Final - physics 037: the origins

What is Hubble's Fork Diagram used for?

An organization of different types of galaxies according to their morphology.

Which ones is NOT evidence for the Big Bang?

D. The existence of galaxy clusters in the universe.

Which of the following statements is WRONG? A. Protons and neutrons have three quarks each. B. Atoms consist of electrons, protons and neutrinos. C. Free neutrons decay to protons emitting an electron and a neutrino. D. Electrons are moving around the nucleus.

Atoms consist of electrons, protons and neutrinos.

What is the most abundant element found in the earth's atmosphere?

Nitrogen

This protects us from harmful UV rays from the sun

Ozone Layer

Which of the following correctly lists the geologic periods in chronological order?

Permian, Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous

What are the main constituents of the jovian planets?

hydrogen and helium

What type of chemical bond occurs when one electron is transferred between the outermost shells of the two atoms, making each of those shells complete?

ionic bond

What is the name of chemical reactions essential to start life on Earth?

redox reactions

The current age of the universe is approximately:

A. 13.8 billion years

Which of the following is not considered one of the light elements in the early universe?

Carbon

Which of the following describe the early stages in the formation of stars in the correct order?

Cold molecular gas, Gravitational collapse, formation of disk, protostar phase

The collision of which two plates form mountain ranges?

Continental - Continental

Where the elements heavier than carbon can be produced?

Core of the massive stars

The deuterium bottleneck occurred due to deuterium's fragile nature. What was the primary cause of the destruction of deuterium during this period?

Energetic photons (radiation)

What is the primary difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

Eukaryotes have a nucleus within the cell while prokaryotes do not.

Which of the following is wrong about dark energy?

It is responsible for the attraction force bringing matter together.

The Jovian planets in our solar system are

Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune

Objects in motion are associated with what type of energy?

Kinetic energy

Why the increase in the brain size of the Homo genus went hand-in-hand with their ability to consume meat?

Larger the size of brain, higher is the energy requirement and this energy could most efficiently be provided by meat.

Ordinary matter is classified as ___________ to _________

Leptons - Hadrons

The Moon is similar in composition as the planet

Mars

What is meant by "dark energy"?

The agent causing the universal expansion to accelerate

An open universe is defined as:

The density of the universe is less than the critical density

Which of the following allowed negatively charged electrons to join positively charged nuclei to form the first stable, neutral atoms?

The expansion of the universe caused the temperature to decrease sufficient for their formation.

What statement describes the Hubble Law?

The farther a galaxy is from us, the faster it appears to be moving away.

What is nucleosynthesis?

The formation of heavy elements from lighter elements

What property or properties of water makes it essential for life on Earth? - low density in solid form - it's polar solvent nature which is facilitating chemical reactions -it's polar solvent nature which is facilitating helical reactions

all of the above

Which of the following is true about adenosine triphosphate (ATP)? - it is composed of adenine, ribose, & three phosphates - it is a high-energy molecule due to the presence of the last two unstable phosphate - it is known as the energy currency of a cell

all of the above

Which group is believed to be descendants of dinosaurs?

birds

The tectonic plates of the Earth are part of Earth's:

crust

What might be causing the universe to accelerate?

dark energy

What is responsible in keeping galaxy clusters together?

dark matter

Without greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, the temperature of the Earth would ..

decrease

The gravitational force in a molecular cloud depends on:

density only

Type Ia supernovae have a constant intrinsic luminosity, which is why they are referred to as standard candles. Astronomers use the standard candles to directly measure _______________.

distance to distant galaxies

Which division on the geologic time scale is the shortest?

epoch

The inflationary model predicts that the geometry of the universe should be

flat

Around 4.5 billion years ago, the early Earth experienced a catastrophic impact. Which of the following was produced by this event?

formation of the moon

Which of the following is defined as the time needed for an oscillating system to complete one full cycle? • Wavelength • Frequency • Period • Amplitude

frequency

What are greenhouse gases?

gases that absorb infrared light

What is the dominant force between the Earth and the Sun?

gravitational force

Based on the available fossil evidences, which group was the first organism which develop the ability to live on the lands?

plants

Which enzyme create single DNA from an RNA template?

reverse transcriptase

What is the origin of chemical compositions of seawater?

rocks

What is the most common form of fossil?

sedimentary rock

Where do stars mostly form?

In cold molecular gases

The Hubble law states that a Galaxy that is five times closer than another moves ______ times slower than the one further away.

3

What is the temperature of the cosmic microwave background today?

3 degrees K

What is the composition of the gas between stars?

98% Hydrogen and Helium, 2% heavier elements

What is the era of inflation?

A period of extremely rapid expansion in the very early universe

Which of the following best describes the process of absorption?

A photon collides with an electron in an atom, transferring all its energy so that the electron moves to a higher energy level

Deuterium is formed by the combination of:

A proton and a neutron

Various Evidences suggest that modern human first emerged in ..

Africa

Which of the following are candidates for dark matter? A. Neutrinos B. Faint red stars C. WIMPs D. All of the above

All of the above

Which unit is mostly used when referring to distances within our solar system?

Astronomical Unit (AU)

According to the model of the Big Bang, which of the following events best describes the process of recombination? • Atomic nuclei captured electrons and become neutral atoms. • Protons and neutrons combined for form the first atomic nuclei. • Radiation from the first stars ionized the neutral hydrogen wall that filled space. • •. • • Matter and anti-matter annihilated each other, resulting in the production of energy.

Atomic nuclei captured electrons and became neutral atoms.

Which of the following is not one of the three domains of life?

Bacteria

Which of the following is responsible for the final shape of galaxies? • The density of primordial gas. • The expansion rate of the universe. • The conservation of the angular momentum. • Both A & C

Both A & C (The density of the primordial gas. & The conservation of angular momentum. )

What observation(s) by Galileo rejected the Aristotelian geocentric model? A. The discovery of the presence of Jupiter's moons B. Observations of the phase cycle of Venus C. The orbit of Pluto. D. Both A and B

Both A and B

If the universe is closed: A. material will get further and further apart B. It's density exceeds the critical density C. It will eventually start to collapse D. Both B and C

Both B and C

Which statement is correct? A. Higgs field is present in the entire Universe. B. The Higgs fields are associated with a particle called mesons. C. Particles that do not interact with the Higgs field, move slower than light. D. Particles that do not interact with the Higgs field, are more massive.

Higgs field is present in the entire Universe.

Which of the following best describes the epoch of reionization?

High energy light hit atoms and completely removed electrons from them, making the universe transparent.

The Sun's energy is generated by:

Nuclear fusion

Which of the following tectonic plate motions is responsible for the formation of volcanic islands such as Hawaii? • Ocean-Ocean convergence • Ocean-Continent convergence • Continent-Continent convergence • Transform boundaries

Ocean - Ocean convergence

What was the conclusion of the famous Miller-Urey experiment?

Organic molecules were likely generated from inorganic material in the presence of a strong energy source.

What is the Copernican revolution?

Proposing the idea that Sun is at the center of the Universe

Which of the four fundamental forces keep atomic nuclei together?

Strong nuclear force

Which of the following physical parameters indicate the average energy (speed) of particles in a gas?

Temperature

You observe a galaxy that is 100 million light-years away: what do you see?

The light from the galaxy as it was 100 million years ago and it is redshifted

What triggered the end of the dark ages?

The production of high-energy light from the first stars and galaxies

Which of the following is not a reason for migration of animals from sea to the land?

The seas became dried

Which statement is wrong? • Entropy measures the level of disorder in a system. • Entropy naturally explains the arrow of time in a physical system. • There is more tendency for a physical system to evolve to lower state of disorder. • There is more tendency for a physical system to evolve to higher entropy.

There is more tendency for a physical system to develop a lower state of disorder

What happens when anti-matter and matter interact with each other?

They annihilate each other, resulting in the conversion of matter to energy

Which of the following is not true regarding DNA and RNA? • They both have a double-stranded structure, forming a helix shape. • They differ in their sugar group, which constructs the backbone of the molecules along with a phosphate group. • They both consist of nucleotides which are linked together through covalent bonds. • Three of the four bases making up DNA and RNA are identical - adenine, cytosine, and guanine.

They both have a double-stranded structure, forming a helix shape.

4He is the most abundant, stable isotope of helium. What is the composition of its nucleus?

Two protons and two neutrons

Which of the following is in correct chronological order (first to last)? • Dark Ages, Big Bang, Reionization • Big Bang, Dark Ages, Reionization • Dark Ages, Reionization, Big Bang • Big Bang, Reionization, Dark Ages

• Big Bang, Dark Ages, Reioniozation

What is the final stage in the life of a low-mass star?

White Dwarf

In the very early universe, where did the first generation of galaxies begin to form?

Within dark matter halos

Which of the following is the largest? A. A galaxy B. A cluster of galaxies C. The Sun D. The Earth

a galaxy cluster

The lithosphere of a planet is the layer that consists of

the rigid rocky material of the crust and uppermost portion of the mantle.

The number of electrons in the outermost shell of an atom largely dictates the atom's chemical properties and its likelihood of entering into reactions. What is the name of this shell?

valance shell