individual manager or corporation is contemplating. A decision maximizes shareholder value when it results in a more favorable financial position (e.g., increased profits) for an organization. shows that managers still need to consider the ethical implications of the decision or action. According to the decision tree framework, managers should make the decision to engage in an action if the benefits to the shareholders exceed the benefits to the other key constituents. Managers should not engage in the action if the other key constituents would benefit more from the action than shareholders.
Nominal Group Technique
helps groups generate ideas and evaluate and select solutions. NGT is a structured group meeting that follows this format: -A group is convened. After the problem is understood, individuals silently generate ideas in writing. Each individual, in round-robin fashion, then offers one idea from his or her list. Ideas are recorded on a blackboard or flip chart; they are not discussed at this stage of the process. Once all ideas are elicited, the group discusses them. During this step, clarification is provided as well as general agreement or disagreement with the idea. The "30-second soap box" technique, which entails giving each participant a maximum of 30 seconds to argue for or against any of the ideas under consideration, can be used to facilitate this discussion. Alternatively, groups can create an effort/benefit matrix to facilitate this discussion. This is done by identifying the amount of effort and the costs required to implement each idea and comparing these to the potential benefits associated with each idea. Finally, group members anonymously vote for their top choices. The group leader then adds the votes to determine the group's choice. Prior to making a final decision, the group may decide to discuss the top-ranked items and conduct a second round of voting. The nominal group technique reduces the roadblocks to group decision making by (1) separating brainstorming from evaluation, (2) promoting balanced participation among group members, and (3) incorporating mathematical voting techniques in order to reach consensus.
Group versus Individual Performance
here are five important issues to consider when using groups to make decisions: 1 - Groups were less efficient than individuals. It thus is important to consider time constraints when determining whether to involve groups in decision making. 2 - Groups were more confident about their judgments and choices than individuals. Because group confidence is not a surrogate for group decision quality, this overconfidence can fuel groupthink and a resistance to consider alternative solutions proposed by individuals outside the group. 3 - Groups tend to make more moderate decisions. It appears that the need to reach consensus or compromise leads to less extreme decisions.58 4 - Decision-making accuracy was higher when (a) groups knew a great deal about the issues at hand and (b) group leaders possessed the ability to effectively evaluate the group members' opinions and judgments. Groups need to give more weight to relevant and accurate judgments while downplaying irrelevant or inaccurate judgments made by its members. 5 - The composition of a group affects its decision-making processes and ultimately performance. For example, groups of familiar people are more likely to make better decisions when members share a lot of unique information. In contrast, unacquainted group members should outperform groups of friends when most group members possess common knowledge.
Optimizing
involves solving problems by producing the best possible solution and is based on a set of highly desirable assumptions—having complete information, leaving emotions out of the decision-making process, honestly and accurately evaluating all alternatives, time and resources are abundant and accessible, and people are willing to implement and support decisions.
Virtual team
physically dispersed task group that conducts its business primarily through modern information technology Virtual groups formed over the Internet follow a group development process similar to that for face-to-face groups Successful use of groupware (software that facilitates interaction among virtual group members) requires training and hands-on experience Internet chat rooms create more work and yield poorer decisions than face-to-face meetings and telephone conferences Inspirational leadership has a positive impact on creativity in electronic brainstorming groups Conflict management is particularly difficult for asynchronous virtual teams that have no opportunity for face-to-face interaction Having at least one member of a team working remotely "prompts the group to be more disciplined in its coordination and communication—yielding a better and more productive experience for all members.... But turn that isolate into a pair—by adding a coworker at the same location—and the team suffers. Meaningful face-to-face contact, especially during early phases of the group development process, is absolutely essential Periodic face-to-face interaction not only fosters social bonding among virtual team members, it also facilitates conflict resolution.
Creativity
process of using intelligence, imagination, and skill to develop a new or novel product, object, process, or thought Individual creative behavior is directly affected by a variety of individual characteristics. First off, creativity requires motivation. In other words, people make a decision whether or not they want to apply their knowledge and capabilities to create new ideas, things, or products. In addition to motivation, creative people typically march to the beat of a different drummer. They are highly motivated individuals who spend considerable time developing both tacit and explicit knowledge about their field of interest or occupation. creative people are not necessarily geniuses or introverted nerds. In addition, they are not adaptors. "Adaptors are those who ... prefer to resolve difficulties or make decisions in such a way as to have the least impact upon the assumptions, procedures, and values of the organization." In contrast, creative individuals are dissatisfied with the status quo. They look for new and exciting solutions to problems. Creative people tend to be curious. Further, research indicates that male and female managers do not differ in levels of creativity, and there are a host of personality characteristics that are associated with creativity.
Rational Model
proposes that managers use a rational four-step approach to decision making. the rational model is based on the notion that managers optimize when making decisions. Stage 1 - Identify the Problem or Opportunity Problem - exists when the actual situation and the desired situation differ Opportunity - represents a situation in which there are possibilities to do things that lead to results that exceed goals and expectations Stage 2 - Generate Alternative Solutions For routine decisions alternatives are readily available through decision rules Stage 3 - Evaluate Alternatives and Select a Solution Is the potential solution ethical? Is it feasible? Will it remove the causes and solve the problem? Stage 4 - Implement and Evaluate the Solution After solution is implemented, the evaluation phase is used to evaluate its effectiveness Optimizing - producing the best possible solution 3 benefits: -The quality of decisions may be enhanced, in the sense that they follow more logically from all available knowledge and expertise. -It makes the reasoning behind a decision transparent -If made public, it discourages the decider from acting on suspect considerations (such as personal advancement or avoiding bureaucratic embarrassment)
Decision-Making Styles
reflects the combination of how an individual perceives and comprehends stimuli and the general manner in which he or she chooses to respond to such information. styles vary along two different dimensions: value orientation and tolerance for ambiguity. When the dimensions of value orientation and tolerance for ambiguity are combined, they form four styles of decision making: directive, analytical, conceptual, and behavioral.
Evidence-based decision making (EBDM)
represents a process of conscientiously using the best available data and evidence when making managerial decisions Seven Implementation Principles: 1 - Treat your organization as an unfinished prototype 2 - No brag, just facts 3 - See yourself and your organization as others do_ Many managers are filled with optimism and inflated views of their talents and chances for success. This leads them to downplay risks and to commit an escalation of commitment bias. 4 - Evidence-based management is not just for senior executives - Research shows that the best organizations are those in which all employees, not just top managers, are committed to EBDM 5 - Like everything else, you still need to sell it - you will need to similarly use vivid stories and case studies to sell the value of EBDM 6 - If all else fails, slow the spread of bad practice - Because employees may face pressures to do things that are known to be ineffective, it may be necessary to engage in "evidence-based misbehavior." This can include ignoring requests and delaying action. Be cautious if you use this principle. 7 - The best diagnostic question: What happens when people fail?
Intuition
represents judgments, insights, or decisions that "come to mind on their own, without explicit awareness of the evoking cues and of course without explicit evaluation of the validity of these cues". Holistic hunch judgment that is based on a subconscious integration of information stored in memory. People using this form of intuition may not be able to explain why they want to make a certain decision, except that the choice "feels right." Automated experiences choice based on a familiar situation and a partially subconscious application of previously learned information related to that situation. For example, when you have years of experience driving a car, you react to a variety of situations without conscious analysis.
Project Teams
require creative problem solving, often involving the application of specialized knowledge time is critical projects focus on a specific outcome (e.g., developing a new vaccine, producing a movie, or building a skyscraper) the team may disband upon completion of the project. The trend in product development today is toward cross-functional teams that bring together specialists from production, marketing, and finance from around the world. Project teams also can bring realism into academic settings.
Contact hypothesis
the more the members of different groups interact, the less intergroup conflict they will experience
Effective Work Teams
work teams require a team-friendly organization if they are to be effective. Work teams need a support system. They have a much greater chance of success if they are nurtured and facilitated by the organization. The team's purpose needs to be in concert with the organization's strategy. Similarly, team participation and autonomy require an organizational culture that values those processes. Team members also need appropriate technological tools, reasonable schedules, and training. Teamwork needs to be rewarded by the organizational reward system.18 Such is not the case when pay and bonuses are tied solely to individual output.
Rules for Brainstorming
Defer judgment. Don't criticize during the initial stage of idea generation. Phrases such as "We've never done it that way," "It won't work," "It's too expensive," and "Our manager will never agree" should not be used. Build on the ideas of others. Encourage participants to extend others' ideas by avoiding "buts" and using "ands." Encourage wild ideas. Encourage out-of-the-box thinking. The wilder and more outrageous the ideas, the better. Go for quantity over quality. Participants should try to generate and write down as many new ideas as possible. Focusing on quantity encourages people to think beyond their favorite ideas. Be visual. Use different colored pens (e.g., red, purple, blue) to write on big sheets of flip chart paper, white boards, or poster board that are put on the wall. Stay focused on the topic. A facilitator should be used for keeping the discussion on target. One conversation at a time. The ground rules are that no one interrupts another person, no dismissing of someone's ideas, no disrespect, and no rudeness. Brainstorming is an effective technique for generating new ideas/alternatives, and research reveals that people can be trained to improve their brainstorming skills. Brainstorming is not appropriate for evaluating alternatives or selecting solutions.
Team Building
Experiential learning aimed at better internal functioning of groups. is a catch-all term for a whole host of techniques aimed at improving the internal functioning of work groups. Whether conducted by company trainers or outside consultants, team-building activities and workshops strive for greater cooperation, better communication, and less dysfunctional conflict.
Action Teams
High specialization is combined with high coordination best exemplified by a baseball team. High specialization is combined with high coordination. Nine highly trained athletes play specialized defensive positions. But good defensive play is not enough because hits are needed to score runs. Moreover, coordination between the manager, base runners, base coaches, and the bull pen needs to be precise. So it is with airline cockpit crews, firefighters, hospital surgery teams, mountain-climbing expeditions, rock music groups, labor-contract negotiating teams, and police SWAT teams, among others. A unique challenge for action teams is to exhibit peak performance on demand.
Cooperation
Individuals are said to be cooperating when their efforts are systematically integrated to achieve a collective objective. The greater the integration, the greater the degree of cooperation.
Implications of the Garbage Can Model
More pronounced in industries that rely on science-based innovations Many decisions are made by oversight Political motives frequently influence decision makers Important decisions are more likely to be solved
Types of Conflict
Personality conflict interpersonal opposition driven by personal dislike, disagreement, or different styles Workplace incivility rudeness or a lack of regard for another person Day of contemplation A one-time-only day off with pay to allow a problem employee to recommit to the organization's values and mission. also called decision-making leave
Propensity to trust
Propensity might be thought of as the general willingness to trust others. Propensity will influence how much trust one has for a trustee prior to data on that particular party being available. People with different developmental experiences, personality types, and cultural backgrounds vary in their propensity to trust.... An example of an extreme case of this is what is commonly called blind trust. Some individuals can be observed to repeatedly trust in situations that most people would agree do not warrant trust. Conversely, others are unwilling to trust in most situations, regardless of circumstances that would support doing so.
Confirmation bias
The confirmation bias has two components. The first is to subconsciously decide something before investigating why it is the right decision, for example, deciding to purchase a particular type of PDA (personal digital assistant). This directly leads to the second component, which is to seek information that supports purchasing this PDA while discounting information that does not.
Overconfidence bias
The overconfidence bias relates to our tendency to be over-confident about estimates or forecasts. This bias is particularly strong when you are asked moderate to extremely difficult questions rather than easy ones. Imagine the problem this bias might create for a sales manager estimating sales revenue for the next year. Research shows that overoptimism significantly influences entrepreneurs' decisions to start and sustain new ventures.
Programmed Conflict
conflict that raises different opinions regardless of the personal feelings of the managers The trick is to get contributors to either defend or criticize ideas based on relevant facts rather than on the basis of personal preference or political interests. This requires disciplined role playing. Two programmed conflict techniques with proven track records are devil's advocacy and the dialectic method. Let us explore these two ways of stimulating functional conflict.
Team viability
defined as team members' satisfaction and continued willingness to contribute.
Decision making
identifying and choosing alternative solutions that lead to a desired state of affairs You can use two broad approaches to make decisions. You can follow a rational model or various nonrational models.
Self-concept
"the concept the individual has of himself as a physical, social, and spiritual or moral being."10 In other words, because you have a self-concept, you recognize yourself as a distinct human being. A self-concept would be impossible without the capacity to think about complex things and processes
McClelland's Need Theory
*Need for achievement Desire to accomplish something difficult. Achievement-motivated people share three common characteristics: (1) they prefer working on tasks of moderate difficulty; (2) they prefer situations in which performance is due to their efforts rather than to other factors, such as luck; and (3) they desire more feedback on their successes and failures than do low achievers. *Need for affiliation prefer to spend more time maintaining social relationships, joining groups, and wanting to be loved. Individuals high in this need are not the most effective managers or leaders because they tend to avoid conflict, have a hard time making difficult decisions without worrying about being disliked, and avoid giving others negative feedback *Need for power Desire to Influence, coach, teach, or encourage others to achieve. People with a high need for power like to work and are concerned with discipline and self-respect. There are positive and negative sides to this need. The negative face of power is characterized by an "if I win, you lose" mentality. In contrast, people with a positive orientation to power focus on accomplishing group goals and helping employees obtain the feeling of competence. To accomplish something difficult. To master, manipulate, or organize physical objects, human beings, or ideas. To do this as rapidly and as independently as possible. To overcome obstacles and attain a high standard. To excel one's self. To rival and surpass others. To increase self-regard by the successful exercise of talent.
Barriers to Delegation
-Belief in the fallacy, "If you want it done right, do it yourself." -Lack of confidence and trust in lower-level employees. -Low self-confidence. -Fear of being called lazy. -Vague job definition. -Fear of competition from those below. -Reluctance to take the risks involved in depending on others. -Lack of controls that provide early warning of problems with delegated duties. -Poor example set by bosses who do not delegate Greater delegation was associated with the following factors: -Employee was competent. -Employee shared manager's task objectives. -Manager had a long-standing and positive relationship with employee. -The lower-level person also was a supervisor.58
Hierarchy Culture
-Control is the driving force -has an internal focus, which produces a more formalized and structured work environment, and values stability and control over flexibility. -leads to the development of reliable internal processes, extensive measurement, and the implementation of a variety of control mechanisms. Effectiveness in a company with this type of culture is likely to be assessed with measures of efficiency, timeliness, quality, safety, and reliability of producing and delivering products and services.
Principles of TQM
-Do it right the first time to eliminate costly rework and product recalls. -Listen to and learn from customers and employees. -Make continuous improvement an everyday matter. -Build teamwork, trust, and mutual respect. -The organization's culture is defined by and supports the constant attainment of customer satisfaction through an integrated system of tools, techniques, and training. This involves the continuous improvement of organizational processes, resulting in high-quality products and services
Practical Lessons from Negotiation Research
-Negotiators with fixed-pie expectations produced poor joint outcomes because they restricted and mismanaged information. -a slight tendency for women to negotiate more cooperatively than men. But when faced with an "apples-for-apples" bargaining strategy (equivalent countermoves), women were significantly more competitive than men. -Personality characteristics can affect negotiating success. Negotiators who scored high on the Big Five personality dimensions of extraversion and agreeableness tended to do poorly with distributive (fixed-pie; win-lose) negotiations. -Good and bad moods can have positive and negative effects, respectively, on negotiators' plans and outcomes. -Subjects in a study trained in goal setting and problem solving enjoyed more satisfying and optimistic dialogues on a controversial subject than did those with no particular strategy. -Studies of negotiations between Japanese, between Americans, and between Japanese and Americans found less productive joint outcomes across cultures than within cultures. Less understanding of the other party makes cross-cultural negotiation more difficult than negotiations at home.
Principles for Designing a Horizontal Organization
-Organize around complete workflow processes -Flatten hierarchy and use teams to manage everything -Appoint process team leaders to manage internal team processes -Let supplier and customer contact drive performance -Provide required expertise from outside the team as required Horizontal designs improve coordination and communication Hollow structure organization identifies core competencies and outsources noncore processes to vendors who can do them cheaper or faster Modular structure Outsources parts of a product instead of processes Virtual organization organization identifies partners with the needed talents and negotiates an agreement in which the participants typically work in separate facilities, linked by technology Organizations that become hollow, modular, or virtual can generate superior returns by focusing on what they do best
Outcomes Associated with Organizational Culture
1 - Clearly related to measures of organizational effectiveness. 2 - Employees are more satisfied and committed to organizations with clan cultures. 3 - Innovation and quality can be increased by building characteristics associated with clan, adhocracy, and market cultures into the organization. 4 - An organization's financial performance is not very strongly related to organizational culture. 5 - Companies with market cultures tend to have more positive organizational outcomes.
Practical Lessons from Conflict Research
-People with a high need for affiliation tended to rely on a smoothing (obliging) style while avoiding a forcing (dominating) style. -Disagreement expressed in an arrogant and demeaning manner produced significantly more negative effects than the same sort of disagreement expressed in a reasonable manner. -Threats and punishment, by one party in a disagreement, tended to produce intensifying threats and punishment from the other party. In short, aggression breeds aggression. -As conflict increased, group satisfaction decreased. An integrative style of handling conflict led to higher group satisfaction than did an avoidance style. -Athe more successful teams were more proactive: "they make decisions about group resources (time, member skills, materials, etc.) in a way that integrates individual interests by identifying issues and creating solutions to potential conflicts before they arise." The less successful teams tended to reactively make decisions looking backward instead of toward the future. -Companies with mandatory or binding arbitration policies were viewed less favorably than companies without such policies. Field studies involving managers and real organizations have given us the following insights: -Both intradepartmental and interdepartmental conflict decreased as goal difficulty and goal clarity increased. Thus, challenging and clear goals can defuse conflict. -Higher levels of conflict tended to erode job satisfaction and internal work motivation. -Men and women at the same managerial level tended to handle conflict similarly. -Samples of Japanese, German, and American managers who were presented with the same conflict scenario preferred different resolution techniques. Japanese and German managers did not share the Americans' enthusiasm for integrating the interests of all parties. The Japanese tended to look upward to management for direction, whereas the Germans were more bound by rules and regulations. In cross-cultural conflict resolution, there is no one best approach. Culture-specific preferences need to be taken into consideration prior to beginning the conflict resolution process.
Leadership
-Process between leaders and followers -Involves social influence -Occurs at multiple levels in an organization -Focuses on goal accomplishment
21st-Century Managers
-Teams are pushing aside the individual as the primary building block of organizations. -Command-and-control management is giving way to participative management and empowerment. -Ego-centered leaders are being replaced by customer-centered leaders. -Employees increasingly are being viewed as internal customers.
Organizational Culture Layers - Espoused Values
-Values possess five key components. "Values (1) are concepts or beliefs, (2) pertain to desirable end-states or behaviors, (3) transcend situations, (4) guide selection or evaluation of behavior and events, and (5) are ordered by relative importance."7 It is important to distinguish between values that are espoused versus those that are enacted. -Espoused values represent the explicitly stated values and norms that are preferred by an organization. They are generally established by the founder of a new or small company and by the top management team in a larger organization. -Because espoused values represent aspirations that are explicitly communicated to employees, managers hope that those values will directly influence employee behavior. -It is important for managers to reduce gaps between espoused and enacted values because they can significantly influence employee attitudes and organizational performance
Organizational Culture Layers - Observable artifacts
-consist of the physical manifestation of an organization's culture. Organizational examples include acronyms, manner of dress, awards, myths and stories told about the organization, published lists of values, observable rituals and ceremonies, special parking spaces, decorations -also includes visible behaviors exhibited by people and groups -Artifacts are easier to change than the less visible aspects of organizational culture
Managing Diversity
-entails enabling people to perform up to their maximum potential -focuses on changing an organization's culture and infrastructure such that people provide the highest productivity possible
Social categorization theory
-holds that similarities and differences are used as a basis for categorizing self and others into groups, with ensuing categorizations distinguishing between one's own in-group and one or more out-groups. -People tend to like and trust in-group members more than out-group members and generally favor in-groups over out-groups.
Media richness
-involves the capacity of a given communication medium to convey information and promote understanding -based on feedback, channel, type of communication, and language source Media richness is based on four factors: (1) feedback (ranging from fast to very slow), (2) channel (ranging from the combined visual and audio characteristics of a videoconference to the limited visual aspects of a computer report), (3) type of communication (ranging from personal to impersonal), and (4) language source (ranging from the natural body language and speech involved in a face-to-face conversation to the numbers contained in a financial statement). A two-way face-to-face conversation is the richest form of communication. It provides immediate feedback and allows for the observation of multiple cues such as body language and tone of voice. Although relatively high in richness, telephone conversations and videoconferencing are not as informative as face-to-face exchanges. At the other end of the scale, newsletters, computer reports, and general e-mail blasts are lean media because feedback is very slow, the channels involve only limited visual information, and the information provided is generic or impersonal. E-mail and social media messages vary in media richness: leaner if they impersonally blanket a large audience and richer if they mix personal textual and video information that prompts quick conversational feedback.
Diversity
-represents the multitude of individual differences and similarities that exist among people -pertains to the host of individual differences that make all of us unique and different from others
Delegation
-the process of granting decision-making authority to lower-level employees -amounts to power distribution Delegation has long been the recommended way to lighten the busy manager's load while at the same time developing employees' abilities. Importantly, delegation gives nonmanagerial employees more than simply a voice in decisions. It empowers them to make their own decisions.
Listening Styles
1) Appreciative - listens for pleasure, entertainment, or inspiration. He or she tends to tune out speakers who provide no amusement or humor in their communications. 2) Empathetic - interprets messages by focusing on emotions and body language. They also tend to listen without judging. 3) Comprehensive - organizes specific thoughts and actions and integrates this information by focusing on relationships among ideas. makes sense of a message by first organizing specific thoughts and actions and then integrates this information by focusing on relationships among ideas. These listeners prefer logical presentations without interruptions. 4) Discerning - attempt to understand the main message and determine important points. They like to take notes and prefer logical presentations. 5) Evaluative - listen analytically and continually formulate arguments and challenges to what is being said. They tend to accept or reject messages based on personal beliefs, ask a lot of questions, and can become interruptive.
Three Possible Influence Outcomes
1) Commitment - is more likely when people rely on consultation, strong rational persuasion, and inspirational appeals and do not rely on pressure and coalition tactics. Interestingly, in one study, managers were not very effective at downward influence. They relied most heavily on inspiration (an effective tactic), ingratiation (a moderately effective tactic), and pressure (an ineffective tactic). is more likely when the influence attempt involves something important and enjoyable and is based on a friendly relationship. Many studies have found women to be perceived as less competent and less influential in work groups than men. For both women and men, task behavior was associated with perceived competence and effective influence. Dominating behavior was not effective. "The display of task cues is an effective means to enhance one's status in groups and ... the attempt to gain influence in task groups through dominance is an ineffective and poorly received strategy for both men and women. 2) Compliance - reluctant agreement requiring subsequent prodding to satisfy minimum requirements 3) Resistance - stalling, unproductive arguing, or outright rejection
Change Agent Characteristics
1) Decisions that disrupt cultural traditions or group relationships. Whenever individuals are transferred, promoted, or reassigned, cultural and group dynamics are thrown into disequilibrium. 2) Personality conflicts. Just as a friend can get away with telling us something we would resent hearing from an adversary, the personalities of change agents can breed resistance. Change agents that display any of the traits of bad leadership are likely to engender resistance from recipients. 3) Lack of tact or poor timing. Undue resistance can occur because change agents introduce change in an insensitive manner or at an awkward time. Proposed organizational changes are more likely to be accepted by others when change agents effectively explain or "sell" the value of their proposed changes. This can be done by explaining how a proposed change is strategically important to an organization's success. 4) Leadership style. Research shows that people are less likely to resist change when the change agent uses transformational leadership 5) Failing to legitimize change. Change must be internalized by recipients before it will be truly accepted. Active, honest communication and reinforcing reward systems are needed to make this happen. This recommendation underscores the need for change agents to communicate with recipients in a way that considers employees' point-of-view and perspective. It also is important for change agents to explain how change will lead to positive personal and organizational benefits. This requires that change agents have a clear understanding about how recipients' jobs will change and how they will be rewarded.
Applying Situational Theories
1) Identify important outcomes. This step entails a determination of the goals the leader is trying to achieve. It is important to identify the key goals that exist at a specific point in time. 2) Identify relevant leadership types/behaviors. This step requires the manager to identify the specific types of behaviors that may be appropriate for the situation at hand. The list of behaviors shown in Table 16-5 is a good starting point. Don't try to use all available leadership behaviors. Rather, select the one or two that appear most helpful. 3) Identify situational conditions. Fiedler's contingency theory and House's path-goal theory both identify a set of potential contingency factors to consider. That said, there may be other practical considerations. 4) Match leadership to the conditions at hand. This is the step in which research cannot provide conclusive recommendations because there simply are too many possible situational conditions. This means that you should use your knowledge about organizational behavior to determine the best match between leadership styles/behaviors and the situation at hand. 5) Determine how to make the match. It's now time to implement the leadership style or behaviors you determined were most appropriate in step 4. There are two basic approaches you can use according to contingency theory and House's path-goal theory. You can either change the person in the leadership role or the leader can change his or her style or behavior. **there are unintended negative consequences when managers use a situational approach with members from a team. Treating group members differently resulted in some employees feeling that they were not among the leader's "in-group" (i.e., a partnership characterized by mutual trust, respect, and liking): These negative feelings in turn had a counterproductive effect on employees' self-efficacy and subsequent group performance. leaders of teams need to be careful when treating individual team members differently. There are potential pros and cons to the application of situational theories in a team context.
organizational culture Outcomes associated with
1) Organizational culture is clearly related to measures of organizational effectiveness 2) Employees are more satisfied and committed to organizations with clan cultures 3) An organizations financial performance is not very strongly related to organizational culture 4) Companies with market culture tend to have more positive organizational outcomes 5) Innovation and quality can be increased by building characteristics associated with clan, adhocracy and market cultures into the organizations 6) Customer satisfaction is most strongly related to market cultures 7) Hierarchy cultures are not associated with positive outcomes
Barriers to Effective Communication
1) Personal barriers - any individual attribute that hinders communication -Variable skills in communicating effectively -Variations in how information is processed and interpreted -Variations in interpersonal trust -Stereotypes and prejudices -Big egos -Poor listening skills -Natural tendency to evaluate other's messages -Inability to listen with understanding -Nonverbal communication 2) Physical barriers - Time Zone DIfferences - Telephone-line static - Distance from others - Crashed computers - Office design 3) Semantic barriers (Semantics - study of words) - problems w/language in communication - fueled by the growing trend to outsource customer service operations to foreign countries like India - Jargon - represents language or terminology that is specific to a particular profession, group, or company
Four P's of Political Success
1) Power Assessment - How can you improve your leverage position? 2) Performance - How can your work make the business more successful? 3) Perception - How can you enhance your reputation, especially with those who can achieve your goals? 4) Partnerships - How can you increase your network of allies and supporters?
Nine Generic Influence Tactics
1) Rational persuasion. Trying to convince someone with reason, logic, or facts. 2) Inspirational appeals. Trying to build enthusiasm by appealing to others' emotions, ideals, or values. 3) Consultation. Getting others to participate in planning, making decisions, and changes. 4) Ingratiation. Getting someone in a good mood prior to making a request; being friendly, helpful, and using praise or flattery. 5) Personal appeals. Referring to friendship and loyalty when making a request. 6) Exchange. Making express or implied promises and trading favors. 7) Coalition tactics. Getting others to support your effort to persuade someone. 8) Pressure. Demanding compliance or using intimidation or threats. 9) Legitimating tactics. Basing a request on one's authority or right, organizational rules or policies, or express or implied support from superiors. *Interpersonal influence is culture bound.
Support for transformational leadership underscores six important managerial implications.
1) the establishment of a positive vision of the future—inspirational motivation—should be considered a first step at applying transformational leadership. 2) the best leaders are not just transformational; they are both transactional and transformational, and they avoid a laissez-faire or "wait-and-see" style. 3) transformational leadership not only affects individual-level outcomes like job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and performance, but it also influences group dynamics and group-level outcomes. Managers can thus use the four types of transformational leadership shown in Figure 16-4 as a vehicle to improve group dynamics and work-unit outcomes. The key point to remember is that transformational leadership transforms individuals as well as teams and work groups. 4) transformational leadership works virtually. If you lead geographically dispersed people, then it is important to focus on how you can display the four transformational leader behaviors in your emails, tweets, webinars, and conference calls. 5) employees at any level in an organization can be trained to be more transactional and transformational. This reinforces the organizational value of developing and rolling out a combination of transactional and transformational leadership training for all employees. These programs, however, should be based on an overall corporate philosophy that constitutes the foundation of leadership development. 6) transformational leaders can be ethical or unethical. Whereas ethical transformational leaders enable employees to enhance their self-concepts, unethical ones select or produce obedient, dependent, and compliant followers. Top management can create and maintain ethical transformational leadership by -Creating and enforcing a clearly stated code of ethics -Recruiting, selecting, and promoting people who display ethical behavior. -Developing performance expectations around the treatment of employees—these expectations can then be assessed in the performance appraisal process. -Training employees to value diversity. -Identifying, rewarding, and publicly praising employees who exemplify high moral conduct.
Which of the following stimuli would be most salient? A twelve-year-old student in an MBA class. A 250-pound man at a meeting of the National Football League Players' Association. A McDonald's restaurant sign right after you've eaten breakfast. A Mobil gas station sign when you have a full tank of gas. An 85-pound girl at a gymnastic class.
A twelve-year-old student in an MBA class.
receptive
A(n) _____ developmental network is composed of a few weak ties from one social system such as an employer or a professional association. The diversity and strength of developmental relationships result in four types of developmental networks: receptive, traditional, entrepreneurial, and opportunistic. A receptive developmental network is composed of a few weak ties from one social system such as an employer or a professional association.
Even though benefits can be quite expensive, employers provide them for employees because they know that benefits Select one: A. All of the answers are correct B. help attract employees to the company. C. affect how employees feel about the company. D. address various levels of employee needs.
A. All of the answers are correct
Financial planning services are good for a company to have because Select one: A. All of the answers are correct B. commitment to the organization is greater. C. they help to reduce absenteeism. D. they help to reduce employee stress.
A. All of the answers are correct
Wellness programs are good for employees and employers. Which of the following is a primary reason why employers choose to implement wellness programs? Select one: A. Healthcare costs are lowered when employees are more fit. B. Employees put in more hours on a day-to-day basis. C. Having programs available keeps employees from wanting other benefits. D. The employer has better control over data about the employees' health.
A. Healthcare costs are lowered when employees are more fit.
______________ justice is usually a better predictor than ______________ justice when it comes to satisfaction with benefits. Select one: A. Procedural, distributive B. Interactional, distributive C. Interactional, procedural D. Distributive, procedural
A. Procedural, distributive
Performance management can be used for both administrative and developmental purposes. The administrative purposes focus on issues such as A. determining who will be getting raises B. encouraging ethical behavior C. figuring out which training is needed D. Helping employees improve their performance
A. determining who will be getting raises
Janice, Ian, Peter, and Andrew all applied for a job as a maintenance supervisor at a manufacturing plant. Janice had the most experience and met all of the qualifications for the job. She was turned down for the job. Peter, who had three less years of experience, was hired. Janice can make a prima facie case of Select one: A. disparate treatment. B. sexual harassment. C. disparate impact. D. hostile environment.
A. disparate treatment.
After completing a certification process for basic welding, Enrico received a pay raise. He will get another pay raise as soon as he finishes the advanced welding course. Enrico is participating in which type of pay system? Select one: A. skills based pay B. market based pay C. broad based pay D. competency based pay
A. skills based pay
An example of disparate impact would be Select one: A. using a selection test that results in considerably more males being selected than females for the job for which it is used. B. refusing to promote a male because the hiring manager thinks the male's mannerisms are too feminine and would be a turn off to the mostly male clients with whom the male would interact in the new role. C. hiring only females without children when males with and without children are hired. D. using a selection test that always results in only males being selected for the job for which it is used.
A. using a selection test that results in considerably more males being selected than females for the job for which it is used.
Ashley is a college professor who has recently graduated with her PhD and has no kids. At her first job, the University offers her the benefit of waiving tuition for her children to go to school there. Their incentive lacks ______________ for her. Select one: A. valance B. instrumentality C. merit D. expectancy
A. valance
Which of these is (are) managerial implication(s) of perception? Interviewers with racist and sexist schemata can undermine the accuracy and legality of hiring decisions. Faulty schemata about what constitutes good versus poor performance can lead to inaccurate performance appraisal, which can erode work motivation, commitment, and loyalty. Research demonstrates that employees' evaluations of leader effectiveness are influenced strongly by their schemata of good and poor leaders.
ALL THE ABOVE
Jim is the manager of a sales team at Woo Automotive. He expects his salespeople to sell 250 cars per week. Which guideline for writing SMART goals does this violate?
ATTAINABLE
_____ represents a broad and stable characteristic responsible for a person's maximum—as opposed to typical—performance on mental and physical tasks.
Ability Ability represents a broad and stable characteristic responsible for a person's maximum—as opposed to typical—performance on mental and physical tasks. Successful performance depends on the right combination of effort, ability, and skill.
Ajzen's Theory of Planned Behavior
Ajzen ultimately developed and refined a model focusing on intentions as the key link between attitudes and planned behavior Importantly, this model only predicts behavior under an individual's control, not behavior due to circumstances beyond one's control. According to this model, changing behavior starts with the recognition that behavior is modified through intentions, which in turn are influenced by three different determinants. Managers can thus influence behavioral change by doing or saying things that affect the three determinants of employees' intentions to exhibit a specific behavior: attitude toward the behavior, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control The first is the attitude toward the behavior and refers to the degree to which a person has a favorable or unfavorable evaluation or appraisal of the behavior in question. The second predictor is a social factor termed subjective norm; it refers to the perceived social pressure to perform or not to perform the behavior. The third antecedent of intention is the degree of perceived behavior control, which ... refers to the perceived ease or difficulty of performing the behavior and it is assumed to reflect past experience as well as anticipated impediments and obstacles
Which of the following attributes of high-performance teams refers to having a sense of common aim about why the team exists and the purpose it serves?
Aligned on purpose
Diversity climate
Employees' aggregate perceptions about an organization's policies, practices, and procedures pertaining to diversity
Which of the following is high when a person works on a product or project from beginning to end and sees a tangible result?
Task identity
Which of the following is true with respect to educational attainment and occupational requirements?
American companies are more likely to hire more immigrants to fill entry-level positions. The mismatch between educational attainment and occupational requirements has both short- and long-term implications for organizations and countries alike. American companies are more likely to outsource technical work to countries like India and China, to hire more immigrants to fill entry-level positions, to spend more money on employee training, and to use phased retirement programs that encourage skilled employees to work beyond retirement age.
Stereotype
An individual's set of beliefs about the characteristics or attributes of a group Not always negative May or may not be accurate Stereotyping is a four-step process. 1 - categorizing people into groups according to various criteria, such as gender, age, race, and occupation. 2 - we infer that all people within a particular category possess the same traits or characteristics (e.g., all women are nurturing, older people have more job-related accidents, all African 3 - we form expectations of others and interpret their behavior according to our stereotypes. 4 - stereotypes are maintained by (1) overestimating the frequency of stereotypic behaviors exhibited by others, (2) incorrectly explaining expected and unexpected behaviors, and (3) differentiating minority individuals from oneself.
_____ individuals are careful decision makers who take longer to make decisions but who also respond well to new or uncertain situations.
Analytic Analytical style has a much higher tolerance for ambiguity and is characterized by the tendency to overanalyze a situation. People with this style like to consider more information and alternatives than do directives. Analytic individuals are careful decision makers who take longer to make decisions but who also respond well to new or uncertain situations.
_____ involves interpreting and translating raw information into mental representations or categories.
Encoding and simplification Observed information is not stored in memory in its original form. Encoding is required; raw information is interpreted or translated into mental representations.
Piecework plans reward efficiency, commission plans reward sales, and gain sharing plans encourage teamwork and efficiency. What do profit sharing plans reward? Select one: A. Cost savings B. Companywide profitability C. Increased stock price D. Company growth
B. Companywide profitability
Chang is 55. He applied and was qualified for a management position. He was turned down and Khang, age 45, was hired into the position. A friend of Chang's told him he did not get the job because the supervisor thought he was too old. Which of the following statements is true about this situation? Select one: A. If the employer can show that there was some other reason in addition to age that helped make the decision, no discrimination will have occurred. B. Even though the person hired is over 40, Chang can still make a case of age discrimination under the ADEA because age was used to make the hiring decision and Chang is over age 40. C. Age is not a protected classification so there is no discrimination. D. There is no evidence of age discrimination since the person hired is also over the age of 40.
B. Even though the person hired is over 40, Chang can still make a case of age discrimination under the ADEA because age was used to make the hiring decision and Chang is over age 40.
Plans that are designed to help increase efficiency by increasing the productivity of the company's employees and/or lowering the firm's labor costs is known as: Select one: A. Employee stock ownership plans B. Gainsharing plans C. Profit sharing plans D. Deferred profit sharing plans
B. Gainsharing plans
Which theory suggests that when people experience positive consequences after they do something they are likely to repeat those actions? Select one: A. Agency theory. B. Reinforcement theory. C. Expectancy theory. D. Goal setting theory.
B. Reinforcement theory.
_________ refers to a performance management error that occurs when a rater consistently rates employees on the low end of an evaluation scale while a(n) __________ occurs when a rater is unwilling to rate employees as very high or very low on an evaluation scale. Select one: A. Leniency error, Error of central tendency B. Strictness error, Error of central tendency C. Strictness error, Leniency error D. Error of central tendency, Leniency error Feedback
B. Strictness error, Error of central tendency
_________ is used to reduce rater bias. Select one: A. leniency bias training. B. frame-of-reference training. C. regency-reference training. D. feedback bias training.
B. frame-of-reference training.
Kimberley puts $200 pre-tax in a special account each month to use to help pay for her health care options. She is participating in a ___________________. Select one: A. consumer-driven health plan. B. health savings account C. health maintenance organization D. preferred provider organization
B. health savings account
The systematic process of establishing the relative worth of jobs within a company is called Select one: A. job ranking. B. job evaluation. C. job factoring. D. job classification.
B. job evaluation.
Companies use _________________ to collect data from the external labor market before establishing an internal pay structure. Select one: A. job pricing B. market pricing C. skills based pay D. broadbanding
B. market pricing
Glass Ceiling:
Barrier or solid road block that prevented woman from advancing into managerial positions
Which of the following should managers keep in mind while giving feedback?
Base feedback on accurate and credible information. Managers need to keep the following tips in mind when giving feedback as part of a comprehensive performance management program: focus on performance, not personalities, give specific feedback linked to learning goals and performance outcome goals, channel feedback toward key result areas for the organization, give feedback as soon as possible, give feedback to coach improvement, not just for final results, base feedback on accurate and credible information, and pair feedback with clear expectations for improvement.
Organizational Culture Layers
Basic assumptions: Constitute organizational values that have become so taken for granted over time that they become assumptions that guide organizational behavior *Observable artifacts, espoused values, and basic assumptions
Performance
Before moving on, we need to say something about a modern-day threat to abilities, skills, and general competence. That threat, according to public health officials, is sleep deprivation. only about four in 10—of the respondents from each ethnic group say they get a good night's sleep on most nights.job-related stress was the number-one response (42%) to the question "What's robbing you of a good night's sleep? Staying awake 24 hours impairs cognitive psychomotor performance to the same degree as having a 0.1 percent blood alcohol level."
Which of the following steps can managers take to enhance socio-emotional cohesiveness?
Encourage interaction and cooperation. Refer: Table 11-5
Kelley's Model of Attribution
Behavior can be attributed either to: Internal factors within a person (such as ability) or: External behavior within the environment (such as a difficult task) *It is important to remember that consensus relates to other people, distinctiveness relates to other tasks, and consistency relates to time. 1) Consensus involves a comparison of an individual's behavior with that of his peers. There is high consensus when one acts like the rest of the group and low consensus when one acts differently. 2) Distinctiveness involves comparing a person's behavior on one task with the behavior from other tasks. High distinctiveness means the individual has performed the task in question in a significantly different manner than he or she has performed other tasks. Low distinctiveness means stable performance or quality from one task to another. 3) Consistency determined by judging if the individual's performance on a given task is consistent over time.High consistency implies that a person performs a certain task the same, time after time. Unstable performance of a given task over time would mean low consistency.
Skinner's Operant Conditioning
Believed you could use a system of positive and negative reinforcements to affect voluntary behavior
According to Schwartz's Value Theory, _____ refers to the preservation and enhancement of the welfare of people with whom one is in frequent personal contact.
Benevolence Refer: Table 6-1
OB is based on a contingency perspective
Best course of action depends on the interplay of person and environment factor
According to research, the relationship between job performance and job satisfaction is best summarized by which of the following statements?
Both variables indirectly influence each other.
When a manager is not trained to provide performance feedback, Select one: A. they may only focus on either the positive or negative performances on the job. B. they may not look at the employee's behaviors, and label them as good or bad employees. C. All of the answers are correct. D. they may only have a performance meeting once a year to discuss how employees can improve.
C. All of the answers are correct.
Which of the following absolute approaches focuses on identifying examples of exceptionally good and exceptionally bad performance and evaluating employees against those examples? Select one: A. Management by objectives. B. Behaviorally anchored rating scales. C. Critical incident approach. D. Direct measures approach.
C. Critical incident approach.
There are many different incentive plans that companies may use. _______ plans are often used to encourage collaboration among workers while __________ plans are more often used to reward individual effort. Select one: A. Commission, profit B. Commission, merit C. Gainsharing, merit D. Gainsharing, profit
C. Gainsharing, merit
In order to increase an organization's efficiency by increasing productivity and/or lowering the firm's labor costs, an organization is likely to use Select one: A. a Scanlon plan B. All of the statements are correct. C. a gain-sharing plan D. a profit sharing plan
C. a gain-sharing plan
CEO compensation is often in the news. In response to this, some CEOs at large companies have agreed to set their base pay at $1. In these schemes, CEOS make most of their compensation from Select one: A. developmental opportunities B. tax credits on lost income. C. compensation that focuses on long term goals. D. sitting on other company's board of directors Feedback
C. compensation that focuses on long term goals.
To get rid of ______________, companies may reward individuals and teams. Select one: A. free loafing B. deferred loafing C. free riders D. improsharers
C. free riders
When a firm pays attention to how jobs are valued in the firm relative to other jobs in the firm and their contribution to achieving organizational goals, the firm is concerned with Select one: A. job ranking. B. external alignment. C. internal alignment. D. job evaluation.
C. internal alignment.
Successful pay system administration requires that Select one: A. the pay system must be closed and employees be prohibited from discussing their pay with other employees. B. companies need to operate under the assumption that employees who discuss pay should be fired. C. managers should receive training on how to administer the system. D. companies have a very open and transparent pay system.
C. managers should receive training on how to administer the system.
The standard hour plan can be described as Select one: A. paying employees by the hour up to a certain number of hours, then extra for the hours after standard working hours. B. paying employees by the hour for the time they work. C. paying employees based on how many hours a task is expected to take. D. paying employees a standard salary for their hours worked.
C. paying employees based on how many hours a task is expected to take
When considering an employee who is rated as "excellent in customer service", they are likely suffering from a lack of ______________ performance measures. Select one: A. paired B. ranking C. specific D. standard
C. specific
_____, that tend to be self-serving and often invalid, are suspected or inferred causes of behavior.
Causal attributions Causal attributions are suspected or inferred causes of behavior. Even though our causal attributions tend to be self-serving and are often invalid, it is important to understand how people formulate attributions because they profoundly affect organizational behavior.
Different Approaches to Decision Making
Centralized decision making key decisions are made by top management Decentralized decision making important decisions are made by middle- and lower-level managers
Fredhandbag Photography is a family-owned business. All of the employees are encouraged to speak up with any ideas to improve the business. What type of culture does this resemble?
Clan
_____ is a process in which one party perceives that its interests are being opposed or negatively affected by another party.
Conflict
Third-Party Intervention Options for Handling Conflict Triangles
Conflict triangle occurs when two people are having a problem and, instead of addressing the problem directly with each other, one of them gets a third person involved Alternative Dispute Resolution avoiding costly lawsuits by resolving conflicts informally or through mediation or arbitration Preferred options 1 and 2, called detriangling, involve the third-party channeling the disputants' energy in a direct and positive manner toward each other. Importantly, the third party avoids becoming part of a political coalition in options 1 and 2. Options 3 through 8 can be a slippery slope toward further counterproductive triangling. Also, political and ethical implications multiply as the third party progresses to option 3 and beyond.
According to Schwartz's value theory, _____ is associated with restraint of actions, inclinations, and impulses likely to upset or harm others and violate social expectations or norms.
Conformity Refer: Table 6-1
If Clint is dependable, responsible, achievement-oriented, and persistent, he is demonstrating which of these Big Five personality dimensions?
Conscientiousness
According to the Big Five personality dimensions, a person scoring high on _____ is dependable, responsible, achievement oriented, and persistent.
Conscientiousness Refer: Table 5-2
Approaches to Studying Leadership
Contingency approaches focused on identifying the types of leadership behaviors that are most effective in different settings. The transformational approach is the most popular perspective for studying leadership today.
_____ is a perceptual error that represents the tendency to evaluate people or objects by comparing them with characteristics of recently observed people or objects.
Contrast effect
_____ refers to the idea that there are always exceptions to the rule; individuals who do not fit the expected cultural pattern.
Cultural paradox
_____ is defined as a set of beliefs and values about what is desirable and undesirable in a community of people, and a set of formal or informal practices to support the values.
Culture So culture has both prescriptive (what people should do) and descriptive (what they actually do) elements.
Under the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which of the following practices would not be considered discriminatory? Select one: A. Refusing to hire someone because she is over 60 years old. B. Not providing a reasonable accommodation for someone in a wheelchair. C. Having a practice of not hiring married females because they might get pregnant. D. Allowing a Muslim female to wear her hijab at work.
D. Allowing a Muslim female to wear her hijab at work.
According to the Equal Pay Act, employers are permitted to pay workers performing the same job different pay rates when the differences are Select one: A. Employers can never use differential pay rates. B. based on demographics. C. based on anticipated lifespan of the worker. D. based on merit, seniority or quality or quantity of production.
D. based on merit, seniority or quality or quantity of production.
An employment practice that is strongly correlated with legitimate business goals and is critical to the firm's survival, thus making the practice allowable even if it discriminates, is known as a/n Select one: A. bona fide occupational qualification. B. reasonable accommodation. C. essential function. D. business necessity.
D. business necessity.
The company's ________________________ signals to employees what the company values and increases the likelihood of consistency in pay across the organization. Select one: A. compensable philosophy B. pay equity philosophy C. equity philosophy D. compensation philosophy
D. compensation philosophy
During the call to invite David for an interview at a major cosmetics company, the interviewer asked David if he had a Facebook page. David honestly answered that he did. A few days later, the interviewer's assistant called David and cancelled the interview. A friend who works for the cosmetics company said that he heard that David's interview was cancelled because the interviewer found out David was disabled and had to use a wheelchair, information that would have become available if the interviewer looked at David's Facebook page. David may be able to prove that he was the victim of Select one: A. disability harassment. B. disparate impact. C. retaliation. D. disparate treatment.
D. disparate treatment.
Timothy is having a tough time at work and his performance is slipping. Not only is his family having issues taking care of his father, but he has started to notice that alcohol is becoming a crutch. What type of program might be of benefit to Timothy? Select one: A. voluntary benefit B. medical leave C. wellness program D. employee assistance
D. employee assistance
Proponents of comparable worth legislation argue that Select one: A. individuals performing the same jobs must be paid the same. B. contractors and employees must be paid the same for similar work. C. employees should be paid a wage that is comparable to their cost of living. D. individuals in jobs requiring similar levels of education and experience should be paid a similar rate.
D. individuals in jobs requiring similar levels of education and experience should be paid a similar rate.
Larger organizations are likely to pay more for key employees. But as companies grow, they may have ______________ issues when it comes to their output and company performance. Select one: A. justice inequality B. employee acceptance C. task identity D. line of sight
D. line of sight
When assigning pay grades and pay ranges, the range of grades at the bottom of the organization tend to be ______________ and those at the top tend to be ______________. Select one: A. lagging, leading B. wider, narrower C. leading, lagging D. narrower, wider
D. narrower, wider
All of the following are mandatory benefits employers are required by law to provide except Select one: A. Social Security. B. workers' compensation insurance. C. unemployment insurance. D. retirement insurance.
D. retirement insurance.
When considering the Enron disaster and the adage that "what gets rewarded gets done," it is important to realize that when designing a compensation system, Select one: A. a living wage is most important. B. managers cannot be in charge of compensation design. C. salary compression can make good workers unethical. D. strong incentives can sometimes lead to undesirable behaviors.
D. strong incentives can sometimes lead to undesirable behaviors.
The term total rewards reminds employees that Select one: A. they are getting all the benefits they want. B. their compensation is equitable. C. they should feel special because they are being rewarded. D. they are receiving more than just base pay from the company.
D. they are receiving more than just base pay from the company.
A deficient performance measure has Select one: A. excessive aspects of an individual's performance in the evaluation. B. forced aspects of an individual's performance in the evaluation. C. irrelevant aspects of an individual's performance in the evaluation. D. unmeasured aspects of an individual's performance in the evaluation.
D. unmeasured aspects of an individual's performance in the evaluation.
Practical Considerations Regarding Self-Esteem
Deemphasize Self-Esteem When Doing Business in Collectivist Cultures • Self-Esteem Remains Fairly Stable Over the Course of a Person's Life • Differences Between Men and Women are Small
Path-Goal Theory
Describes how leadership effectiveness is influenced by the interaction between four leadership styles - directive, supportive, participative, achievement-oriented Path-goal theory has two groups of contingency variables. They are employee characteristics and environmental factors. Five important employee characteristics are locus of control, task ability, need for achievement, experience, and need for clarity. Two relevant environmental factors are task structure (independent versus interdependent tasks) and work group dynamics. Employees with an internal locus of control are more likely to prefer participative or achievement-oriented leadership because they believe they have control over the work environment. Such individuals are unlikely to be satisfied with directive leader behaviors that exert additional control over their activities. In contrast, employees with an external locus tend to view the environment as uncontrollable, thereby preferring the structure provided by supportive or directive leadership. An employee with high task ability and experience is less apt to need additional direction and thus would respond negatively to directive leadership. This person is more likely to be motivated and satisfied by participative and achievement-oriented leadership. Oppositely, an inexperienced employee would find achievement-oriented leadership overwhelming as he or she confronts challenges associated with learning a new job. Supportive and directive leadership would be helpful in this situation. Finally, directive and supportive leadership should help employees experiencing role ambiguity. However, directive leadership is likely to frustrate employees working on routine and simple tasks. Supportive leadership is most useful in this context. Three key changes: 1) Leadership is more complex and involves a greater variety of leader behavior. 2) The role of intrinsic motivation and empowerment in influencing leadership effectiveness 3) Shared leadership
Jim is head of the marketing department and must decide how to allocate a fixed amount of funds. There are two top projects that Jim believes hold the most promise. Recently, the majority of funds have been allocated to Project A, but Jim wonders if it is time to provide Project B with a larger share of the money. Jim decides to assign a particular individual, Clara, to thoroughly criticize the proposal for Project B, looking for every possible flaw. Which technique is Jim using to help him make a better decision?
Devil's advocacy
Laura is head of Ryan Systems. She needs to allocate a fixed amount of funds into various projects. There are two top projects that Laura believes hold the most promise. She decides to arrange a structured debate for the two top proposals. Importantly, the assumptions of each proposal are identified, and a conflicting counterproposal is generated based on a different set of assumptions. Advocates of each position present and debate the merits of their proposal before Laura makes her decision. Which technique is Laura using to help her make a better decision?
Dialectic method
_____ is a barrier to implementing successful diversity programs that particularly affects women.
Difficulty in balancing career and family issues
_____ listeners attempt to understand the main message and determine important points.
Discerning
_____ listeners listen analytically and continually formulate arguments and challenges to what is being said. They tend to accept or reject messages based on personal beliefs, ask a lot of questions, and can become interruptive.
Discerning Evaluative listeners listen analytically and continually formulate arguments and challenges to what is being said. They tend to accept or reject messages based on personal beliefs, ask a lot of questions, and can become interruptive.
Language and Cultural Differences
Diverse workers often speak other languages and have different cultural traditions. This can clash with current workers who do not understand. It can create an uncomfortable situation when there is an inability to communicate with one another.
Problem Consultants
Diversity consultants help to attract and retain a diverse workforce. It's crucial to choose a consultant that will work well for your company. A consultant who works for a small business may have a difficult time with a large corporation, and a consultant who has extensive service with non-profit organizations make not be appropriate for an immense for-profit corporation. Relying too heavily on the consultant to bring individuals in can lessen the company's involvement with the diversity initiative.
Practical Email Tips
Do not assume e-mail is confidential. Employers are increasingly monitoring all e-mail. Assume your messages will be a matter of permanent record and can be read by anyone. Be professional and courteous. Recommendations include delete trailing messages, don't send chain letters and jokes, don't type in all caps (it's equivalent to shouting), don't respond immediately to a nasty e-mail, refrain from using colored text and background, don't expose your contact list to strangers, and be patient about receiving replies. Avoid sloppiness. Use a spell checker or reread the message before sending. Don't use e-mail for volatile or complex issues. Use a medium that is appropriate for the situation at hand. Keep messages brief and clear. Use accurate subject headings and let the reader know what you want right up front. Use bullets, as in this table, for conciseness. Save people time. Type "no reply necessary" in the subject line or at the top of your message if appropriate. Write a descriptive subject line to help the receiver prioritize messages. Be careful with attachments. Large attachments can crash other systems and use up valuable time downloading. Send only what is necessary, and get permission to send multiple attachments.
Informal Communication Channels
Do not follow the chain of command or organizational structure. Grapevine - Unofficial communication system of the informal organization. (1) it is faster than formal channels; (2) it is about 75% accurate; (3) people rely on it when they are insecure, threatened, or faced with organizational changes; and (4) grapevine gossip is not an isolated form of communication, but instead embedded into all organizational sense-making communication. Liaison individuals - Those who consistently pass along grapevine information to others. Organizational moles - Those who use the grapevine to enhance their power and status. Moles prefer to divert attention away from themselves and want to be seen as more competent than others. Managers are advised to create an open, trusting environment that discourages mole behavior because moles can destroy teamwork, create conflict, and impair productivity.
_____ communication is the exchange of information from manager to subordinate.
Downward Downward communication occurs when someone at a higher level in the organization sends information or a message to someone at a lower level. Managers generally provide five types of information through downward communication: strategies/goals, job instructions, job rationale, organizational policies and practices, and feedback about performance.
Lack of Funding
Economic hardships can lead to company layoffs and a loss of employees. It can be difficult for employers to maintain quality workers when they can't afford to recruit. This situation can leave veteran employees wondering why there is a push towards diversity when the company can't afford to maintain current employees. Lack of morale and resources can be enough to keep diverse workers from working for the company.
Which of the following is an assumption of Lewin's change model?
Effective change requires proper reinforcement of new behaviors and attitudes.
The book, The Human Problems of an Industrial Civilization, that advised managers to attend to employees' emotional needs, was written by _____.
Elton Mayo
_____ is defined as the ability to manage oneself and interact with others in mature and constructive ways.
Emotional intelligence Emotional intelligence is the ability to manage oneself and one's relationships in mature and constructive ways. Referred to by some as EI and others as EQ, emotional intelligence is said to have four key components: self-awareness, self-management, social awareness, and relationship management.
Is Emotional Intelligence a Key Leadership Trait?
Emotional intelligence is the ability to manage oneself and one's relationships in mature and constructive ways: The six components of emotional intelligence are shown in Table 5-5. Given that leadership is an influence process between leaders and followers, it should come as no surprise that emotional intelligence is predicted to be associated with leadership effectiveness. While Goleman and other consultants contend that they have evidence to support this conclusion, it has not been published in scientific journals. We agree with others who contend that there presently is not enough research published in OB journals to substantiate the conclusion that emotional intelligence is significantly associated with leadership effectiveness.
Which of the following is not an element of emotional intelligence?
Emotional stability
Which of the following is the least fixed of a person's individual differences? Emotions Attitudes Intelligence Cognitive abilities Self-esteem
Emotions
synchronous communication
Employees in different locations and time zones can work simultaneously
Work-Family Conflict
Family values involve enduring beliefs about the importance of family and who should play key family roles (e.g., child rearing, housekeeping, and income earning). Work values center on the relative importance of work and career goals in one's life. -Value similarity relates to the degree of consensus among family members about family values. When a housewife launches a business venture despite her husband's desire to be the sole bread winner, lack of family value similarity causes work-family conflict. -Value congruence, on the other hand, involves the amount of value agreement between employee and employer. If, for example, refusing to go on a business trip to stay home for a child's birthday is viewed as disloyalty to the company, lack of value congruence can trigger work-family conflict. -work-family conflict can take two distinct forms: work interference with family and family interference with work -The last two boxes in the model—value attainment and job and life satisfaction—are a package deal. Satisfaction tends to be higher for those who live according to their values and lower for those who do not.
Which of the following is not a soft skill? Active listening Financial analysis Problem solving Decision making Critical thinking
Financial analysis
four-step process for followers to use in managing the leader-follower relationship.
First, it is critical for followers to understand their boss. Followers should attempt to gain an appreciation for their manager's leadership style, interpersonal style, goals, expectations, pressures, and strengths and weaknesses. One way of doing this is to ask your manager to answer the following seven questions: 1) How would you describe your leadership style? Does your style change when you are under pressure? 2) When would you like me to approach you with questions or information? Are there any situations that are off-limits (e.g., a social event)? 3) How do you want me to communicate with you? 4) How do you like to work? 5) Are there behaviors or attitudes that you will not tolerate? What are they? 6) What is your approach toward giving feedback? 7) How can I help you? Second, followers need to understand their own style, needs, goals, expectations, and strengths and weaknesses. The next step entails conducting a gap analysis between the understanding a follower has about his or her boss and the understanding the follower has about him- or herself. With this information in mind, followers are ready to proceed to the final step of developing and maintaining a relationship that fits both parties' needs and styles. This final step requires followers to build on mutual strengths and to adjust or accommodate the leader's divergent style, goals, expectations, and weaknesses. a follower may not be able to accommodate a leader's style, expectations, or weaknesses and may have to seek a transfer or quit his or her job to reconcile the discrepancy. we can all enhance our boss's leadership effectiveness and our employer's success by becoming better followers.
Which of the following is an example of reasonable accommodation of sincerely held religious beliefs?
Flexible scheduling A reasonable religious accommodation is any adjustment to the work environment that will allow the employee to practice his religion. Examples of reasonable accommodation include: flexible scheduling, voluntary substitutions or swaps, job reassignments and lateral transfers, and modification of grooming requirements.
Which of the following is an example of reasonable accommodation of sincerely held religious beliefs? Children in the workplace and mandatory child care
Flexible scheduling A reasonable religious accommodation is any adjustment to the work environment that will allow the employee to practice his religion. Examples of reasonable accommodation include: flexible scheduling, voluntary substitutions or swaps, job reassignments and lateral transfers, and modification of grooming requirements.
The Leader-Member Exchange (LMX) Model of Leadership
Focuses on the quality of relationships between managers and subordinates as opposed to the behaviors or traits of either leaders or followers. Assumes that leaders develop unique one-on-one relationships with direct reports. In-group exchange -Leaders and followers develop a partnership characterized by reciprocal influence, mutual trust, respect and liking, and a sense of common fates. Out-group exchange -Leaders are characterized as overseers who fail to create a sense of mutual trust, respect, or common fate Leaders are encouraged to establish high-performance expectations for all of their direct reports. Managers should be careful that they don't create a homogeneous work environment. **tips for improving the quality of leader-member exchanges. - Stay focused on your department's goals and remain positive about your ability to accomplish your goals. An unsupportive boss is just another obstacle to be overcome -Do not fall prey to feeling powerless, and empower yourself to get things done. - Exercise the power you have by focusing on circumstances you can control and avoid dwelling on circumstances you cannot control. -Work on improving your relationship with your manager. Begin by examining the level of trust between the two of you and then try to improve it by frequently and effectively communicating. You can also increase trust by following through on your commitments and achieving your goals. -Use an authentic, respectful, and assertive approach to resolve differences with your manager. It also is useful to use a problem-solving approach when disagreements arise.
Making a Poor Impression
Four motives: (1) Avoidance: Employee seeks to avoid additional work, stress, burnout, or an unwanted transfer or promotion. (2) Obtain concrete rewards: Employee seeks to obtain a pay raise or a desired transfer, promotion, or demotion. (3) Exit: Employee seeks to get laid off, fired, or suspended, and perhaps also to collect unemployment or workers' compensation. (4) Power: Employee seeks to control, manipulate, or intimidate others, get revenge, or make someone else look bad.94 Within the context of these motives, unfavorable upward impression management makes sense. Five unfavorable upward impression management tactics identified by the researchers are as follows: Decreasing performance—restricting productivity, making more mistakes than usual, lowering quality, neglecting tasks. Not working to potential—pretending ignorance, having unused capabilities. Withdrawing—being tardy, taking excessive breaks, faking illness. Displaying a bad attitude—complaining, getting upset and angry, acting strangely, not getting along with co-workers. Broadcasting limitations—letting co-workers know about one's physical problems and mistakes, both verbally and nonverbally.
What Makes the Internet Generation Tick? Eight Norms
Freedom. A desire to experience new and different things takes precedence over long-term commitments. Flexible work hours and locations, a say in how things are done, and freedom of choice are desirable. Customization. Everything from personalized cell phone ring tones to lifestyle choices to unique Facebook layouts make life interesting and fun. Scrutiny. With both trash and treasure on the Internet, Net Geners have learned to be skeptical, check things out, and ask probing questions. Candor and straight talk are favored. Authority figures and "facts" are not taken at face value. Integrity. "Net Geners care about integrity—being honest, considerate, transparent, and abiding by their commitments. This is also a generation with profound tolerance." Trust in employers, people, and products is important. Some ethical elasticity (e.g., pirating music and plagiarizing) when in cyberspace is an open issue. Collaboration. Relationships are of key importance. They know how to work and play with others and are eager to offer up opinions and suggestions. Volunteering is valued. Entertainment. A job should not be a life sentence; it should be both challenging and fun. The Internet is a productivity tool, personal communication device, information source, and "fun tool of choice." Multitasking is a way of life to keep things moving and interesting. Speed. "They're used to instant response, 24/7. Video games give them instant feedback; Google answers their inquiries within nanoseconds." Rapid-fire texting, instant messaging, and tweeting are far faster and superior to e-mail and slow organizational decision making. Fast, accurate, and helpful feedback on job performance is demanded. Innovation. An impatience for new and different user experiences is evident. "In the workplace, innovation means rejecting the traditional command-and-control hierarchy and devising work processes that encourage collaboration and creativity."
_____ reflects one's tendency to attribute another person's behavior to his or her personal characteristics, as opposed to situational factors.
Fundamental attribution bias The fundamental attribution bias reflects one's tendency to attribute another person's behavior to his or her personal characteristics, as opposed to situational factors. This bias causes perceivers to ignore important environmental forces that often significantly affect behavior.
Jennifer is described by her friends as independent, distrusting authority, and technologically savvy. One of her strongest memories is the day of the Oklahoma City bombings. She is most likely to be a member of the _____ generation.
Gen Xers
What is Self-Esteem?
General belief about self-worth Personal Achievement and Praise Raise SelfEsteem Prolonged Unemployment and Destructive Feedback Lower Self-Esteem
Four Dimensions of Organizational Effectiveness
Goal accomplishment Key organizational results or outputs are compared with previously stated goals or objectives most widely used effectiveness criteria Resource acquisition organization is effective if it acquires necessary factors of production Internal processes focuses on "what the organization must excel at" to effectively meet its financial objectives and customers' expectations. Strategic constituencies satisfaction Strategic constituency: any group of people with a stake in the organization's operation or success. A stakeholder audit enables management to identify all parties significantly impacted by the organization's performance. Conflicting interests and relative satisfaction among the listed stakeholders can then be dealt with.
The _____ reflects a loss in performance resulting from low leader expectations.
Golem effect
Human Relations Movement
Grew out of the Hawthorne studies; proposed that workers respond primarily to the social context of work including social conditioning, group norms and interpersonal dynamics; assumed that the managers concern for workers would lead to increased worker satisfaction and improved worker performance
_____, defined as the "we feeling" that binds members of a group together, is the principal by-product of the "norming" stage of group development.
Group cohesiveness
Which of the following statements is true? Human capital is more important than social capital. Social capital is more important than human capital. Human and social capital are both extremely important. Neither human nor social capital are very important. Research has not studied this topic, so no one knows how important either form of capital is.
Human and social capital are both extremely important.
Human and Social Capital
HRM has become increasingly important as firms have come to realize the value of their human resources in improving productivity; its critical to the bottom line performance of the firm and the HR planning has become part of the strategic planning process
_____ is a perceptual error that occurs when a rater forms an overall impression about an object and then uses that impression to bias ratings about the object.
Halo Halo is a perceptual error that occurs when a rater forms an overall impression about an object and then uses that impression to bias ratings about the object. Refer: Table 7-2
_____ is a collection of personality characteristics that neutralize occupational stress.
Hardiness Suzanne Kobasa, a behavioral scientist, identified a collection of personality characteristics that neutralize occupational stress. These collections of characteristics, referred to as hardiness, involve the ability to perceptually or behaviorally transform negative stressors into positive challenges.
Herzberg's Motivator-Hygiene Model
Herzberg found separate and distinct clusters of factors associated with job satisfaction and dissatisfaction. Job satisfaction was more frequently associated with achievement, recognition, characteristics of the work, responsibility, and advancement. These factors were all related to outcomes associated with the content of the task being performed. Herzberg labeled these factors motivators because each was associated with strong effort and good performance. He hypothesized that motivators cause a person to move from a state of no satisfaction to satisfaction job dissatisfaction to be associated primarily with factors in the work context or environment. Specifically, company policy and administration, technical supervision, salary, interpersonal relations with one's supervisor, and working conditions were most frequently mentioned by employees expressing job dissatisfaction. Herzberg labeled this second cluster of factors hygiene factors. He further proposed that they were not motivational. At best, Herzberg proposed that individuals will experience no job dissatisfaction when he or she has no grievances about hygiene factors Herzberg concludes that "the opposite of job satisfaction is not job dissatisfaction, but rather no job satisfaction; and similarly, the opposite of job dissatisfaction is not job satisfaction, but no dissatisfaction." Herzberg thus asserts that the dissatisfaction-satisfaction continuum contains a zero midpoint at which dissatisfaction and satisfaction are absent. Conceivably, an organization member who has good supervision, pay, and working conditions but a tedious and unchallenging task with little chance of advancement would be at the zero midpoint. That person would have no dissatisfaction (because of good hygiene factors) and no satisfaction (because of a lack of motivators).
John, a mid-level manager, noticed that all his subordinates were filling out their monthly reports incorrectly. He concluded that the report forms were too complicated and needed to be revised. On which type of attributional information is John's decision based?
High consensus
David's boss has observed that David took about 12 hours to perform tasks A, B, and C. However, he took 24 hours to complete task D. David's boss concluded that task D must have been tougher than the other tasks. Which of the following attributional information led David's boss to this conclusion?
High distinctiveness
David's boss has observed that David took about 12 hours to perform task A, B, and C. However, he took 24 hours to complete task D. David's boss concluded that task D must have been tougher than the other tasks. Which of the following attributional information led David's boss to this conclusion?
High distinctiveness Distinctiveness is determined by comparing a person's behavior on one task with his or her behavior on other tasks. High distinctiveness means the individual has performed the task in question in a significantly different manner than he or she has performed other tasks.
Which of the following is not a factor in contributing to employee engagement?Motivating jobs Recognition High levels of stress Charismatic managers High levels of conscientiousness
High levels of stress
Which of the following are CSEs not related to? Reduced conflict Higher levels of experienced stress Better adjustment to international assignments Life satisfaction Organizational citizenship behaviors
Higher levels of experienced stress
Which of the following would reduce a mismatch between educational attainment and occupational requirements?
Hire college graduates with critical thinking and analytic reasoning. Outsource technical work to other countries with a highly skilled population.
According to _____, leader behavior is acceptable when employees view it as a source of satisfaction.
House's path-goal theory
Douglas Mcgregor: Theory X & Y leaders.
How managers view employees. Managers can accomplish more by viewing employee's as Y leaders.
Which of the following is an internal constraint of bounded rationality that reduces rational decision making?
Human capital of the organization Examples of internal resources that reduce rational decision making are the organization's human and social capital, financial resources, technology, plant and equipment, and internal processes and systems. External resources include things the organization cannot directly control such as employment levels in the community, capital availability, and government policies.
CLAN CULTURE
INTERNAL FOCUS VALUES FLEXIBILITY OVER STABILITY AND CONTROL. FAMILY-TYPE ORGANIZATION. EMPLOYEE FOCUSED. COHESION. EMPLOYEE PREFER AND ARE MORE SATISFIED W/ CLAN CULTURES.
HIARCHY CULTURE
INTERNAL FOCUS, FORMALIZE, STRUCTURE WORK ENVIRONMENT, VALUES STABILITY AND CONTROL OVER FLEXIBILITY. RELIABLE INTERNAL PROCESSES.
Which of the following statements about key workplace attitudes is false?
Job satisfaction is the least studied of the key workplace attitudes.
Barriers to implementing successful diversity programs:
Inaccurate stereotypes and prejudice. Ethnocentrism Poor career planning A negative diversity climate An unsupportive and hostile working environment for diverse employees Lack of political savvy on the part of diverse employees Difficulty in balancing career and family issues Fears of reverse discrimination Diversity is not seen as an organizational priority The need to revamp the organization's performance appraisal and reward system Resistance to change
Which of the following responses identified by R Roosevelt Thomas Jr is an outgrowth of affirmative action programs?
Include/Exclude The action of including/excluding is an outgrowth of affirmative action programs. Its primary goal is to either increase or decrease the number of diverse people at all levels of the organizations.
Which of the following is an example of an external dimension of diversity?
Income
positive reinforcement
Increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response.
_____ stressors are those directly associated with a person's job duties.
Individual-level Individual-level stressors are those directly associated with a person's job duties. The most common examples of individual stressors are job demands, work overload, role conflict, role ambiguity, everyday hassles, perceived control over events occurring in the work environment, and job characteristics.
Andrew belongs to a culture in which most people including Andrew have freedom in their economic and political pursuits. Further, this culture gives priority to Andrew's interests over the interests of the relevant social unit. Which of the following cultural dimensions is Andrew a part of?
Individualism
What is Emotional Stability?
Individuals With High Levels of Emotional Stability Tend to be Relaxed, Secure, Unworried, Less Likely to Experience Negative Emotions Under Pressure Have Higher Job Performance, More OCB, Fewer CWBs
Which of the following proposes that diverse work groups lead to better task relevant processes and decision making?
Information/Decision-making theory
Which of the following is a symptom of groupthink?
Inherent morality Janis defines groupthink as "a mode of thinking that people engage in when they are deeply involved in a cohesive in-group, when members' strivings for unanimity override their motivation to realistically appraise alternative courses of action." Inherent morality is a belief that encourages the group to ignore ethical implications. It is one of the symptoms of groupthink. Refer: Figure 10-5
Organizational Innovation
Innovation Creation of something new that is used by consumers. Seeds of Innovation: 1) Hard work in a specific direction. Most innovations come from dedicated people diligently working to solve a well-defined problem. This hard work can span many years. 2) Hard work with direction change. Innovations frequently occur when people change their approach toward solving a problem. In other words, hard work closes some doors and opens others. 3) Curiosity and experimentation. Innovations can begin when people are curious about something of interest, and experimentation is used to test for the viability of curious ideas. This seed of innovation requires an organizational culture that supports experimentation. T 4) Wealth and money. Innovations frequently occur because an organization or an individual simply wants to make money. 5) Necessity. Many innovations grow from the desire to achieve something or to complete a task that is needed to accomplish a broader goal. 6) Combination of seeds. Many innovations occur as a result of multiple factors.
Niles believes that he will be promoted if he meets his sales goals. This is his ___________ perception.
Instrumentality
Proactivity has been shown to be related to all but one of the following. Which one?
Intelligence
_____ is defined as the perceived fairness of the decision maker's behavior in the process of decision making.
Interactional justice
Organizational Behavior (OB)
Interdisciplinary field dedicated to better understanding and managing people at work. -Deals with how people act and react in organizations of all kinds. -Research and application oriented -3 Basic Levels: individual, group, organizational
Which of the following perceptual and social processes occurs during the change and acquisition phase of organizational socialization?
Internalizing group norms and values The change and acquisition phase requires employees to master important tasks and roles and to adjust to their work group's values and norms. This will only occur when employees have a clear understanding about their roles and they are effectively integrated within the work unit.
_____ intelligence is the potential to understand and regulate oneself.
Intrapersonal
_____ conflict is experienced when personal values conflict with each other.
Intrapersonal value Schwartz's theory of values revealed that people are likely to experience inner conflict and stress when personal values conflict with each other.
_____ represents judgments, insights, or decisions that "come to mind on their own, without explicit awareness of the evoking cues and of course without explicit evaluation of the validity of these cues."
Intuition
Which of the following is a true about cognitive crafting?
It encompasses a change in how you perceive or think about the tasks and relationships associated with your job.
Which of the following statements about the grapevine is true?
It encompasses all types of communication media.
Which of the following is true of authoritarian power?
It has a low degree of employee empowerment and a high degree of managerial domination. Authoritarian power is displayed when managers or leaders impose their decisions on their followers. It involves a low degree of employee empowerment and high degree of managerial domination. Refer: Figure 15-2
Which of the following is a characteristic of a mechanistic organization?
It has a rigid bureaucracy. It places a high emphasis on obedience and loyalty. Mechanistic organizations are rigid bureaucracies with strict rules, narrowly defined tasks, and top-down communication. A mechanistic organization generally would have one of the traditional organization designs and a hierarchical culture. A mechanistic organization places high emphasis on obedience and loyalty and has an authoritarian decision-making style. Refer: Table 17-2
Which of the following is true about leadership?
It is a process between a leader and followers. There are four commonalities among the many definitions of leadership: (1) leadership is a process between a leader and followers, (2) leadership involves social influence, (3) leadership occurs at multiple levels in an organization and (4) leadership focuses on goal accomplishment.
Deliberate Practice
It is activity designed specifically to improve performance, often with a teacher's help; it can be repeated a lot; feedback on results is continuously available; it's highly demanding mentally, whether the activity is purely intellectual, such as chess or business-related activities, or heavily physical, such as sports; and it isn't much fun.
Which of the following is true about transactional leadership?
It is based on using rewards and punishment to drive motivation and performance
Jill is a sales representative for a large pharmaceutical corporation. According to the current compensation system, if Jill meets her target for the quarterly sales projections, she will receive a bonus equivalent to 7% of her annual salary. Jill is working hard to meet the sales goal so that she can use the bonus money as a down payment on a new car for herself. Which of the following is true regarding Jill's motivation?
It is extrinsically motivated.
Which of the following statements affirmative action is true?
It is not supported by people who possess racist or sexist attitudes.
Which of the following is true about an affirmative action?
It is viewed more positively by people who are liberals and Democrats than conservatives and Republicans.
Which of the following is true of organization development (OD)?
It possesses the same diagnostic focus associated with the systems model of change.
Is Honesty a Critical Leadership Trait?
James Kouzes and Barry Posner attempted to identify key leadership traits by asking the following open-ended question to more than 20,000 people around the world: "What values (personal traits or characteristics) do you look for and admire in your superiors?" The top four traits included honesty, forward-looking, inspiring, and competent. The researchers concluded that these four traits constitute a leader's credibility. This research suggests that people want their leaders to be credible and to have a sense of direction. That said, our discussion in Chapter 3 revealed that an organization's culture significantly influences the extent to which leaders encourage and reinforce integrity at work.
_____ refers to language or terminology that is specific to a particular profession, group, or company.
Jargon
Jim is the daytime supervisor for an automobile assembly line. He supervises forty-five workers who perform routine jobs that require minimal training. Which of the following suggests that Jim follows the transactional model of leadership?
Jim sets goals, monitors progress toward goal achievement, and rewards and punishes people for their level of goal accomplishment.
_____ refers to any set of activities that involve the alteration of specific jobs or interdependent systems of jobs with the intent of improving the quality of employee job experience and their on the-job productivity.
Job design
_____ is an affective or emotional response toward various facets of one's job.
Job satisfaction Job satisfaction essentially reflects the extent to which an individual likes his or her job.
VISION
LONG TERM GOAL OR EXAMPLE OF WHAT A COMPANY WANTS TO BECOME
Learning Organizations
Learning organization one that proactively creates, acquires, and transfers knowledge and that changes its behavior on the basis of new knowledge and insights. Learning organizations actively try to infuse their organizations, and associated team mental models, with new ideas and information. They do this by constantly scanning their external environments, hiring new talent and expertise when needed, and devoting significant resources to train and develop their employees. Next, new knowledge must be transferred throughout the organization. Learning organizations strive to reduce structural, process, and interpersonal barriers to the sharing of information, ideas, and knowledge among organizational members. They also focus on learning from both success and failure. Team mental model represents team members' "shared, organized understanding and mental representation of knowledge about key elements of the team's relevant environment Organizations are said to have humanlike cognitive functions, such as the abilities to perceive and interpret, solve problems, store information, and learn from experience.
_____ is a perceptual error that refers to a personal characteristic that leads a person to consistently evaluate other people or objects in an extremely positive fashion.
Leniency Leniency is a perceptual error that refers to a personal characteristic that leads a person to consistently evaluate other people or objects in an extremely positive fashion. Rating a professor high on all dimensions of performance regardless of his or her actual performance is an example of such an error. Refer: Table 7-2
Susan believes that Mr. Ryan, who supervises her employees, definitely has room for improvement in the way he communicates with the employees. However, she feels uncomfortable saying anything bad about anybody, so she rates Mr. Ryan's performance higher than his performance actually deserves. Which type of perceptual error is Susan communicating?
Leniency Leniency is a perceptual error that refers to a personal characteristic that leads a person to consistently evaluate other people or objects in an extremely positive fashion. Rating a supervisor high on all dimensions of performance regardless of his or her actual performance is an example of such an error. Refer: Table 7-2
Common Political Tactics in Organizations
Listed in descending order of occurrence, the eight political tactics that emerged were Attacking or blaming others. Using information as a political tool. Creating a favorable image. (Also known as impression management.) Developing a base of support. Praising others (ingratiation). Forming power coalitions with strong allies. Associating with influential people. Creating obligations (reciprocity).
Which of the following actions should be adopted to reduce escalation of commitment?
Make decision makers aware of the costs of persistence
Multiple Effectiveness Criteria: Some Practical Guidelines
Managers need to identify and seek input from strategic constituencies. This information, when merged with the organization's stated mission and philosophy, enables management to derive an appropriate combination of effectiveness criteria. The following guidelines are helpful in this regard: The goal accomplishment approach is appropriate when "goals are clear, consensual, time-bounded, measurable." The resource acquisition approach is appropriate when inputs have a traceable effect on results or output. For example, the amount of money the World Wildlife Fund receives through donations dictates the level of services provided. The internal processes approach is appropriate when organizational performance is strongly influenced by specific processes (e.g., cross-functional teamwork). The strategic constituencies approach is appropriate when powerful stakeholders can significantly benefit or harm the organization. Keeping these basic concepts of organizational effectiveness in mind, we turn our attention to preventing organizational decline.
Moderators of Occupational Stress
Managers with a working knowledge of important stress moderators can confront employee stress in the following ways: 1) Awareness of moderators helps identify those most likely to experience stress and its negative outcomes. Stress-reduction programs then can be formulated for high-risk employees. 2) Moderators, in and of themselves, suggest possible solutions for reducing negative outcomes of occupational stress.
Negotiating
Negotiation give-and-take decision-making process involving interdependent parties with different preferences Two types: Distributive Integrative Distributive negotiation involves traditional win-lose thinking. Integrative negotiation calls for a progressive win-win strategy The success of integrative negotiation, such as added-value negotiation, hinges to a large extent on the quality of information exchanged, as researchers have documented.
Which of the following cultures has the strongest correlation with subjective innovation?
Market culture A meta-analysis based on 93 studies revealed that a market culture within an organization had the strongest correlation with subjective innovation. Refer: Figure 3-4
Managing Organizational Politics
Measurable objectives are management's first line of defense against counterproductive organizational politics. An individual's degree of politicalness is a matter of personal values, ethics, and temperament. People who are either strictly nonpolitical or highly political generally pay a price for their behavior. The former may experience slow promotions and feel left out, while the latter may run the risk of being called self-serving and lose their credibility. People at both ends of the political spectrum may be considered poor team players. A moderate amount of prudent political behavior generally is considered a survival tool in complex organizations. How to Keep Organizational Politics within Reasonable Bounds: -Screen out overly political individuals at hiring time. -Create an open-book management system. -Make sure every employee knows how the business works and has a personal line of sight to key results with corresponding measurable objectives for individual accountability. -Have nonfinancial people interpret periodic financial and accounting statements for all employees. -Establish formal conflict resolution and grievance processes. - As an ethics filter, do only what you would feel comfortable doing on national television. -Publicy recognize and reward people who get real results without political games.
In which of the following stages of life is a person least likely to change his or her general attitudes?
Middle adulthood
Vroom's Expectancy Theory
Motivation boils down to the decision of how much effort to exert in a specific task situation. Generally, expectancy theory can be used to predict motivation and behavior in any situation in which a choice between two or more alternatives must be made. For instance, it can be used to predict whether to quit or stay at a job; whether to exert substantial or minimal effort at a task; and whether to major in management, finance, marketing, psychology, or communication. Expectancy represents an individual's belief that a particular degree of effort will be followed by a particular level of performance. The following factors influence an employee's expectancy perceptions: Self-esteem Self-efficacy Previous success at the task Help received from a supervisor and subordinates Information necessary to complete the task Good materials and equipment to work with Instrumentality A performance outcome perception. It represents a person's belief that a particular outcome is contingent on accomplishing a specific level of performance. Performance is instrumental when it leads to something else. For example, passing exams is instrumental to graduating from college. Valence the positive or negative value people place on outcomes. For example, most employees have a positive valence for receiving additional money or recognition. In contrast, job stress and being laid off would likely result in negative valence for most individuals. In Vroom's expectancy model, outcomes refer to different consequences that are contingent on performance, such as pay, promotions, or recognition. An outcome's valence depends on an individual's needs and can be measured for research purposes with scales ranging from a negative value to a positive value. Outcomes different consequences that are contingent on performance
Job Satisfaction Causes of
Need fulfillment - extent to which the characteristics of a job allow an individual to fulfill his or her needs Discrepancies - satisfaction is a result of met expectations. Met expectations represent the difference between what an individual expects to receive from a job, such as good pay and promotional opportunities, and what he or she actually receives. When expectations are greater than what is received, a person will be dissatisfied. In contrast, this model predicts that an individual will be satisfied when he or she attains outcomes above and beyond expectations. Value attainment - that satisfaction results from the perception that a job allows for fulfillment of an individual's important work values. Equity - satisfaction is a function of how "fairly" an individual is treated at work. Satisfaction results from one's perception that work outcomes, relative to inputs, compare favorably with a significant other's outcomes/inputs. Dispositional/Genetic Components - the belief that job satisfaction is partly a function of both personal traits and genetic factors. As such, this model implies that stable individual differences are just as important in explaining job satisfaction as are characteristics of the work environment. Dispositions had stronger relationships with intrinsic aspects of a job (e.g., having autonomy) than with extrinsic aspects of work (e.g., receipt of rewards). Genetic factors also were found to significantly predict life satisfaction, well-being, and general job satisfaction
At work, if Jamal's outcome to input ratio is greater than that of Tony's (his relevant co-worker), Jamal will experience
Positive inequity.
Troy received a job offer straight out of college and moved to Omaha, Nebraska a year ago. He has been introduced to numerous people in his workplace, his community, and his church. Although it's nice to see a familiar face, he doesn't see them too often and feels like he doesn't know them very well. Which type of developmental network best describes Troy's situation?
OPPORTUNISTIC
Denise works at Harvest Hope Food Bank and is committed to doing all she can to help the organization fulfill its mission. She is high in ______________.
ORGANIZATIONAL COMMITMENT
Which of the following is true?
Older employees quit less often than do younger employees. One meta-analysis showed that age and turnover were negatively related. That is, older employees quit less often than did younger employees. Similarly, a second meta-analysis indicated that age was inversely related to both voluntary (a day at the beach) and involuntary (sick day) absenteeism. Results from these two meta-analyses suggest managers should focus more attention on the turnover and absenteeism among younger workers than among older workers.
Which of the following is an advantage of education + communication as a strategy for overcoming resistance to change?
Once persuaded, people will often help with the implementation of the change.
Troy had received a job offer straight out of college and had moved to Omaha a year ago. He has been introduced to numerous people in his workplace, his community, and his church. Although it's nice to see a familiar face, he doesn't see them too often and feels like he doesn't know them very well. Which type of developmental network best describes Troy's situation?
Opportunistic The diversity and strength of developmental relationships result in four types of developmental networks: receptive, traditional, entrepreneurial, and opportunistic. An opportunistic network is associated with having weak ties with multiple developers from different social systems, as in this scenario.
Creating Change Through Organization Development
Organization Development consists of planned efforts to help persons work and live together more effectively, over time, in their organizations A change agent is someone who is a catalyst in helping organizations to deal with old problems in new ways. Change agents can be external consultants or internal employees. OD Research and Practical Implications -Planned organizational change works -Change programs are more successful when they are geared toward meeting both short-term and long-term results -Organizational change is more likely to succeed when top management is truly committed to the change process -Effectiveness of OD interventions is affected by cross-cultural considerations
_____ consists of employee behaviors that are beyond the call of duty and exceed work-role expectations.
Organizational citizenship behaviors Organizational citizenship behaviors consist of employee behaviors that are beyond the call of duty. Examples include "such gestures as constructive statements about the department, expression of personal interest in the work of others, suggestions for improvement, training new people, respect for the spirit as well as the letter of housekeeping rules, care for organizational property, and punctuality and attendance well beyond standard or enforceable levels."
Which of the following is a situational factor that influences the performance improvement cycle?
Organizational culture Refer: Figure 9-1
Process of Culture Change
Organizational members teach each other about the organization's preferred values, beliefs, expectations, and behaviors four caveats about culture change. First, leaders are the architects and developers of organizational culture, and managing organizational culture is one of the most important functions of leadership. Second, the process of culture change essentially begins with targeting one of the three layers of organizational culture previously discussed—observable artifacts, espoused values, and basic assumptions. That said, culture will not change in a significant way unless managers are able to change basic underlying assumptions. Third, it is important to consider the extent to which the current culture is aligned with the organization's vision and strategic plan before attempting to change any aspect of organizational culture.
PE Fit
PE fit is defined "as the compatibility between an individual and a work environment that occurs when their characteristics are well matched. first must conduct an evaluation of your strengths, weaknesses, and values. Next, do the same for the company or department at hand by doing research about the company on the Internet or talking with current employees. This information will now enable you to prepare a set of diagnostic questions to ask during the interview process. These questions need to focus on determining your level of fit.
OBSERVABLE ARTIFACTS & EXAMPLES
PHYSICAL MANIFESTATION OF ORGANIZATION CULTURE, EXAMPLES: ACRONYMS, REWARDS, MYTHS, VALUES, RITUALS, AWARDS, PARKING SPACES
_____ is the process whereby employees play a direct role in setting goals, making decisions, solving problems, and making changes in the organization.
Participative management
Janis Parker is in charge of marketing for a department store sale. During previous sales, she has had success using only radio advertisements to draw customers into the store for a sale. A colleague suggests TV commercials as another approach to marketing. Janis is resistant to change because she knows that the radio advertisements have worked. What form of resistance to change is Janis exhibiting?
Past success
Avoiding cultural collisions
People on both sides of the context barrier must be trained to make adjustments. A new employee should be greeted by a group consisting of his or her boss, several colleagues who have similar duties, and an individual located near the newcomer. Background information is essential when explaining anything. Include the history and personalities involved. Do not assume the newcomer is self-reliant. Give explicit instructions not only about objectives, but also about the process involved. High-context workers from abroad need to learn to ask questions outside their department and function. Foreign workers must make an effort to become more self-reliant
Deny
People using this option deny that differences exist. Denial may manifest itself in proclamations that all decisions are color, gender, and age blind and that success is solely determined by merit and performance.
Negative effects of Affirmative Action:
Perceived as negative against white males, positive to liberals & democrats, hired on basis of AA felt negatively stigmatized as incompetent, lower job satisfaction and greater stress
"Under Management" Only 1 out of 100 managers provides every direct report with these five basics every day:
Performance requirements and standard operating procedures related to tasks and responsibilities. Defined parameters, measurable goals, and concrete deadlines for all work assignments for which the direct report will be held accountable. Accurate monitoring, evaluation, and documentation of work performance. Specific feedback on work performance with guidance for improvement. Fairly distributed rewards and detriments [penalties].
_____ occurs when an individual takes an active and self-starting approach to work and goes beyond what is formally required in a given job.
Personal initiative
Which of the following statements about negotiation is true?
Personality characteristics can affect negotiating success.
Two supervisors, Justin and Shawn, had been given instructions to trim their group size by two people. Justin's personality tended to favor people. He was generally more sensitive to people, and was a thoughtful supervisor. Shawn was just the opposite. He was more concerned with group production, and considered people's feelings secondary to the work. Hence their approaches in trimming their teams were different. They could not see the other's point of view and hence they left the discussion thinking ill of each other. Which of the following types of conflict did Justin and Shawn experience?
Personality conflict
Which of the following is the most basic need according to Maslow's need hierarchy?
Physiological It entails having enough food, air, and water to survive.
A manager of an advertising firm appointed two employees to strike an advertising deal with one of their big clients. They were chosen as they had made a similar agreement previously with another client. Which of the following biases was the manager engaging in?
Representativeness heuristic The representativeness heuristic is used when people estimate the probability of an event occurring. It reflects the tendency to assess the likelihood of an event occurring based on one's impressions about similar occurrences. This example shows how the manager appointed two employees for striking a deal with their clients as they had previously made a similar agreement with another client.
Personality Testing
Researchers, test developers, and organizations that administer personality assessments offer the following suggestions for getting started or for evaluating whether tests already in use are appropriate for forecasting job performance: Determine what you hope to accomplish. If you are looking to find the best fit of job and applicant, analyze the aspects of the position that are most critical for it. Look for outside help to determine if a test exists or can be developed to screen applicants for the traits that best fit the position. Industrial psychologists, professional organizations, and a number of Internet sites provide resources. Insist that any test recommended by a consultant or vendor be validated scientifically for the specific purpose that you have defined. Vendors should be able to cite some independent, credible research supporting a test's correlation with job performance. Ask the test provider to document the legal basis for any assessment: Is it fair? Is it job related? Is it biased against any racial or ethnic group? Does it violate an applicant's right to privacy under state or federal laws? Vendors should provide a lawyer's statement that a test does not adversely affect any protected class, and employers may want to get their own lawyer's opinion, as well. Make sure that every staff member who will be administering tests or analyzing results is educated about how to do so properly and keeps results confidential. Use the scores on personality tests in tandem with other factors that you believe are essential to the job—such as skills and experience—to create a comprehensive evaluation of the merits of each candidate, and apply those criteria identically to each applicant.
Sharon observes her co-worker, Robert, being rude to a newcomer. She has seen this behavior in Robert whenever the company brings in new people. She decides that Robert is being a bully and asks him to stop. Which of the following stages of information processing has Sharon just undergone?
Retrieval and response
ORGANIZATION CULTURE
SET OF IMPLICIT ASSUMPTIONS THAT A GROUP HOLDS AND DETERMINES HOW IT PERCEIVES, THINKS ABOUT AND REACTS TO VARIOUS ENVIRONMENTS, PASSED ON TO NEW EMPLOYEES THRU SOCIALIZATION. INFLUENCES BEHAVIORS & OPERATES AT DIFFERENT LEVELS
_____ consists of choosing a solution that meets some minimum qualifications, one that is good enough.
Satisficing
A Perceptual Model of Communication
Sender - person wanting to communicate information-the message Receiver - person, group, or organization for whom the message is intended Encoding - translates thoughts into code or language that can be understood by others. This forms the foundation of the message. Selecting a Medium - depends on the nature of the message, its intended purpose, the audience, proximity to the audience, time constraints, and personal skills and preferences. Typical media in organizations include face-to-face conversations, phone calls, e-mail, voice mail and text messages, videoconferencing, written memos or letters, photographs or drawings, live or virtual meetings, bulletin boards, computer output, social media exchanges, and charts or graphs. All media have advantages and disadvantages. Face-to-face conversations are useful for communicating about important or emotionally charged issues and those requiring immediate feedback and intensive interaction. Phones are convenient, fast, and sometimes private, but lack nonverbal information. Writing memos or letters is a good medium when it is difficult to meet with the other person, when formality and a written record are important, and when face-to-face interaction is not necessary to enhance understanding. Decoding - occurs when receivers receive a message process of interpreting and making sense of a message Noise - anything that interferes with the transmission and understanding of a message. It can affect any part of the communication process. such as a speech impairment or accent, poor telephone connection, illegible handwriting, bad photocopy, inaccurate statistics, lies, background sounds, poor hearing and eyesight, and physical distance between sender and receiver. Feedback - the sender gets a reaction from the receiver
Which of the following verbal patterns is characteristic of an aggressive communicator?
Sexist or racist terms
_____ is an example of an internal dimension of diversity.
Sexual orientation Refer: Figure 2-1
_____ is defined as the process of reinforcing closer and closer approximations to a target behavior.
Shaping
_____ is defined as "a dynamic, interactive influence process among individuals in groups for which the objective is to lead one another to the achievement of group or organizational goals or both.
Shared leadership Shared leadership is defined as "a dynamic, interactive influence process among individuals in groups for which the objective is to lead one another to the achievement of group or organizational goals or both. This influence process often involves peer, or lateral, influence and at other times involves upward or downward hierarchical influence."
A Systems Model of Change
Systems Approach -Based on the notion that any change, no matter how large or small, has a cascading effect throughout an organization -Takes a "big picture" perspective of organizational change Mission statement represents the "reason" an organization exists Vision a long-term goal that describes "what" an organization wants to become Strategic plan -outlines an organization's long-term direction and the actions necessary to achieve planned results -based on results from a SWOT analysis Applying the Systems Model of Change Two ways to apply the systems model: -Aid during the strategic planning process -Using the model as a diagnostic framework to determine the causes of an organizational problem and to propose solutions
Job Design Theory
TOP DOWN APPROACH. INCREASING MOTIVATION THRU MANAGEMENT INTERVENTION. TRADITIONAL FORM OF MANAGING
_____ of change are the components of an organization that may be changed.
Target elements Target elements of change are the components of an organization that may be changed. They essentially represent change levers that managers can push and pull to influence various aspects of an organization.
Warning Signs of Ineffectiveness
Short of illegal conduct, there are early warning signs of organizational decline: 1) Excess personnel. 2) Tolerance of incompetence. 3) Cumbersome administrative procedures. 4) Disproportionate staff power (e.g., technical staff specialists politically overpower line managers, whom they view as unsophisticated and too conventional). 5) Replacement of substance with form (e.g., the planning process becomes more important than the results achieved). 6) Scarcity of clear goals and decision benchmarks. 7) Fear of embarrassment and conflict (e.g., formerly successful executives may resist new ideas for fear of revealing past mistakes). 8) Loss of effective communication. 9) Outdated organizational structure.62 10) Increased scapegoating by leaders. 11) Resistance to change. 12) Low morale. 13) Special interest groups are more vocal. 14) Decreased innovation. 15) Unwillingness to experiment with new ideas. 16) Poor track record of execution.63 Managers who monitor these early warning signs of organizational decline are better able to take corrective action in a timely and effective manner. In companies where there had been little if any turnover among top executives, there was a tendency to attribute organizational problems to external causes (e.g., competition, the government, technology shifts). Oppositely, internal attributions tended to be made by top management teams with many new members. Thus, proverbial "new blood" at the top appears to be a good insurance policy against misperceiving the early-warning signs of organizational decline.
Emotional Labor
Smile, look happy for the customers," employees are told over and over. But what if the employee is having a rotten day can be particularly detrimental to the employee performing the labor and can take its toll both psychologically and physically. Employees ... may bottle up feelings of frustration, resentment, and anger, which are not appropriate to express. These feelings result, in part, from the constant requirement to monitor one's negative emotions and express positive ones. If not given a healthy expressive outlet, this emotional repression can lead to a syndrome of emotional exhaustion and burnout.
_____ capital represents the productive potential resulting from strong relationships, goodwill, trust, and cooperative effort.
Social
The productive potential of strong, trusting, and cooperative relationships is known as __________.
Social capital
_____ involves spending time with others in leisure and recreational activities.
Social companionship
Social Support
Social support is the amount of perceived helpfulness derived from social relationships. Importantly, social support is determined by both the quantity and quality of an individual's social relationships. We receive four types of social support from others: Esteem support. Providing information that a person is accepted and respected despite any problems or inadequacies. Informational support. Providing help in defining, understanding, and coping with problems. Social companionship. Spending time with others in leisure and recreational activities. Instrumental support. Providing financial aid, material resources, or needed services.
Which of the following is an example of an organizational function of a formal group?
Socialize and train newcomers Refer: Table 10-2
Cultural Influences on Organizational Behavior
Societal culture is shaped by the various environmental factors listed in the left-hand side Once inside the organization's sphere of influence, the individual is further affected by the organization's culture. Mixing of societal and organizational cultures can produce interesting dynamics in multinational companies.
_____ is a sense of togetherness that develops when individuals derive emotional satisfaction from group participation.
Socio-emotional cohesiveness
Goal Setting Practical Insights
Specific high goals lead to greater performance. Goal specificity pertains to the quantifiability of a goal. people demonstrated that performance was greater when people had specific high goals.50 Feedback enhances the effect of specific, difficult goals. Feedback plays a key role in all of our lives. Feedback lets people know if they are headed toward their goals or if they are off course and need to redirect their efforts. Goals plus feedback is the recommended approach. Goals inform people about performance standards and expectations so that they can channel their energies accordingly. In turn, feedback provides the information needed to adjust direction, effort, and strategies for goal accomplishment. Participative goals, assigned goals, and self-set goals are equally effective. Both managers and researchers are interested in identifying the best way to set goals. Action planning facilitates goal accomplishment. An action plan outlines the activities or tasks that need to be accomplished in order to obtain a goal. They can also include dates associated with completing each task, resources needed, and obstacles that must be overcome. Managers can use action plans as a vehicle to have performance discussions with employees, and employees can use them to monitor progress toward goal achievement. An action plan also serves as a cue to remind us of what we should be working on, which in turn was found to lead to goal-relevant behavior and success. Goal commitment and monetary incentives affect goal-setting outcomes. Goal commitment is the extent to which an individual is personally committed to achieving a goal. In general, an individual is expected to persist in attempts to accomplish a goal when he or she is committed to it. Researchers believe that goal commitment moderates the relationship between the difficulty of a goal and performance. That is, difficult goals lead to higher performance only when employees are committed to their goals. Conversely, difficult goals are hypothesized to lead to lower performance when people are not committed to their goals.
Psychological Capital
Striving for success by developing one's self-efficacy, optimism, hope, and resiliency. [PsyCap is] an individual's positive psychological state of development and is characterized by: (1) having confidence (self-efficacy) to take on and put in the necessary effort to succeed at challenging tasks; (2) making a positive attribution (optimism) about succeeding now and in the future; (3) persevering toward goals, and when necessary, redirecting paths to goals (hope) in order to succeed; and (4) when beset by problems and adversity, sustaining and bouncing back and even beyond (resiliency) to attain success.
According to Herzberg's motivator-hygiene model, which of the following is a hygiene factor?
Supervisor relations Herzberg found job dissatisfaction to be associated primarily with factors in the work context or environment. Specifically, company policy and administration, technical supervision, salary, interpersonal relations with one's supervisor, and working conditions were most frequently mentioned by employees expressing job dissatisfaction.
According to Herzberg's motivator-hygiene model, which of the following is a hygiene factor?
Supervisor relations Herzberg found job dissatisfaction to be associated primarily with factors in the work context or environment. Specifically, company policy and administration, technical supervision, salary, interpersonal relations with one's supervisor, and working conditions were most frequently mentioned by employees expressing job dissatisfaction.
Assimilate
The basic premise behind this alternative is that all diverse people will learn to fit in or become like the dominant group. It only takes time and reinforcement for people to see the light. Organizations initially assimilate employees through their recruitment practices and the use of company orientation programs. New hires generally are put through orientation programs that aim to provide employees with the organization's preferred values and a set of standard operating procedures.
Challenges of Innovation
The challenges include the following: 1) Find an idea. An idea is needed to create something new, and people can get ideas from many different sources: concentrated thinking, past experience, daydreaming, reading, talking with others, or intuition. 2) Develop a solution. This challenge entails coming up with a model or prototype of a product or a workable solution to a problem. 3) Sponsorship and funding. Innovations require resources and someone to champion whatever organizational changes are needed to develop a new product or service. 4) Reproduction. The company must figure out how to profitably make the new product or deliver a new service. 5) Reach your potential customer. Many innovations fail because the company cannot figure out how to get the new product or service in the hands of consumers. Some experts recommend the use of job mapping. Job mapping "breaks down the task the customer wants done into a series of discrete process steps. By de-constructing a job from beginning to end, a company gains a complete view of all the points at which a customer might desire more help from a product or service—namely, at each step in the job." Job mapping helps companies determine how customers might best use new products and services. 6) Beat your competitors. Remember that other companies may be pursuing the same breakthroughs. It is better to focus on a smaller number of innovations. 7) Timing. Customers must be ready for the new product or service and employees must be prepared to make whatever changes are necessary to turn the innovation into reality. The timing of the innovation needs to be considered. 8) Keep the lights on. Organizations must still make money while they are pursuing innovation. It is important to stay focused on keeping current customers happy while engaging in innovative activities.
Schwartz's Value Theory Continued
The circular pattern reveals which values are most strongly related and which ones are in conflict. In general, adjacent values like self-direction and universalism are positively related, whereas values that are further apart (e.g., self-direction and power) are less strongly related. Taking this one step further, Schwartz proposes that values that are in opposing directions from the center conflict with each other. Examples are power and universalism or stimulation and conformity/tradition. For instance, the drive to live a stimulating life by engaging in activities like skydiving or mountain climbing would conflict with the desire to live a moderate or traditional life.
Which of the following statements is false? The contingency approach is just common sense. Common sense excels in well-known scenarios with predictable outcomes. Common sense requires less effort than finding the real problem. Common sense can be overly subjective. Common sense is weak in unexpected situations.
The contingency approach is just common sense.
http://www.Thinkgeek.com only has a business presence on the web. This is an example of a(n) __________.
The correct answer is "C" - e-business.
Which of the following is true about the unfreezing stage of Lewin's Change Model?
The focus of this stage is to create the motivation to change. The focus of the unfreezing stage of Lewin's Change Model is to create the motivation to change. In doing so, individuals are encouraged to replace old behaviors and attitudes with those desired by management.
GLOBE Cultural Dimensions Rankings
The nine cultural dimensions from the GLOBE project are Power distance. How much unequal distribution of power should there be in organizations and society? Uncertainty avoidance. How much should people rely on social norms and rules to avoid uncertainty and limit unpredictability? Institutional collectivism. How much should leaders encourage and reward loyalty to the social unit, as opposed to the pursuit of individual goals? In-group collectivism. How much pride and loyalty should individuals have for their family or organization? Gender egalitarianism. How much effort should be put into minimizing gender discrimination and role inequalities? Assertiveness. How confrontational and dominant should individuals be in social relationships? Future orientation. How much should people delay gratification by planning and saving for the future? Performance orientation. How much should individuals be rewarded for improvement and excellence? Humane orientation. How much should society encourage and reward people for being kind, fair, friendly, and generous?
Organizational Culture
The set of shared, taken-for-granted implicit assumptions that a group holds and that determines how it perceives, thinks about, and reacts to its various environments. -passed on to new employees through the process of socialization -operates at different levels -shaped by four key components: the founders' values, the industry and business environment, the national culture, and the senior leaders' vision and behavior (see conceptual framework)
Organization Design
The structures of accountability and responsibility used to develop and implement strategies, and the human resource practices and information and business processes that activate those structures Traditional Design -Functional structure groups people according to the business functions they perform, for example, manufacturing, marketing, and finance. A functional structure can save money by grouping together people who need similar materials and equipment -Divisional structure groups together activities related to outputs, such as type of product or customer. Divisional structures increase employees' focus on customers and products -Matrix structure combines functional and divisional chains of command to form a grid with two command structures. A successful matrix structure requires superior managers who communicate extensively, foster commitment and collaboration, manage conflict and negotiate effectively to establish goals and priorities consistent with the organization's strategy
Process Theories of Motivation
Theories that explain work motivation by how employee behavior is initiated, redirected, and halted
_____ is based on pessimistic and negative assumptions about human nature.
Theory X
Maslow's Need Hierarchy Theory
These needs are Physiological. Most basic need. Entails having enough food, air, and water to survive. Safety. Consists of the need to be safe from physical and psychological harm. Love. The desire to be loved and to love. Contains the needs for affection and belonging. Esteem. Need for reputation, prestige, and recognition from others. Also contains need for self-confidence and strength. Self-actualization. Desire for self-fulfillment—to become the best one is capable of becoming. two key managerial implications of Maslow's theory are worth noting. First, it is important for managers to focus on satisfying employee needs related to self concepts—self-esteem and self-actualization—because their satisfaction is significantly associated with a host of important outcomes such as academic achievement, physical illness, psychological well-being (e.g., anxiety disorders, depression), criminal convictions, drug abuse, marital satisfaction, money and work problems, and performance at work. Second, a satisfied need may lose its motivational potential. Therefore, managers are advised to motivate employees by devising programs or practices aimed at satisfying emerging or unmet needs.
Which of the following is true of centralized organizations?
They are more tightly controlled.
Which of the following is true regarding judgmental heuristics?
They are used by people without conscious awareness.
Which of the following is a feature of people with a conceptual style?
They are willing to take risks and are good at finding creative solutions to problems. People with a conceptual style have a high tolerance for ambiguity and tend to focus on the people or social aspects of a work situation. Conceptual types adopt a long-term perspective and rely on intuition and discussions with others to acquire information. They also are willing to take risks and are good at finding creative solutions to problems.
Which of the following statements is true about production teams?
They require minimal training for routine tasks.
Workforce demographics
_____ are statistical profiles of the characteristics and composition of the adult working population. Workforce demographics, which are statistical profiles of the characteristics and composition of the adult working population, are an invaluable human-resource planning aid.
SELF CONCEPT
all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, "Who am I?"
cognition
all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
Interpersonal Value Conflict
This type of value conflict often is at the core of personality conflicts, and such conflicts can negatively affect one's career
A Generic Typology of Organizational Change
This typology is generic because it relates to all sorts of change, including both administrative and technological changes. Adaptive change is lowest in complexity, cost, and uncertainty. It involves reimplementation of a change in the same organizational unit at a later time or imitation of a similar change by a different unit. Adaptive changes are not particularly threatening to employees because they are familiar. Innovative changes fall midway on the continuum of complexity, cost, and uncertainty. Unfamiliarity, and hence greater uncertainty, make fear of change a problem with innovative changes. At the high end of the continuum of complexity, cost, and uncertainty are radically innovative changes. Changes of this sort are the most difficult to implement and tend to be the most threatening to managerial confidence and employee job security. At the same time, however, radically innovative changes potentially realize the greatest benefits. Importantly, radical changes must be supported by an organization's culture. Organizational change is more likely to fail if it is inconsistent with any of the three levels of organizational culture: observable artifacts, espoused values, and basic assumptions
What form of diversity management is an organization adopting when it acknowledges differences but does not value nor accept them?
Toleration
Tolerate
Toleration entails acknowledging differences but not valuing or accepting them. It represents a live-and-let-live approach that superficially allows organizations to give lip service to the issue of managing diversity. Toleration is different from isolation in that it allows for the inclusion of diverse people. However, differences are not really valued or accepted when an organization uses this option.
TQM:
Total Quality Management
Which of the following is defined as, "continuous, customer-centered, employee-driven improvement?"
Total quality management
Leader Trait Theory
Trait theory is the successor to what was called the "great man" theory of leadership. This approach was based on the assumption that leaders such as Abraham Lincoln, Martin Luther King Jr., or Mark Zuckerberg were born with some inborn ability to lead. In contrast, trait theorists believed that leadership traits were not innate but could be developed through experience and learning. Leader Traits are physical or personality characteristic that can be used to differentiate leaders from followers. five traits tended to differentiate leaders from average followers: -Intelligence -Dominance -Self-confidence -Level of Energy & Activity -Task-relevant Knowledge First, organizations may want to include personality and trait assessments into their selection and promotion processes. Second, management development programs can be used to build a pipeline of leadership talent.
The Full-range Model of Leadership
Transactional Leadership focuses on clarifying employees' role and task requirements and providing followers with positive and negative rewards contingent on performance. encompasses the fundamental managerial activities of setting goals, monitoring progress toward goal achievement, and rewarding and punishing people for their level of goal accomplishment. Transformational leaders transform followers by creating changes in their goals, values, needs, beliefs, and aspirations. They accomplish this transformation by appealing to followers' self-concepts—namely their values and personal identity. -engender trust, seek to develop leadership in others, exhibit self-sacrifice and serve as moral agents, focusing themselves and followers on objectives that transcend the more immediate needs of the work group. Transformational leader behavior is first influenced by various individual and organizational characteristics. -tend to have personalities that are more extraverted, agreeable, and proactive and less neurotic than nontransformational leaders. -have higher emotional intelligence. -Female leaders also were found to use transformational leadership more than male leaders. -less traitlike and more susceptible to managerial influence. -an individual's life experiences play a role in developing transformational leadership and that transformational leadership can be learned. -organizational culture influences the extent to which leaders are transformational. Cultures that are adaptive and flexible rather than rigid and bureaucratic are more likely to create environments that foster the opportunity for transformational leadership to be exhibited. Transformational leaders engage in four key sets of leader behavior: (attached) 1) The first set, referred to as inspirational motivation, involves establishing an attractive vision of the future, the use of emotional arguments, and exhibition of optimism and enthusiasm. A vision is "a realistic, credible, attractive future for your organization." 2) Idealized influence includes behaviors such as sacrificing for the good of the group, being a role model, and displaying high ethical standards. 3) individualized consideration, entails behaviors associated with providing support, encouragement, empowerment, and coaching to employees. These behaviors necessitate that leaders pay special attention to the needs of their followers and search for ways to help people develop and grow. You can do this by spending time talking with people about their interests and by identifying new learning opportunities for them. Showing interest in people by remembering their names and previous conversations are other simple ways in which you can demonstrate individualized consideration. Finally, treating people with respect and telling them the truth with compassion also represent examples of consideration. 4) Intellectual stimulation involves behaviors that encourage employees to question the status quo and to seek innovative and creative solutions to organizational problems. -pertains to encouraging employee creativity, innovation, and problem solving. -The group problem-solving techniques discussed in Chapter 12 can help to stimulate employees. -fostering an adhocracy culture will assist in creating a work environment that promotes intellectual stimulation. You can use any of the cultural embedding techniques we discussed in Chapter 3 in this pursuit.
Contrasting High-Context and Low-Context Cultures
True to form, Germany has precise written rules for even the smallest details of daily life.39 In high-context cultures, agreements tend to be made on the basis of someone's word or a handshake, after a prolonged get-acquainted and trust-building period. Low-context Americans and Canadians, at least those with cultural roots in Northern Europe, see the handshake as a signal to get a signature on a detailed, lawyer-approved, ironclad contract. high-context cultures Primary meaning derived from nonverbal situational cues high-context cultures—including China, Korea, Japan, Vietnam, Mexico, and Arab cultures—rely heavily on situational cues for meaning when perceiving and communicating with others. Nonverbal cues such as one's official position, status, or family connections convey messages more powerfully than do spoken words. low-context cultures written and spoken words carry the burden of shared meanings. Low-context cultures include those found in Germany, Switzerland, Scandinavia, North America, and Great Britain
Which of the following is not a key workplace attitude that managers should track? Organizational commitment Perceived organizational support Turnover Employee engagement Job satisfaction
Turnover
Percentage Change in US Population by Race
Unfortunately, three additional trends suggest that current-day minority groups are experiencing their own glass ceiling. First, minorities in general are advancing less in the managerial and professional ranks than whites. Second, the number of race-based charges of discrimination that were deemed to show reasonable cause by the US Equal Employment Opportunity Commission increased from 294 in 1995 to 1,061 in 2008. Finally, a number of studies showed that minorities experienced more perceived discrimination, racism-related stress, and less psychological support than whites.
Formal Communication Channels
Upward communication - involves communicating with someone at a higher organizational level. Employees may communicate upward about themselves, problems with co-workers, organizational practices and policies they do not understand or dislike, and results they have or have not achieved. Organizations and managers need vibrant upward communication to foster organizational fairness and ethical conduct, intrinsic motivation, and empowerment (more on empowerment in the next chapter). Upward communication also is a key component of organizational efforts to increase productivity and improve customer service. Frontline employees generally know first-hand what it takes to get the job done. Unfortunately, too many employees tend to hold back (engage in self-censorship). Managers can encourage upward communication via employee attitude and opinion surveys, suggestion systems, formal grievance procedures, open-door policies, informal chats, e-mail and social media, exit interviews, and town hall meetings.47 Asking open-ended and nonjudgmental questions also is a good way to stimulate productive upward communication. Downward communication - occurs when someone at a higher level in the organization conveys information or a message downward to one or more others. Managers generally provide five types of information through downward communication: strategies/goals, job instructions, job rationale, organizational policies and practices, and feedback about performance. Surveys highlight the need for improvement in this area. Horizontal communication - flows among co-workers and between different work units, and its main purpose is coordination. During this sideways communication, employees share information and best practices, coordinate work activities and schedules, solve problems, offer advice and coaching, and resolve conflicts. In addition to using team checklists, horizontal communication is facilitated by project meetings, committees, team building social gatherings, and matrix structures. Horizontal communication is impeded in three ways: (1) by specialization that causes people to work alone; (2) by encouraging competition that reduces information sharing; and (3) by an organizational culture that does not promote collaboration and cooperation. External communication - is a two-way flow of information between employees and a variety of stakeholders outside the organization. External stakeholders include customers, suppliers, shareholders/owners, labor unions, government officials, community residents, and so on. Many organizations create formal departments, such as public or community relations, to coordinate their external communications. To protect competitive strategies, trade secrets, and the integrity of nondisclosure agreements, employees need to be fully informed about what they should not communicate to outsiders in everything from casual conversations to blogs and tweets.
MARKET CULTURE
VALUES STABILITY AND CONTROL. DRIVEN BY COMPETITION TO DELIVER RESULTS AND ACCOMPLISH GOALS. CUSTOMER TAKE PRECEDENTS OVER EMPLOYEE SATISFACTION. WORK HARD, ACT FAST AND DELIVER QUALITY WORK ON TIME.
Which of the following is a typical mistake made by management that leads to team failure?
Vague or conflicting team assignments Refer: Figure 11-2
_____ reflects the extent to which an individual focuses on either task and technical concerns or people and social concerns when making decisions.
Value orientation
_____ are enduring beliefs in a mode of conduct or end-state that transcend situations and are ordered by relative importance.
Values
Which of the following is true about consensus?
Voting is not encouraged because it can split the group into winners and losers.
BOTTOM-UP JOB DESIGN
WHERE EMPLOYEES ARE ENGAGED AND CHOOSE HOW EFFICIENT AND PRODUCTIVE THEY ARE CAPABLE FO PERFORMING AKA JOB CRAFTING
_____ represent an individual's overall thoughts and feelings about quitting his or her job.
Withdrawal cognitions Although some people quit their jobs impulsively or in a fit of anger, most go through a process of thinking about whether or not they should quit. Withdrawal cognitions encapsulate this thought process by representing an individual's overall thoughts and feelings about quitting.
Which of the following environmental factors is a contingency factor that describes leadership effectiveness?
Work group dynamics
telecommuting
allows the work to travel electronically to and from the person's home.
External Locus of Control
Why Does Everything Happen To Me? Why Bother? There is Nothing I Can Do About My Future
Self-esteem
a belief about one's own self-worth based on an overall self-evaluation. is measured by having survey respondents indicate their agreement or disagreement with both positive and negative statements. increasing during young and middle adulthood, reaching a peak at about age 60 years, and then declining in old age from 31 countries worldwide, a moderate positive correlation was found between self-esteem and life satisfaction. But the relationship was stronger in individualistic cultures individualistic cultures socialize people to focus more on themselves, while people in collectivist cultures "are socialized to fit into the community and to do their duty.
According to Randolph's empowerment plan:
a clear vision should be created for the lower-level employees to follow. According to Randolph's empowerment model, a clear vision should be created for the lower-level employees to follow. Heavy doses of training and direction should be provided for new skills. Refer: Figure 15-4
The agency problem is
a conflict of interest inherent in any relationship where one party is expected to act in another's best interests.
Emotional Intelligence (EI)
a form of social intelligence that emphasizes the abilities to manage, recognize, and understand emotions and use emotions to guide appropriate thought and action
Organization chart
a graphic representation of formal authority and division of labor relationships Dimensions of an Organizational Structure -Hierarchy of authority - delineates the official communication network and speaks volumes about compensation. Research shows that there is an increasing wage gap between layers over time. That is, the difference in pay between successive layers tends to increase over time. -Division of labor -Spans of control the number of people reporting directly to a given manager. Generally, the narrower the span of control, the closer the supervision and the higher the administrative costs as a result of a higher manager-to-worker ratio. -Line and staff positions Staff personnel do background research and provide technical advice, and recommendations to line managers. Line Managers have authority to make organizational decisions.
An organization chart is:
a graphic representation of formal authority and division of labor relationships. An organization chart is a graphic representation of formal authority and division of labor relationships. To the casual observer, the term organization chart means the family tree-like pattern of boxes and lines posted on workplace walls.
Giovanni says, "I can run a mile in under 5 minutes." He is expressing:
a high self-efficacy.
Golem Effect
a loss in performance resulting from low leader expectations
Idiosyncratic Deals (I-Deals)
a middle ground between top-down and bottom-up methods and attempts to overcome their limitations Idiosyncratic deals (i-deals) represent "employment terms individuals negotiate for themselves, taking myriad forms from flexible schedules to career development."72 Although "star performers" have long negotiated special employment contracts or deals, demographic trends and the changing nature of work have created increased opportunities for more employees to negotiate i-deals. I-deals tend to involve personal flexibility, developmental needs, and task-related content. The goal of such deals is to increase employee motivation and productivity by allowing employees the flexibility to negotiate employment relationships that meet their needs and values.
Self-Efficacy
a person's belief about his or her chances of successfully accomplishing a specific task. -arises from the gradual acquisition of complex cognitive, social, linguistic, and/or physical skills through experience." -role models can inspire us to build self-efficacy The relationship between self-efficacy and performance is a cyclical one. Efficacy → performance cycles can spiral upward toward success or downward toward failure.
Humility
a realistic assessment of one's own contribution and the recognition of the contribution of others, along with luck and good fortune that made one's own success possible has been called the silent virtue Humble individuals have a down-to-earth perspective of themselves and of the events and relationships in their lives. Humility involves a capability to evaluate success, failure, work, and life without exaggeration. Furthermore, humility enables leaders to distinguish the delicate line between such characteristics as healthy self-confidence, self-esteem, and self-assessment, and those of over-confidence, narcissism, and stubbornness. Humility is the mid-point between the two negative extremes of arrogance and lack of self-esteem. This depiction allows one to see that a person can be humble and competitive or humble and ambitious at the same time, which contradicts common—but mistaken—views about humility.
Chris has studied for his mathematics test and his English test. He expects to do moderately well in both subjects. He gets an "A" in English, but fails mathematics. While Chris feels that the grade he got for English was well-deserved, he blames his failure in mathematics on the fact that his teacher, Mr. Wallace, does not like him. In this situation, Chris is exhibiting __________.
a self-serving bias
Societal culture
a set of beliefs and values about what is desirable and undesirable in a community of people, and a set of formal or informal practices to support the values *Complex and multilayered culture influences organizational behavior in two ways. Employees bring their societal culture to work with them in the form of customs and language. Organizational culture, a by-product of societal culture, in turn affects the individual's values, ethics, attitudes, assumptions, and expectations.
MENTORING
a work relationship that encourages development and career enhancement for people moving through the career cycle
Cultural intelligence
ability to interpret ambiguous cross-cultural situations correctly the culturally intelligent person requires knowledge of culture and of the fundamental principles of cross-cultural interactions. This means knowing what culture is, how cultures vary, and how culture affects behavior. Second, the culturally intelligent person needs to practice mindfulness, the ability to pay attention in a reflective and creative way to cues in the cross-cultural situations encountered and to one's own knowledge and feelings. Third, based on knowledge and mindfulness, the culturally intelligent person develops cross-cultural skills and becomes competent across a wide range of situations. These skills involve choosing the appropriate behavior from a well-developed repertoire of behaviors that are correct for different intercultural situations
Social power
ability to marshal the human, informational, and material resources to get something done 1) Socialized power - plans, self-doubts, mixed outcomes and concerns for others 2) Personalized power - expressions of power for the sake of personal aggrandizement become paramount. Personalized power is exhibited when managers: -Focus more on satisfying their own needs. -Focus less on the needs of their underlings. -Act like "the rules" others are expected to follow don't apply to them The researchers found that the male and female employees had similar needs for power (n Pwr) and personalized power (p Pwr). But the women had a significantly higher need for socialized power (s Pwr) than did their male counterparts. This bodes well for today's work organizations where women are playing an ever greater administrative role. Unfortunately, as women gain power in the workplace, greater tension between men and women has been observed.
Culture Change in Organization
accomplished by using one or more of the following mechanisms: -Formal statements of organizational philosophy, mission, vision, values, and materials used for recruiting, selection, and socialization. -The design of physical space, work environments, and buildings. -Slogans, language, acronyms, and sayings. -Deliberate role modeling, training programs, teaching, and coaching by managers and supervisors. -Explicit rewards, status symbols (e.g., titles), and promotion criteria. -Stories, legends, or myths about key people and events. -The organizational activities, processes, or outcomes that leaders pay attention to, measure, and control. -Leader reactions to critical incidents and organizational crises. -The workflow and organizational structure. -Organizational systems and procedures. -Organizational goals and the associated criteria used for recruitment, selection, development, promotion, layoffs, and retirement of people.
Reintroducing a familiar practice is an example of _____ change.
adaptive Adaptive change is lowest in complexity, cost, and uncertainty. It involves reimplementation of a change in the same organizational unit at a later time or imitation of a similar change by a different unit.
The President of American Systems announced the employees would be going on a trip to San Francisco. A few employees liked the idea and a few of them disliked the idea. According to the nature of attitudes, these evaluations reflect the __________ component of the employees.
affective
You are unlikely to say anything to someone smoking in the nonsmoking section of a restaurant unless you are irritated by this behavior. A lack of irritation implies that the __________ component of your attitude toward people smoking in restaurants is neutral.
affective
The _____ component of an attitude contains the feelings or emotions one has about a given object or situation.
affective The affective component of an attitude contains the feelings or emotions one has about a given object or situation.
Employees' identification with a particular organization tends to increase their:
affective commitment. Affective commitment refers to the employee's emotional attachment to, identification with and involvement in the organization. Employees with a strong affective commitment continue employment with an organization because they want to do so.
Which of the following is a surface-level characteristic of a person?
age
According to the Big Five personality dimensions, a person scoring high on _____ is trusting, good natured, cooperative, and soft-hearted.
agreeableness Refer: Table 5-2
Fiedler's Contingency Model
based on the premise that a leader's effectiveness is contingent on the extent to which a leader's style fits or matches characteristics of the situation at hand. Fiedler believes that leaders have one dominant or natural leadership style that is resistant to change. A leader's style is described as either task-motivated or relationship-motivated. Task-motivated leaders focus on accomplishing goals, whereas relationship-motivated leaders are more interested in developing positive relationships with followers. These basic styles are similar to initiating structure/concern for production and consideration/concern for people that were previously discussed. To determine an individual's leadership style, Fiedler developed the least preferred co-worker (LPC) scale. High scores on the survey (high LPC) indicate that an individual is relationship-motivated, and low scores (low LPC) suggest a task-motivated style. Situational control refers to the amount of control and influence the leader has in his immediate work environment. Three Dimensions of Situational Control: -Leader-member relations the extent to which the leader has the support, loyalty, and trust of the work group most important component of situational control. Good leader-member relations suggest that the leader can depend on the group, thus ensuring that the work group will try to meet the leader's goals and objectives. -Task structure concerned with the amount of structure contained within tasks performed by the work group. For example, a managerial job contains less structure than that of a bank teller. Because structured tasks have guidelines for how the job should be completed, the leader has more control and influence over employees performing such tasks. This dimension is the second most important component of situational control. -Position power the degree to which the leader has formal power to reward, punish, or otherwise obtain compliance from employees
The remedy for the slippery slope is:
be alert for even trivial ethical infractions and address them immediately.
operant behavior
behavior that an organism produces that has some impact on the environment
Personal attitudes affect _______ via ______.
behavior; intentions
The head of ABC Company announced that the company was going to start a project on weekends that would teach self-defense techniques to underprivileged kids in the neighborhood. Thomas decided to register himself for the project, as he was a trained kick-boxer. This action of Thomas reflects the __________ component of his attitude.
behavioral
According to the _____ theory of leadership, leadership is something that is learned. In other words, leaders are made, not born.
behavioral style
Ethnocentrism
belief that one's native country, culture, language, and behavior are superior to all others. can effectively deal with ethnocentrism through education, greater cross-cultural awareness, international experience, and a conscious effort to value cultural diversity
Micro aggressions
biased thoughts, attitudes, and feelings" that exist at an unconscious level
The _____ technique is used to help groups generate multiple ideas and alternatives for solving problems, to increase creativity using silent idea generation.
brainstorming
Contingency approach
calls for using management techniques in a situationally appropriate manner, instead of trying to rely on "one best way" or "one size fits all
According to Lewin's change model, the _____ stage involves providing employees with new information, new behavioral models, or new ways of looking at things.
changing
Individualistic culture
characterized as "I" and "me" cultures, give priority to individual freedom and choice emphasize personal responsibility for one's affairs. This is no small matter in an aging society:
instructional feedback
clarifies roles or teaches new behavior
A sales manager who threatens to fire any salesperson who uses a company car for personal purposes is relying on _____ power.
coercive
If the second party grudgingly agrees to the first party's proposal and needs a lot of prodding to satisfy the minimum requirements, the second party is said to be exhibiting:
compliance.
A _____ listener makes sense of a message by first organizing specific thoughts and actions and then integrates this information by focusing on relationships among ideas.
comprehensive
The _____ model depicts communication as a pipeline in which information and meaning are perfectly transferred from one person to another.
conduit Historically, the communication process was described in terms of a conduit model. This model depicts communication as a pipeline in which information and meaning are transferred from person to person.
A(n) _____ occurs when two people are having a problem and, instead of addressing the problem directly with each other, one of them gets a third person involved.
conflict triangle
Gerard had come up with a new promotional idea for the latest product that his firm had created. However, his colleague Karl stole the idea and took the credit for it. This led to significant conflict between them. Karl later felt guilty for his wrong action and approached Jerry, a mutual friend, to help to settle the situation. This scenario is an example of a(n) _____.
conflict triangle A conflict triangle occurs when two people are having a problem and, instead of addressing the problem directly with each other, one of them gets a third person involved. In this scenario, Gerard and Karl were having a conflict and when Karl felt guilty, he involved a third person, Jerry, to solve the situation.
teleworking
connecting to the office from practically anywhere
People who are dependable, responsible, and achievement-oriented are likely to score high on:
conscientiousness.
The personality trait with the strongest positive relationship with job performance is:
conscientiousness.
Eury observes that his subordinate Nate is performing and acting like the other members of the unit. He is observing:
consensus.
Organizational citizenship behaviors (OCBs)
consist of employee behaviors that are beyond the call of duty. Examples include "such gestures as constructive statements about the department, expression of personal interest in the work of others, suggestions for improvement, training new people, respect for the spirit as well as the letter of housekeeping rules, care for organizational property, and punctuality and attendance well beyond standard or enforceable levels
Josef, a manager, reviews Arturo's performance over the past six months and notes that during February he was late to work five times. He was not late during any other months. Josef is observing:
consistency.
Barbara is training her new puppy to sit on command. Every time the puppy responds correctly, it receives a treat. Barbara is using a _____ reinforcement schedule.
continuous Barbara is using a continuous reinforcement schedule with her puppy. Every instance of a target behavior is reinforced when a continuous reinforcement (CRF) schedule is in effect.
According to the group decay process, the _____ stage occurs when an undercurrent of discontent slowly comes to the surface and individual resistance increases while cohesiveness declines.
de-storming
Attitude
defined as "a learned predisposition to respond in a consistently favorable or unfavorable manner with respect to a given object While values represent global beliefs that influence behavior across all situations, attitudes relate only to behavior directed toward specific objects, persons, or situations. Values and attitudes generally, but not always, are in harmony. Three factors accounted for middle-age attitude stability: (1) greater personal certainty, (2) perceived abundance of knowledge, and (3) a need for strong attitudes. Affective Component contains the feelings or emotions one has about a given object or situation. How do you feel Cognitive Component reflects the beliefs or ideas one has about an object or situation. What do you think Behavioral Component refers to how one intends or expects to act toward someone or something
Sex-stereotyped jokes are examples of _____.
derogatory attitudes Sex-stereotyped jokes are examples of impersonal derogatory attitudes. These are sexual harassment behaviors that reflect derogatory attitudes about men or women in general. Refer: Table 10-5
The four components of organizational development are:
diagnosis, intervention, evaluation, feedback.
schedules of reinforcement
different patterns of frequency and timing of reinforcement following desired behavior
People with a _____ style tend to be autocratic, exercise power and control, and focus on the short run.
directive People with a directive style have a low tolerance for ambiguity and are oriented toward task and technical concerns when making decisions. They are efficient, logical, practical, and systematic in their approach to solving problems. In their pursuit of speed and results, however, these individuals tend to be autocratic, exercise power and control, and focus on the short run.
A _____ leadership style is most beneficial in a group's early history.
directive and structured Experts in the area of leadership contend that different leadership styles are needed as work groups develop. In general, it has been documented that leadership behavior that is active, aggressive, directive, structured, and task-oriented seems to have favorable results early in the group's history.
Vulnerability
discussing one's weaknesses or limitations When teammates feel free to admit mistakes, ask for help, and acknowledge their own weaknesses, they reduce divisive politics and build a bond of trust more valuable than almost any strategic advantage
Carlos, a manager, is looking at records of Mary's work performance. He notes that she performed very well on task A, but poorly on task B. He is observing:
distinctiveness.
A common principle underlying various total quality management (TQM) programs is that one should:
do it right the first time to eliminate costly rework.
The _____ conflict-handling style is appropriate when an unpopular solution must be implemented, the issue is minor, or a deadline is looming. It is inappropriate in an open and participative climate.
dominating
Shared Leadership
dynamic, interactive influence process among individuals in groups for which the objective is to lead one another to the achievement of group or organizational goals or both This influence process often involves peer, or lateral, influence and at other times involves upward or downward hierarchical influence. Shared leadership is most likely to be needed when people work in teams, when people are involved in complex projects, and when people are doing knowledge work—work that requires voluntary contributions of intellectual capital by skilled professionals. Shared leadership also is beneficial when people are working on tasks or projects that require interdependence and creativity. A simple way to make this work is for one leader to focus on internal matters while the other is concerned with external issues. The application of shared leadership in this manner also helps organizations build a leadership pipeline for executive-level positions. shared leadership in teams was positively associated with group cohesion, group citizenship, and group effectiveness.Table 16-6 contains a list of key questions and answers that managers should consider when determining how they can develop shared leadership.
In the _____ phase of the socialization process, the employee tries to reconcile unmet expectations and make sense of the new work environment.
encounter
In Maslow's need hierarchy, the _____ need is the desire for reputation, prestige, and recognition from others.
esteem
All the employees in Mostafa's unit are performing poorly on one aspect of their jobs during the month of June. They are performing well on all other parts of their job. This is likely to be attributed to:
external causes.
Is Personality More Important Than Intelligence?
extraversion was most consistently and positively related to both leadership emergence and effectiveness. Conscientiousness and openness to experience also were positively correlated with leadership effectiveness. personality is more important than intelligence when selecting leaders.
If managers use _____, inaccurate evaluations of job applicants and employees may result.
faulty schemata Faulty schemata about what constitutes good versus poor performance can lead to inaccurate performance appraisals, which erode work motivation, commitment, and loyalty. Therefore, it is important for managers to accurately identify the behavioral characteristics and results indicative of good performance at the beginning of a performance review cycle.
Socialization Mangement
five practical guidelines for managing organizational socialization -effective onboarding programs resulted in increased retention, productivity, and rates of task completion for new hires. - reinforce a culture that promotes ethical behavior. Managers are encouraged to consider how they might best set expectations regarding ethical behavior during all three phases of the socialization process -The type of orientation program used to socialize employees affects their expectations and behavior. -Support for stage models is mixed. Although there are different stages of socialization, they are not identical in order, length, or content for all people or jobs. -Managers should pay attention to the socialization of diverse employees.
According to Tuckman's five-stage theory of group development, members tend to be uncertain and anxious about their roles, who is in charge and the group's goals in the _____ stage.
forming During this ice-breaking stage, group members tend to be uncertain and anxious about such things as their roles, who is in charge, and the group's goals. Mutual trust is low, and there is a good deal of holding back to see who takes charge and how.
The relationship between self-esteem and life satisfaction is significantly stronger:
in individualistic cultures than in collectivist cultures.
Carroll's Global Corporate Social Responsibility Pyramid
from the bottom up, advises organizations in the global economy to: - Make a profit consistent with expectations for international businesses. - Obey the law of host countries as well as international law. - Be ethical in its practices, taking host-country and global standards into consideration. - Be a good corporate citizen, especially as defined by the host country's expectations
Transformational leaders transform followers by creating changes in their _____.
goals and aspiration Transformational leaders transform followers by creating changes in their goals, values, needs, beliefs, and aspirations. They accomplish this transformation by appealing to followers' self-concepts—namely their values and personal identity.
Sexual harassment experiences and bullying represent _____ stressors
group-level
According to Alderfer's ERG theory, the _____ needs reflect the desire to use one's abilities to their fullest potential.
growth
you can never build a happy company by making people?
happy! Hire people that are naturally happy people.
In being hired for a job, the most important factor is likely to be _____, but to be promoted, a person needs _______.
hard skills; soft skills
Market Culture
has a strong external focus and values stability and control. Organizations with this culture are driven by competition and a strong desire to deliver results and accomplish goals. Because this type of culture is focused on the external environment, customers and profits take precedence over employee development and satisfaction. The major goal of managers is to drive toward productivity, profits, and customer satisfaction.
Adhocracy Culture
has an external focus and values flexibility. This type of culture fosters the creation of innovative products and services by being adaptable, creative, and fast to respond to changes in the marketplace. Adhocracy cultures do not rely on the type of centralized power and authority relationships that are part of market and hierarchical cultures. They empower and encourage employees to take risks, think outside the box, and experiment with new ways of getting things done. This type of culture is well suited for start-up companies, those in industries undergoing constant change, and those in mature industries that are in need of innovation to enhance growth.
Most entrepreneurs:
have bachelor's degrees.
Compared to coalitions, networks _____.
have broader agendas Unlike coalitions, which pivot on specific issues, networks are loose associations of individuals seeking social support for their general self-interests. Politically, networks are people oriented, while coalitions are issue oriented. Networks have broader and longer term agendas than do coalitions.
A(n) _____ culture leads to the development of reliable internal processes, extensive measurement, and the implementation of a variety of control.
hierarchy The hierarchy culture has an internal focus, which produces a more formalized and structured work environment, and values stability and control over flexibility. This orientation leads to the development of reliable internal processes, extensive measurement, and the implementation of a variety of control mechanisms.
Marisa is office manager in a small company. Her employees find that they can often come late to work and leave early, and Marisa will cover their work for them. Marisa is likely to score:
high on agreeableness.
People from _____ cultures rely heavily on situational cues for meaning.
high-context People from high-context cultures—including China, Korea, Japan, Vietnam, Mexico, and Arab cultures—rely heavily on situational cues for meaning when perceiving and communicating with others. Nonverbal cues such as one's official position, status, or family connections convey messages more powerfully than do spoken words.
As employees age, they typically experience _____.
higher job satisfaction
Research has demonstrated that organizational citizenship behavior is positively related to:
higher performance ratings and lower organizational costs.
People-centered management practices are associated with:
higher profits.
In hiring new employees, the best thing a manager could do is:
hire based on using CSE as one broad personality characteristic.
According to the social categorization theory:
homogeneous work groups will outperform heterogeneous work groups.
social cognition
how people think about themselves and the social world; more specifically, how people select, interpret, remember, and use social information to make judgments and decisions
As defined by the GLOBE project, _____ reflects the extent to which society should encourage and reward people for being kind, fair, friendly, and generous.
humane orientation
Strategic PlaN
identifies long-term directions for the organization
Pascal is a customer service representative who handles phone inquiries. He has a goal of handling 12 calls per hour. When he gets a customer with a complex situation, he tends to become short with that person to keep the call short. This is an example of:
ill-conceived goals.
When we set goals and incentives to promote a desired behavior, but they encourage a negative one, the cause of the resulting unethical behavior is called:
ill-conceived goals.
Associations generated in the incubation stage come to life in the _____ stage.
illumination
Introducing a practice new to the organization is an example of _____ change.
innovative Innovative changes fall midway on the continuum of complexity, cost, and uncertainty. An experiment with flexible work schedules by a farm supply warehouse company qualifies as an innovative change if it entails modifying the way other firms in the industry already use it.
FUNCTIONS OF FEEDBACK
instructional and motivational
The strength of the _____ conflict-handling style is its longer lasting impact because it deals with the underlying problem rather than merely with symptoms.
integrating
Janelle, one of Abdul's employees, has performed poorly on many aspects of her job since she was hired four months ago. This is likely to be attributed to:
internal causes.
At its most basic, a person's behavior can be attributed to either ______ or ______ factors.
internal; external
stage 2social information process model encoding and simplification
interpretation and categorization
Keyshawn is a player on a professional football team. Because of this, his play every week is scrutinized by fans and media, as well as his own coaches. Sometimes, their comments are very negative and even personal. Keyshawn will handle this better if he has a high level of _________ intelligence.
intrapersonal
Mike hosts a talk radio program that discusses political issues. He often receives emails and tweets that are very critical of his positions. However, these messages don't bother him. It is likely that he is high on _______ intelligence.
intrapersonal
Personal feelings of self-satisfaction and accomplishment are examples of _____ rewards.
intrinsic
Culture Shock
involves anxiety and doubt caused by an overload of unfamiliar expectations and social cues The best defense against culture shock is comprehensive cross-cultural training, including intensive language study. Once again, the best way to pick up subtle—yet important—social cues is via the local language.
Organizational citizenship behavior
is discretionary behavior that is not part of an employee's formal job requirements, but that nonetheless supports the effective functioning of the organization
Personal initiative:
is goal-directed and action-oriented. Personal initiative is a behavior syndrome resulting in an individual's taking an active and self-starting approach to work and going beyond what is formally required in the given job. More specifically, personal initiative is characterized by the following aspects: it (1) is consistent with the organization's mission, (2) has a long-term focus, (3) is goal-directed and action-oriented, (4) is persistent in the face of barriers and setbacks, and (5) is self-starting and proactive.
The distinction between flexible and fixed individual differences:
is that managers have little or no impact on fixed differences.
sex-role stereotype
is the belief that differing traits and abilities make men and women particularly well suited to different roles. These stereotypes have been found to influence our perceptions of women as leaders. (1) people often prefer male bosses (2) women have a harder time being perceived as an effective leader (e.g., women were seen as more effective than men only when the organization faced a crisis and turnaround) (3) women of color are more negatively affected by sex-role stereotypes than white women or men in general
Human Capital
is the productive potential of an individual's knowledge and actions
social cognition/social information processing
is the study of how people make sense of other people and themselves. It focuses on how ordinary people think about people and how they think they think about people. Three of the stages in this model—selective attention/comprehension, encoding and simplification, and storage and retention—describe how specific information and environmental stimuli are observed and stored in memory. The fourth and final stage, retrieval and response, involves turning mental representations into real-world judgments and decisions. Stage 1 - Attention - the process of becoming consciously aware of something or someone. Attention can be focused on information either from the environment or from memory. Stage 2 - Encoding - raw information is interpreted or translated into mental representations. To accomplish this, perceivers assign pieces of information to cognitive categories. "By category we mean a number of objects that are considered equivalent. Categories are generally designated by names, e.g., dog, animal." A schema represents a person's mental picture or summary of a particular event or type of stimulus. Stage 3 - Storage and Retention - This phase involves storage of information in long-term memory. long-term memory is made up of three compartments (or wings) containing categories of information about events, semantic materials, and people. Event Memory This compartment is composed of categories containing information about both specific and general events. These memories describe appropriate sequences of events in well-known situations, such as going to a restaurant , going on a job interview, going to a food store, or going to a movie. Semantic Memory Semantic memory refers to general knowledge about the world. In so doing, it functions as a mental dictionary of concepts. Each concept contains a definition (e.g., a good leader) and associated traits (outgoing), emotional states (happy), physical characteristics (tall), and behaviors (works hard). Just as there are schemata for general events, concepts in semantic memory are stored as schemata. Person Memory Categories within this compartment contain information about a single individual (your professor) or groups of people (professors). You are more likely to remember information about a person, event, or an advertisement if it contains characteristics that are similar to something stored in the compartments of memory. Stage 4 - Retrieval and Response - People retrieve information from memory when they make judgments and decisions. Our ultimate judgments and decisions are either based on the process of drawing on, interpreting, and integrating categorical information stored in long-term memory or on retrieving a summary judgment that was already made.
A _____ is a statistical pooling technique that allows behavioral scientists to draw conclusions about certain variables from many different studies.
meta-analysis
In the ________ stage of the social perception process, we utilize separate compartments for events, semantic materials, and people.
storage and retention
Lewin's Change Model
it is important to highlight the assumptions underlying this model: -The change process involves learning something new, as well as discontinuing current attitudes, behaviors, or organizational practices. -Change will not occur unless there is motivation to change. This is often the most difficult part of the change process. -People are the hub of all organizational changes. Any change, whether in terms of structure, group process, reward systems, or job design, requires individuals to change. -Resistance to change is found even when the goals of change are highly desirable. -Effective change requires reinforcing new behaviors, attitudes, and organizational practices. Unfreezing -Focus is to create the motivation to change -Begin by disconfirming the usefulness or appropriateness of employees' present behaviors or attitudes Benchmarking -the overall process by which a company compares its performance with that of other companies, then learns how the strongest-performing companies achieve their results Changing -providing employees with new information, new behavioral models, new processes or procedures, new equipment, new technology, or new ways of getting the job done -change can be aimed at improvement or growth, or it can focus on solving a problem such as poor customer service or low productivity Refreezing -Change is supported by helping employees integrate the changed behavior or attitude into their normal way of doing things -Giving employees the chance to exhibit new behaviors, which are then reinforced
According to Kelley's attribution model, consistency involves _____.
judging if the individual's performance on a given task is constant over time contrasting a person's behavior on one task with his or her behavior on other tasks Consistency is determined by judging if the individual's performance on a given task is consistent over time. High consistency implies that a person performs a certain task the same, time after time. Unstable performance of a given task over time would mean low consistency.
stage 4 competing environmental stemuli
judgments and decisions
To develop his or her self-awareness, a person should:
know his or her own strengths and limits.
According to Fiedler's Contingency Model, _____ refers to the extent to which the leader has the support, loyalty, and trust of the work group.
leader-member relations
According to Fiedler's contingency model, _____ is the most important component of situational control.
leader-member relations
According to Fiedler's Contingency Model, _____ refers to the extent to which the leader has the support, loyalty, and trust of the work group.
leader-member relations Leader-member relations reflect the extent to which the leader has the support, loyalty, and trust of the work group. This dimension is the most important component of situational control. Good leader-member relations suggest that the leader can depend on the group, thus ensuring that the workgroup will try to meet the leader's goals and objectives.
A hollow organization results from strategic application of the trend toward:
outsourcing.
Characteristics of Being a Leader and a Manager
leaders manage and managers lead, but the two activities are not synonymous Broadly speaking, managers typically perform functions associated with planning, investigating, organizing, and control, and leaders deal with the interpersonal aspects of a manager's job. Leaders inspire others, provide emotional support, and try to get employees to rally around a common goal. Leaders also play a key role in creating a vision and strategic plan for an organization. Managers, in turn, are charged with implementing the vision and strategic plan. Good leaders are not necessarily good managers, and good managers are not necessarily good leaders. Effective leadership requires effective managerial skills at some level. Good managerial skills turn a leader's vision into actionable tasks and successful implementation. Organizational success requires a combination of effective leadership and management. This in turn leads to the realization that today's leaders need to be effective at both leading and managing.
Learning organizations strive to:
learn from successes and failures.
To develop his or her relationship management skills, a person should:
learn how to build teams.
A(n) ______ actively attempts to infuse the organization with new ideas and information by scanning the external environment and hiring new talent.
learning organization
In Carroll's global corporate social responsibility pyramid, _____ responsibility states that one should do what is required by stakeholders.
legal
The potential to learn and use spoken and written languages is:
linguistic intelligence.
Performance on tests like the Scholastic Aptitude Test and the Graduate Management Admissions Test is likely to be most closely related to:
logical-mathematical intelligence.
Samantha, a member of a team you are assigned to for a management class, has often been late getting her work to the team, and when it arrives it is often of poor quality. Samantha is likely to be displaying her ________.
low conscientiousness
Halfway through the semester, Samuel quit doing assignments for and going to his advanced accounting class. He attributes this to his poor performance on the first two tests, as well as his lack of talent for accounting; he feels he will do much better as a management major. Samuel is likely to be experiencing:
low self-efficacy for accounting.
The Germans have a _____ culture where written and spoken words carry the burden of shared meanings.
low-context Low-context cultures include those found in Germany, Switzerland, Scandinavia, North America, and Great Britain. In these cultures, written and spoken words carry the burden of shared meanings.
Avoiding additional work and trying to get laid off are motives for _____.
making a poor impression In a survey of the work experiences of business students at a large northwestern US university, four motives for intentionally looking bad at work were developed. They were: (1) avoidance, (2) obtain concrete rewards, (3) exit, and (4) power.
Job Design Top Down Approaches
management is responsible for creating efficient and meaningful combinations of work tasks for employees. If done correctly, the theory is that employees will display higher performance, job satisfaction, and employee engagement, and lower absenteeism and turnover. scientific management, job enlargement, job rotation, job enrichment, and the job characteristics model. top-down approaches are constrained by the fact that managers cannot always create changes in task characteristics that are optimum for everyone.
A(n) _____ structure combines a vertical structure with an equally strong horizontal overlay.
matrix A matrix structure combines a vertical structure with an equally strong horizontal overlay. This generally combines functional and divisional chains of command to form a grid with two command structures, one shown vertically by function, and the other shown horizontally, by product line, brand, customer group, or geographic region.
competing environmental stemuli stage 3 Storage and retention
memory
schemata (schema)
mental categories for objects, mental rules for systems, a framework for understanding an aspect of the world
Leadership prototype
mental representations of the traits and behaviors that people believe are possessed by leaders. Although past research demonstrated that people were perceived as leaders when they exhibited masculine-oriented traits and behaviors associated with masculinity, and dominance, more recent studies showed an emphasis on more feminine traits and styles that emphasize empowerment, fairness, and supportiveness. This change in prototypes bodes well for reducing bias and discrimination against women in leadership roles.
According to the systems model of change, all organizational changes should be consistent with an organization's:
mission statement.
The _____ is defined as the desire to influence, coach, teach, or encourage others to achieve.
need for power
Soft skills are:
needed to interact with, influence, and perform with others.
Affirmative action programs often have _____ effects on the job satisfaction of women and minority employees who supposedly benefited from them.
negative
According to the perceptual model of communication, _____ is anything that interferes with the transmission and understanding of a message.
noise
Dana is trying to talk to a client from Russia. But his Russian accent is so thick that she can hardly understand what he is saying. In this situation, Dana's communication with her client is hampered due to _____.
noise
Speech impairments, poor telephone connections, and poor hearing and eyesight are examples of _____.
noise
The _____ criterion for reward distribution focuses on tenure or level in the organizational hierarchy.
nonperformance considerations Nonperformance considerations are customary or contractual, including situations where the type of job, nature of the work, equity, tenure, level in hierarchy, and so forth are rewarded.
According to Tuckman's five-stage theory of group development, in the _____ stage, questions about authority and power are resolved through unemotional, matter-of-fact group discussion.
norming
psychological detachment
not being involved in work-related activities, thoughts, or feelings during nonwork time. These activities can include making phone calls, answering e-mail, thinking about projects and activities that must be completed in the near term, and just plain thinking and talking about people at work. is positively associated with life satisfaction and psychological well-being, and negatively with emotional exhaustion and psychosomatic complaints.
Cognitive Dissonance
psychological discomfort experienced when simultaneously holding two or more conflicting cognitions (ideas, values, or emotions)
A person using the _____ conflict-handling style tries to play down differences while emphasizing commonalities, even to the point of neglecting his or her own concerns to satisfy the concern of the other party.
obliging An obliging person neglects his or her own concern to satisfy the concern of the other party. This style, often called smoothing, involves playing down differences while emphasizing commonalities.
secondary appraisal
occurs only in response to a stressful primary appraisal and entails an assessment of what might and can be done to reduce the level of perceived stress. During this evaluation a person considers which coping strategies are available and which ones are most likely to help resolve the situation at hand. Ultimately, the combination of an individual's primary and secondary appraisal influences the choice of coping strategies used to reduce stress.
Intrinsic motivation
occurs when an individual is "turned on to one's work because of the positive internal feelings that are generated by doing well, rather than being dependent on external factors (such as incentive pay or compliments from the boss) for the motivation to work effectively
Discrimination
occurs when employment decisions about an individual are due to reasons not associated with performance or are not related to the job. For example, organizations cannot discriminate on the basis of race, color, religion, national origin, sex, age, physical and mental disabilities, and pregnancy.
According to the Big Five personality dimensions, a person scoring high on _____ is intellectual, imaginative, curious, and broad-minded.
openness to experience Refer: table 5-2
Collectivist culture
oppositely called "we" and "us" cultures, rank shared goals higher than individual desires and goals Collectivist cultures, oppositely called "we" and "us" cultures, rank shared goals higher than individual desires and goals. People in collectivist cultures are expected to subordinate their own wishes and goals to those of the relevant social unit.
According to the systems model of change, structure and reward systems are examples of _____, which are target elements of change.
organizational arrangements There are four targeted elements of change: organizational arrangements, social factors, methods, and people. Organizational arrangements include policies, procedures, roles, structure, rewards, and physical setting.
The Contingency Approach to Designing Organizations
organizations tend to be more effective when they are structured to fit the demands of the situation
Initiating structure involves leader behavior associated with:
organizing and defining what followers should be doing to maximize output.
Strategic Plan
outlines an organization's long-term goals and the actions necessary to achieve these goals
Role _____ occurs when the role sender's expectations exceed the abilities of the focal person.
overload According to organizational psychologist Edgar Schein, role overload occurs when "the sum total of what role senders expect of the focal person far exceeds what he or she is able to do." As the individual tries to do more and more in less and less time, stress mounts, personal effectiveness slips, and health may deteriorate.
Foster Mutual Adaptation
people are willing to adapt or change their views for the sake of creating positive relationships with others. This implies that employees and management alike must be willing to accept differences and, most important, agree that everyone and everything is open for change.
According to Ajzen's theory of planned behavior, _____ is assumed to reflect past experience as well as anticipated impediments and obstacles.
perceived behavioral control Perceived behavior control refers to the perceived ease or difficulty of performing the behavior and is assumed to reflect past experience as well as anticipated impediments and obstacles.
A(n) _____ goal targets specific end result.
performance outcome
The sales department of a mutual fund firm set a few goals for the New Year. The firm set targets to sell a certain number of mutual funds within each month. The firm was only bothered about meeting the target and not about how to meet the target. This implies that the firm had made a(n) _____ goal.
performance outcome
The _____ criterion for reward distribution focuses on factors such as teamwork, risk-taking, and creativity.
performance: actions and behaviors
According to Tuckman's five-stage theory of group development, the _____ stage is when activity is focused on solving task problems.
performing According to Tuckman's five-stage theory of group development, the "performing" stage is when activity is focused on solving task problems. As members of a mature group, contributors get their work done without hampering others.
Sender barriers, encoding barriers, and decoding barriers are examples of a _____ barrier.
personal
According to the path-goal theory, when a manager presents the work group in a positive light to others and maintains positive relationships with influential others, he or she exemplifies _____ behavior.
representation and networking
Organizational Socialization
process by which a person learns the values, norms, and required behaviors which permit him to participate as a member of the organization -turns outsiders into fully functioning insiders by promoting and reinforcing the organization's core values and beliefs. -Daniel Feldman has proposed a three-phase model of organizational socialization that promotes deeper understanding of this important process. As illustrated in Figure 3-5, the three phases are: (1) anticipatory socialization, occurs before an individual actually joins an organization. It is represented by the information people have learned about different careers, occupations, professions, and organizations. Anticipatory socialization information comes from many sources. An organization's current employees are a powerful source of anticipatory socialization. So are the Internet and social media. -realistic job preview (RJP) involves giving recruits a realistic idea of what lies ahead by presenting both positive and negative aspects of the job. (2) encounter, and This second phase begins when the employment contract has been signed. During the encounter phase employees come to learn what the organization is really like. It is a time for reconciling unmet expectations and making sense of a new work environment. Onboarding is one such technique - programs help employees to integrate, assimilate, and transition to new jobs by making them familiar with corporate policies, procedures, culture, and politics and by clarifying work-role expectations and responsibilities. (3) change and acquisition. requires employees to master important tasks and roles and to adjust to their work group's values and norms. This will only occur when employees have a clear understanding about their roles necessitates that employees have a clear understanding regarding the use of social media
Competing Values Framework
provides a practical way for managers to understand, measure, and change organizational culture One axis pertains to whether an organization focuses its attention and efforts on internal dynamics and employees or outward toward its external environment and its customers and shareholders. The second is concerned with an organization's preference for flexibility and discretion or control and stability. Combining these two axes creates four types of organizational culture that are based on different core values and different sets of criteria for accessing organizational effectiveness. **the clan culture—upper-left quadrant—is represented by values that emphasize an internal focus and flexibility, whereas the market culture—bottom-right quadrant—has an external focus and concern for stability and control. You can see the same conflict between an adhocracy culture that values flexibility and an external focus and a hierarchy culture that endorses stability and control along with an internal focus.
Cognitive dissonance
psychological discomfort a person experiences when his or her attitudes or beliefs are incompatible with his or her behavior people will seek to reduce the "dissonance," or psychological tension, through one of three main methods: Change your attitude or behavior, or both. This is the simplest solution when confronted with cognitive dissonance. Returning to our example about needing a blood transfusion, this would amount to either (a) telling yourself that you can't get AIDS through blood and take the transfusion or (b) simply refusing to take the transfusion. Belittle the importance of the inconsistent behavior. This happens all the time. In our example, you could belittle the belief that you can get AIDS from the foreign blood bank. (The doctor said she regularly uses blood from that blood bank.) Find consonant elements that outweigh dissonant ones. This approach entails rationalizing away the dissonance. You can tell yourself that you are taking the transfusion because you have no other options. After all, you could die if you don't get the required surgery.
Expatriate
refers to anyone living or working outside their home country.
Organizational commitment
reflects the extent to which an individual identifies with an organization and is committed to its goals. -Affective commitment refers to the employee's emotional attachment to, identification with, and involvement in the organization. Employees with a strong affective commitment continue employment with an organization because they want to do so. Affective commitment is enhanced by hiring people whose personal values are consistent with the organization's values. A positive, satisfying work environment also should increase employees' desire to stay. -Continuance commitment refers to an awareness of the costs associated with leaving the organization. Employees whose primary link to the organization is based on continuance commitment remain because they need to do so. Continuance commitment is enhanced by offering employees a variety of progressive benefits and human resource programs. -Finally, normative commitment reflects a feeling of obligation to continue employment. Employees with a high level of normative commitment feel that they ought to remain with the organization normative commitment is influenced by organizational culture and the socialization process. Normative commitment can be increased by making sure that management does not breach its psychological contracts and by trying to enhance the level of trust throughout the organization.
Distributive justice
reflects the perceived fairness of how resources and rewards are distributed or allocated
developmental relationships diversity of
reflects the variety of people within the network an individual uses for developmental assistance. There are two subcomponents associated with network diversity: (1) the number of different people the person is networked with and (2) the various social systems from which the networked relationships stem
Managers can enhance instrumental cohesiveness by:
regularly updating and clarifying the group's goals. Refer: Table 11-5
Age sterotypes
reinforce age discrimination because of their negative orientation. Long-standing age stereotypes depict older workers as less satisfied, not as involved with their work, less motivated, not as committed
continous reinforcement
reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs (GAMBLING - SMALL REWARDS ARE NOT AS MEANINGFUL AS INTERITTANT REINFORCEMENT/LUMP SUM)
Inspirational leadership, influence, conflict management and teamwork/collaboration are all elements of _____.
relationship management Emotional intelligence is said to have four key components: self-awareness, self-management, social awareness, and relationship management. According to research, inspirational leadership, influence, conflict management and teamwork/collaboration are all elements of relationship management. Refer: Table 5-5
According to the theory of emotional intelligence, _____ is a component of social competence.
relationship management Emotional intelligence is said to have four key components: self-awareness, self-management, social awareness, and relationship management. The first two constitute personal competence; the second two feed into social competence. Refer: Table 5-5
Sustainability
represents "a company's ability to make a profit without sacrificing the resources of its people, the community, and the planet
Intelligence
represents an individual's capacity for constructive thinking, reasoning, and problem solving Charles Spearman proposed in 1927 that all cognitive performance is determined by two types of abilities. The first can be characterized as a general mental ability needed for all cognitive tasks. The second is unique to the task at hand Howard Gardner concept of multiple intelligences (MI) includes not only cognitive abilities but social and physical abilities and skills as well: Linguistic intelligence: Potential to learn and use spoken and written languages. Logical-mathematical intelligence: Potential for deductive reasoning, problem analysis, and mathematical calculation. Musical intelligence: Potential to appreciate, compose, and perform music. Bodily-kinesthetic intelligence: Potential to use mind and body to coordinate physical movement. Spatial intelligence: Potential to recognize and use patterns. Interpersonal intelligence: Potential to understand, connect with, and effectively work with others. Intrapersonal intelligence: Potential to understand and regulate oneself. Naturalist intelligence: Potential to live in harmony with one's environment.
primary appraisal
results in categorizing a situation or stressor as irrelevant, positive, or stressful. Stress appraisals are obviously the most important in terms of our current discussion because they imply that a situation or stressor is perceived as harmful, threatening, or challenging.
In the ________ stage of social perception, individuals call upon memory.
retrieval and response
Monochronic time
revealed in the ordered, precise, schedule-driven use of public time that typifies and even caricatures efficient Northern Europeans and North Americans Low-context cultures, such as in the United States, tend to run on monochronic time, while higher-context cultures, such as in Central America's Costa Rica, tend to run on polychronic time. People in polychronic cultures view time as flexible, fluid, and multidimensional. For example, imagine yourself doing business in the Persian Gulf nation of Qatar:
The remedy for overvaluing outcomes is:
reward solid decision processes, not just good outcomes.
Sample Survey
samples of people from specified populations respond to questionnaires. The researchers then draw conclusions about the relevant population. Generalizability of the results depends on the quality of the sampling and questioning techniques.
The starting point of organizational innovation is represented by the:
seeds of innovation. There are three components that influence the benefits of innovation: seeds of innovation, challenges of innovation, and nutrients of innovation. Seeds of innovation represent the starting point of organizational innovation.
In the ________ stage of social perception, people choose to perceive subsets of environmental stimuli.
selective attention and comprehension
At ABC Inc., each employee is required to evaluate himself or herself as part of preparation to meet with his or her manager for the annual employee performance review. As part of this, Daneesha prepared a thoughtful and comprehensive list of her strengths and weaknesses. Daneesha was displaying her:
self-awareness.
Another name for the Pygmalion effect is _____.
self-fulfilling prophecy
High supervisory expectancy produces better leadership, which subsequently leads employees to develop higher self-expectations. Higher expectations motivate workers to exert more effort, ultimately increasing performance and supervisory expectancies. Successful performance also improves an employee's self-expectancy for achievement. This series of steps reflects the _____.
self-fulfilling prophecy
The _____ represents one's tendency to take more personal responsibility for success than for failure.
self-serving bias The self-serving bias represents one's tendency to take more personal responsibility for success than for failure. The self-serving bias suggests employees will attribute their success to internal factors and their failures to uncontrollable external factors.
Josephine was placed on a four-person project team in her management class. The team produces four reports during the term, and each person leads one of these projects. The project Josephine leads earned an A, while the team received Cs on the other three. Josephine believes that the reason her project was successful was because of her leadership abilities, while the reason the other projects were not so good was the inadequate leadership of the other team members. Her beliefs are likely to be reflecting:
self-serving bias.
According to equity theory, _____ is an input in the employee-employer exchange.
skill An employee's inputs, for which he or she expects a just return, include education/training, skills, creativity, seniority, age, personality traits, effort expended, and personal appearance.
Roberto is a manager at XYZ Corporation. Every day, he eats lunch in the company cafeteria so he can learn the latest news and rumors. He is exhibiting his:
social awareness.
The tendency for individual effort to decline as group size increases is referred to as _____.
social loafing The tendency for individual effort to decline as group size increases has come to be called social loafing. Management can curb this threat to group effectiveness by making sure the task is challenging and perceived as important.
Organizational _____ is defined as "the process by which a person learns the values, norms, and required behaviors which permit him to participate as a member of the organization."
socialization Organizational socialization is defined as "the process by which a person learns the values, norms, and required behaviors which permit him to participate as a member of the organization." It is a key mechanism used by organizations to embed their organizational cultures.
Joyce finds that the members of the project team to which she has been assigned in her management class are all athletes on the college's football and basketball teams. She immediately considers dropping the class because she thinks her experience with that team will be negative. Joyce is likely to be reacting to a:
stereotype.
Frequent interactions, reciprocity, and positive feelings between a protégé and developer indicate a _____.
strong developmental relationship Developmental relationship strength reflects the quality of relationships among the individual and those involved in his or her developmental network. For example, strong ties are reflective of relationships based on frequent interactions, reciprocity, and positive affect. Weak ties, in contrast, are based more on superficial relationships.
Some employees at Harley-Davidson factories have had the company logo tattooed on their bodies. This example is an indication of _____.
strong organizational identification
According to Ajzen's theory of planned behavior, _____ refers to the perceived social pressure to perform or not to perform the behavior. intention
subjective norm
According to the concept of building blocks, leading for competence involves:
supporting and coaching employees. Leading for competence involves supporting and coaching employees. Managers first need to make sure employees have the knowledge needed to successfully perform their jobs. Deficiencies can be handled through training and mentoring.
Karrin notices immediately that one of the members assigned to her group in her marketing class is a middle-aged man. This is a(n) _______ characteristic.
surface-level
Organization
system of consciously coordinated activities or sources of two or more people. Embodied in the conscious coordination aspect of this definition are four common denominators of all organizations: 1) coordination of effort - is achieved through formulation and enforcement of policies, rules, and regulations. 2) a common goal 3) division of labor - occurs when the common goal is pursued by individuals performing separate but related tasks. 4) a hierarchy of authority. - also called the chain of command, is a control mechanism dedicated to making sure the right people do the right things at the right time. Historically, managers have maintained the integrity of the hierarchy of authority by adhering to the unity of command principle. The unity of command principle specifies that each employee should report to only one manager. Otherwise, the argument goes, inefficiency would prevail because of conflicting orders and lack of personal accountability. Managers in the hierarchy of authority also administer rewards and punishments. Organization theorists refer to these factors as the organization's structure.
The self-serving bias states that we tend to:
take more responsibility for success than failure.
Culture generally remains below the threshold of conscious awareness because it involves _____ assumptions.
taken-for-granted
According to Fiedler's Contingency Model, _____ refers to the degree of pre-arrangement contained within duties performed by the work group.
task structure
According to Fiedler's Contingency Model, _____ refers to the degree of pre-arrangement contained within duties performed by the work group.
task structure Task structure is concerned with the amount of structure contained within tasks performed by the work group. Because structured tasks have guidelines for how the job should be completed, the leader has more control and influence over employees performing such tasks.
asynchronous communication
team members can work on the same project at different times
high self monitors
tend to be more effective in foreign cultures because a high self-monitor tends to read the social situation first and then present an appropriate response, as opposed to simply presenting a consistent image of self in every situation. "CHAMELIANS"
The path-goal theory is based on the premise:
that an employee does not have to be a supervisor or manager to engage in leader behavior. House places much more emphasis on the need for leaders to foster intrinsic motivation through empowerment. Shared leadership represents the final change in the revised theory. That is, path-goal theory is based on the premise that an employee does not have to be a supervisor or manager to engage in leader behavior.
Personality
the combination of stable physical and mental characteristics that give the individual his or her identity. These characteristics or traits—including how one looks, thinks, acts, and feels—are the product of interacting genetic and environmental influences.
Self-monitoring
the extent to which a person observes his or her own self-expressive behavior and adapts it to the demands of the situation. - High self-monitors are sometimes called chameleons, who readily adapt their self-presentation to their surroundings. Low self-monitors, on the other hand, often are criticized for being on their own planet and insensitive to others. -Individuals high in self-monitoring are thought to regulate their expressive self-presentation for the sake of desired public appearances, and thus be highly responsive to social and interpersonal cues of situationally appropriate performances. Individuals low in self-monitoring are thought to lack either the ability or the motivation to so regulate their expressive self-presentations. Their expressive behaviors, instead, are thought to functionally reflect their own enduring and momentary inner states, including their attitudes, traits, and feelings For high, moderate, and low self-monitors: Become more consciously aware of your self-image and how it affects others. For high self-monitors: Don't overdo it by evolving from a successful chameleon into someone who is widely perceived as insincere, dishonest, phony, and untrustworthy. You cannot be everything to everyone. For low self-monitors: You can bend without breaking, so try to be a bit more accommodating while being true to your basic beliefs. Don't wear out your welcome when communicating. Practice reading and adjusting to nonverbal cues in various public situations. If your conversation partner is bored or distracted, stop—because they are not really listening.
needs for power
the need to make others behave in a way that they would not have behaved otherwise
social capital
the networks of relationships among people who live and work in a particular society, enabling that society to function effectively.
intrinsic rewards
the personal satisfaction and enjoyment felt after attaining a goal
Impression management
the process by which people attempt to control or manipulate the reactions of others to images of themselves or their ideas Favorable Impression Management Job-focused - manipulating information about one's performance Supervisor-focused - praising and doing favors for one's supervisor Self-focused - presenting oneself as a polite and nice person
Mentoring
the process of forming and maintaining developmental relationships between a mentor and a junior person Mentoring can serve to embed an organization's culture when developers and the protégé/protégée work in the same organization for two reasons. First, mentoring contributes to creating a sense of oneness by promoting the acceptance of the organization's core values throughout the organization. Second, the socialization aspect of mentoring also promotes a sense of membership. two general functions—career and psychosocial—of the mentoring process. Five career functions that enhanced career development were sponsorship, exposure-and-visibility, coaching, protection, and challenging assignments. Four psychosocial functions were role modeling, acceptance-and-confirmation, counseling, and friendship. The psychosocial functions clarified the participants' identities and enhanced their feelings of competence
Participative management
the process whereby employees play a direct role in (1) setting goals, (2) making decisions, (3) solving problems, and (4) making changes in the organization. Participative management includes, but goes beyond, simply asking employees for their ideas or opinions. Participative management helps employees fulfill three basic needs: -Autonomy -Meaningfulness of work -Interpersonal contact
emotional contagion theory
theory that emotional expression is contagious; people can "catch" emotions just by observing others' emotional expressions
A Contingency Model for Selecting Communication Media
there are three zones of communication effectiveness. Effective communication occurs when the richness of the medium is matched appropriately with the complexity of the problem or situation. Media low in richness—impersonal static and personal static—are better suited for simple problems; media high in richness—interactive media and face-to-face—are appropriate for complex problems or situations.
The most important work-related value for Catholics is:
treating employees in a considerate fashion.
counterproductive work behaviors (CWBs)
types of behavior that harm employees, the organization as a whole, or organizational stakeholders such as customers and shareholder. Examples of CWBs include theft, gossiping, backstabbing, drug and alcohol abuse, destroying organizational property, violence, purposely doing bad or incorrect work, surfing the Net for personal use, excessive socializing, tardiness, sabotage, and sexual harassment.
According to Lewin's change model, the _____ stage involves creating the motivation to change by encouraging people to replace old behaviors with those desired by management.
unfreezing The focus of this stage is to create the motivation to change. In so doing, individuals are encouraged to replace old behaviors and attitudes with those desired by management. Managers can begin the unfreezing process by disconfirming the usefulness or appropriateness of employees' present behaviors or attitudes.
pay-for-performance programs
variable compensation plans that pay employees on the basis of some performance measure
Laboratory Study
variables are manipulated and measured in contrived situations. College students are commonly used as subjects.
Why People Avoid Conflict
we avoid conflict because we fear various combinations of the following things: "harm," "rejection," "loss of relationship," "anger," "being seen as selfish," "saying the wrong thing," "failing," "hurting someone else," "getting what you want," and "intimacy."
Examples of Glass Ceiling:
woman navigate a labyrinth after breaking glass ceiling, racial groups encounter glass ceilings due to discrimination, mismatch between workers educational team and occupational requirements, generational differences and discrimination
George has a habit of disrupting meetings by asking irrelevant questions and daydreaming. He does not listen to his colleagues' ideas and presentations during meetings. His colleagues are getting irritated with his behavior. This implies that George is stimulating:
workplace incivility.
Which of the following statements about nonverbal communication is true?
ye contact conveys emotion.
