FINAL REVIEW
True or False: A "dirty bomb" is just as dangerous as an actual atomic or nuclear bomb to life if used in a civilian area.
False
True or False: Al Qaeda is a prime example of an "Ethno-Nationalist" kind of terrorist group.
False
True or False: Liberal, Moderate/Centrist and Conservative people are as likely to become terrorists as those on the Far/Fringe Left or Right.
False
True or False: Religious terrorism done for a primary motivation is the most common kind of religious terror.
False
True or False: When terrorist groups fight directly against government or police forces, they generally have the "upper hand" and defeat the government forces.
False
True or false: Communal Terrorists are more likely to go after government buildings than the houses and buildings of rival groups in the area.
False
What was the Old Left and how was it different from the New Left? What group committed more acts of Leftist Terror in the USA?
"Old Left" - pre 1960s Leftists that were ideologically connected to the old Soviet Union, accepted classic interpretation of Marxism. Rarely violent. "New Left" - 1960s and beyond Leftists that were connected to Civil Rights struggles and saw themselves as a vanguard movement. Often violent. Left Wing Ideology was based on mistrust of government, opposition to the Vietnam War, and very much a part of the Counterculture of the 1960s
Explain differences between revolutionary, nihilist, and ethno-nationalist forms of dissident terrorism.
- Revolutionary Dissident Terrorism: A Clear World Vision -Nihilist Dissident Terrorism: Revolution for the Sake of Revolution -Ethno-Nationalist Dissident Terrorism: The Aspirations of a People
Why do critics of forfeiture say it causes more problems than it actually solves?
- incentives for abuse -policing for profit
Describe the Patriot Act, and what changes it brought in the way of homeland security
-Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism -was quickly was signed into law by U.S. President George W. Bush as anti-terrorism legislation in response to the September 11, 2001 attacks. - increases penalties for those who commit terrorist crimes -updated the law to reflect new technologies and new threats -facilitated information sharing and cooperation among government agencies so that they can better "connect the dots" -better investigate crimes
What changes and responses in the War on Terror will be necessary to combat terrorism in the future?
-disrupting and preventing terrorist conspiracies from operationalizing their plans -deterring would be terrorist cadres from crossing the line between extremist activism and political violence -implementing formal and informal international treaties, laws, and task forces to create a cooperative counterterrorist environment -minimizing physical destruction and human casualties
How is intelligence/ espionage used in fighting OC
-we learn specifics about people, organizations, and procedures in which we have a personal interest. Accordingly, the police often learn of people who are supposedly involved in criminal conduct, but sufficient evidence is not available to arrest them. As a result, temporary intelligence files are assembled for this purpose and, based on the information in these files, officers can attempt to verify allegations of criminal conduct. If officers are successful in documenting a person's criminal involvement, the intelligence operation can become a criminal investigation.
What are the four characteristics of extremists?
1. Intolerance - no ideas outside of their own are accepted. The world is a simplified, "black and white" place, and extremists are "right." 2. Moral absolutes - because the world is "black and white," extremists hold the moral position, and anyone against them is immoral. 3. Broad conclusions - use of stereotypes to characterize their opponents. 4. New language and conspiratorial beliefs - they often have specialized language to point at their enemies and back up their beliefs (ex: "International Bankers," "ZOG")
What does Martin mean by "Homegrown Jihad?" What examples does he give? (pg 234)
A significant threat to homeland security in Europe and the United States arose from an unanticipated source—homegrown sympathizers of the international jihadist movement. Domestic security became increasingly challenged in the aftermath of high-casualty terrorist incidents carried out by extremists who resided in Western democracies. Such incidents were particularly problematic because many of the perpetrators were seamlessly woven into the fabric of mainstream society. Examples: Madrid Train Bombings, the London Transportation System Attacks, the Fort Hood Incident, the Boston Marathon Bombing
What is Communal Terrorism?
Acts against groups seen as cultural or historical enemies
Terrorists want people to notice them, and come to an understanding and acceptance of their message. This could be governments, people in nations, potential supporters, and full blown supporters of the group. Which characteristic of terrorism is this representing?
Acts to affect audiences
The Mujahideen first started as a loose organization that used terrorist tactics against the Soviet invasion of what nation?
Afghanistan
What is the primary target of terrorists?
Attacks on Soft Targets - attacks on civilian centers for the most part.
Use of anthrax, smallpox and bubonic plague would be what kind of potential, and horrific, weapon used by terrorists?
Biological
Groups like the Black Panthers and the Nation of Islam are part of what kind of ideological thinking
Black Power
Use of Force
Covert ops- secretive operations that include assassinations, sabotage, kidnapping, extraordinary renditions, and other quasi-legal methods. seek to destabilize, degrade, and destroy terrorist groups. Targets include individual terrorists, terrorist networks, and support apparatuses. Assassinations- The terrorism will end or diminish if the terrorists and their supporters are eliminated. The argument is that those targeted for assassination will, as a threat, be permanently removed. It is debatable whether this assumption is accurate because little evidence supports the supposition that assassinations have ever had an appreciable deterrent effect on determined terrorists—new recruits continue to enlist in movements worldwide. Short-duration military and paramilitary operations are usually conducted for a specific purpose under specific rules of engagement. These actions are designed to send a clear symbolic message to terrorists... Punitive strikes- are launched as reprisals against terrorists for incidents that have already taken place. Successful punitive strikes require the attacker to symbolically and politically link the attacks to the terrorist incident. preemptive strikes- undertaken to hurt terrorists before a terrorist incident. Preemptive operations are launched as a precautionary measure to degrade the terrorists' ability to launch future attacks. Symbolic and political linkage between the attacks and a real threat is often difficult. Drones- Armed remotely controlled drone aircraft became fixtures in the United States' arsenal during the post-9/11 era. Operated by military and Central Intelligence Agency personnel from remote locations, armed drones proved to be a deadly counterpart to other options involving targeted killings of terrorists.
Attacks by a cell based group on worldwide targets (example: Al Qaeda) would be what kind of terrorism?
International
What are the goals of "anti-state" dissident terrorism?
It is directed against existing governments and political institutions and attempts to destabilize the existing order as a precondition to a new society. As discussed earlier, antistate dissidents can have a clear vision of the new society (revolutionary dissidents), a vague vision of the new society (nihilist dissidents), national aspirations (nationalist dissidents), or a profit motive (criminal dissidents). Regardless of which model fits a particular movement, the common goal is to defeat the state and its institutions.
What are the jurisdictional problems that police have in dealing with Organized Crime
Jurisdictional Limits: federal and state limits on jurisdiction, none overseas, Feds must co- operate with foreign governments
Which of the following would NOT be an issue that is associated with Far/Fringe Right-wing terror?
Liberation of People Globally
Who are the mujahideen?
Mujahideen: "Holy Warrior," a person fighting to protect Islam and Muslims. local militias to fight USSR; received aid from USA.
Due to their international acts rather than acting against one group (such as how Hezbollah acts against Israel almost exclusively), Al Qaeda and ISIS would be considered _______ Terror.
New
What is "high-tech terrorism?" How can it be used to meet terrorist goals?
New technologies allow terrorists to communicate efficiently, broaden their message, and wield unconventional weapons in unexpected ways—all central characteristics of asymmetrical warfare. Because of incremental improvements in communications and computer technologies, it is reasonable to conclude that the trend among terrorists and their supporters will be to use them extensively. This is also true of the increasing availability of weapons components for weapons of mass destruction as well as the continuing softening of terrorists' reluctance to use them.
Timothy McVeigh's bombing of the Federal Building in Oklahoma City in 1995 was related to what kind of right-wing ideology or group?
Patriot/Militia Anti-Government Movements
The idea that a Divine Being has ordered terrorist activities to speed up the end of the world/"doomsday" is what kind of motivation for religious terror?
Primary Motivation
What is the difference between primary and secondary motives in groups that practice religious terror?
Primary Motivation: In this type of terror, the group wishes to speed up "doomsday" or believes they have been told to kill "infidels." Religious belief is the actual motive for the terror. Not very common. (example: Aum Shinrikyo) Secondary Motivation: The group wishes to commit political violence of some kind. They then say that it is the "Will of God" to commit the violent acts. The religious beliefs "justify" the violence. Most common type of religious terrorism
Leftist terrorist activity in the United States has NOT stressed which of the following?
Push for religious indoctrination of the population
Choose the best definition of each kind of Dissident Terror Group. Each one can only be used once!
Revolutionary: Group looking to destroy a government, with a clear "after" plan Nihilist: Group wanting to destroy a government, saying "anything is better than this." Ethno-Nationalist: group that wants to create their own homelands Criminal: group using terror for illegal goals (ex: Pablo Escobar)
The concept that people in a society tend to become less religious on a daily basis, with religious observance being something done on a special/holy day, is called _____________.
Secularization
The "Earth Liberation Front" and the "Animal Liberation Front" fall into what kind of terrorist groups?
Special Interest Terror
Bashar Al-Assad, the President of Syria, is accused by the international community of using poison gas to combat insurgents (or as he calls them, "terrorists") in Syria, and has been accused of killing a good number of Syrian civilians. If true, what kind of terrorism would Assad be committing?
State
Although governments do not send them money directly, Al-Nursa in Syria has received a great deal of money from wealthy businessmen in Saudi Arabia and Qatar. This shows that Al-Nursa operates in a __________ international environment.
Strong Multipolar
This Leftist Terror group kidnapped Patricia Hearst, and went on a spree of bank robberies and bombings in the 1970s.
Symbionese Liberation Army
Terms Relating to Radical Islamic Terror -- match the term to the definition. Each one can only be used once!
Takfir- am "apostate" who has left Islam Kafir- An "unbeliever" who has never converted to Islam Jihad: A war against both sin and hostile believers Ummah: The "Muslim World" of Dar al-Islam Mujahideen: A "Holy Warrior" who fights the enemies of Islam
What is meant by domestic terror?
Terror activities done in a nation by members of that nation, not aligned with International Terror Groups
As part of "seeking Utopia" as the morality of terrorism, which of the following is the best example?
Terror can create a perfect world with just that one final bomb
Why do they go after "soft targets?"
Terror is an act against people to force a government to change its activities. Spread of fear is the most important part of terrorism (thus the name).
What is single issue violence (sometimes known as special interest terror) as defined in the textbook?
The left has produced violent single-issue groups and individuals who focus on one issue to the exclusion of others. To them, their championed issue is the central point—arguably the political crux—for solving many of the world's problems. For example, Ted Kaczynski, also known as the Unabomber, protested the danger of technology by sending and placing bombs that killed three people and injured 22 others during a 17-year campaign. Typical of leftist single-issue extremism is the fringe environmental movement. Groups such as the Animal Liberation Front (ALF) and the Earth Liberation Front (ELF) have committed numerous acts of violence, such as arson and vandalism Single-issue and nascent anarchist tendencies have replaced the now-defunct Marxist and nationalist movements on the left. tend to focus on a few or only one specific issue rather than on more widespread political, religious or other social change.[2]
What is jihad?
The word jihad in Arabic means struggle. This is heavily misinterpreted by Islamic terrorists. Greater Jihad : the personal struggle over sin and vice, and is considered to be the most important form. Lesser Jihad : the struggle by Muslims to be able to practice their faith and fight against those that threaten Islam Islamic Jurisprudence (fiqh): Muslims should live in a Muslim nation when possible. If Muslims are allowed to practice their faith, they are forbidden from rising up against the government. If they are not, they are first to attempt to move to a Muslim land, and only if they are not allowed are they to fight.
What issues arise in balancing civil liberties and homeland security?
There is often a natural tension between preserving human rights and securing the homeland. This tension is reflected in political and philosophical debates about how to accomplish both goals. Nevertheless, during historical periods when threats to national security existed, sweeping measures were undertaken as a matter of perceived necessity. The implementation of these measures was often politically popular at the time but questioned in later years. The modern homeland security environment exists because of the attacks of September 11, 2001, and has resulted in the creation of bureaucracies, the passage of new security-related laws, and the implementation of controversial counterterrorist measures.
Aum Shinrikyo released nerve gas, killing 12 people and hurting thousands, in what city?
Tokyo
True or Falase: Eco-Terrorism is an example of special interest terror.
True
True or False: "Asymmetrical War" is essentially "guerrilla" or "hit and run" style fighting, and is used by both terrorists and insurgents.
True
True or False: "Soft targets" are civilian targets like buses, malls, and buildings, as opposed to military bases.
True
True or False: International Terrorism today has its roots in Imperialism and Colonialism in the past and what is termed "Neo-Colonialism" today.
True
True or False: It is safe to say that nihilist communal terrorists are the most dangerous to people, as they have no real moral compass and will do whatever it takes to destroy the group in question.
True
True or False: Most of the Leftist terrorism of the 1960s and 1970s was ideologically connected to the New Left and its reinterpretation of Marxism.
True
True or False: Sayeed Qutb was the theorist and radical Islamist whose philosophy is the core of Radical Islamic terror today.
True
True or false: According to proper Islamic Jurisprudence, if Muslims live in the Dar al-Amn where they may practice their faith freely, it is unlawful for them to rise up against the government.
True
The Ku Klux Klan is considered a ____________ domestic terror group.
White Power
Jihad in Arabic means:
a struggle both to remain pure and to confront the enemies of Islam
After guns, what are the most common kinds of weapons used by terrorists?
conventional bombs and explosives
What is "dissident terrorism?"
dissident terrorism: illegal, violent acts against by groups against governments, ethnic or political groups in a state, religious groups, or other perceived enemies. This violence is done in an asymmetrical way in most cases. (Dissident: a person who disagrees with a government, group or ideology)
Religious terrorism, as it derives acceptance from a supernatural source, means that it would most likely accept:
indiscriminate use of violence, especially against "non-believers"
The attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon on 9/11 were an attack on what kind of target according to the book?
symbolic buildings
How is terrorism "effective" in the mind of the terrorist? Who is being affected?
terrorism is effective—however, defined—in some manner to someone. Examples of Measures of Effectiveness: -Media and Political Attention -Having an Impact on an Audience -Forcing Concessions From an Enemy Interest -Disruption of Normal Routines -Forcing over-reaction by the State (which then "legitimizes" violence by the group - Hamas)
What is extremism?
the holding of extreme political or religious views. A quality that is "radical in opinion, especially in political matters; ultra; advanced." •Extremists have a very different, often fantastic, worldview compared to non-extremists. • Their basic belief is that unjust forces are arrayed against true believers. • Due to this, extremists have very clear sense of mission, purpose, and righteousness. • Important to note: Extremists have more than an ideology, they act upon it, and are willing to sacrifice for their view of the world.
What is the difference between Old Terror and New Terror?
• Old Terror: Terrorist acts against a particular group, by a terror group, with limited goals and "limited" violence (relatively speaking). Common up to 1990s. •New Terror: trans-national, lofty and unachievable goals, very violent and destructive. Rise of Al-Qaeda in 1980s and 1990s led to New Terrorbeing the common form of terrorism we think of today. ISIS is the prime example today of New Terror. - Objectives of the New Terrorism - Attracting attention. - Pleasing God. - Damaging economies. - Influencing enemies
Which of the motivations for terrorism has to do with terrorists seeing their cause as "right" and not accepting any wrongdoing or moral gray areas in their acts?
moral convictions of rightness of actions
Which of the following is NOT one of the basic characteristics of terrorists? -the have political and social motivations -they attack mostly hard (government/military) targets -they are often subnational actors that go beyond "state" and "nation" -use of asymmetrical means of war
they attack mostly hard (government/military) targets
What is meant by international terror?
Acts of terror done on the world stage, done primarily to "publicize the cause" and create international impact. International terrorism occurs when the target is a global symbol and the political-psychological effects go beyond a purely domestic agenda. It will be recalled that state terrorism as foreign policy is often characterized by state sponsorship of dissident movements. In addition, many dissident terrorist groups and extremist movements have regularly acted in solidarity with international interests, such as class struggle or national liberation. It is also not uncommon for domestic groups and movements to travel abroad to attack targets symbolizing their domestic conflict or some broader global issue
What is the short history of Al-Qaeda, the best example of international terror?
- Al Qaeda was founded in Afghanistan toward the end of the war between the Soviet Union and the Mujahideen (Holy Warrior) fighters between 1988 and 1989. -Al Qaeda means "The Base," and was to be the base for all further actions against the kafir ("Infidel") West and Israel. -Al Qaeda is a cell-based, multi-national group, only an "organization" in the loosest sense. -Al Qaeda takes on nihilist ideology: destroy the West (USA and especially) and an Islamic Caliphate is an inevitable result. -Activities: African Embassy Bombings (1998), USS Cole attack (2000), 9/11 Terror Attack (2001), also many bombings in the Muslim world and other acts of political terror.
What is asset forfeiture? How is it used to take from organized criminals the "fruit of their acts"
- Seizure of property and money that is believed to be involved in a crime. -Not a criminal seizure but designed to deny a potential criminal the "fruits of their criminal behavior." -Goal is the not allow a criminal to enjoy the "ill gotten gains" of their criminal activity. -The government must show preponderance of the evidence (the level of proof in a civil court) that the property was used in a crime. -This is at a secret ex parte hearing without the accused person's knowledge. -To get the property back, the person must prove that it was not used in a crime. 5th Amendment prohibition against incriminating oneself does not apply. -Assets and portable property do not have to be returned, even if the person is found innocent of any crime
What is the RICO statute? How has it been used to fight OC? What are the pros and cons of RICO?
-Racketeer Influenced, Corrupt Organizations Statute -Part of the Organized Crime Control act of 1970. -Defined "racketeering" as the agreement between two or more people to commit two or more crimes in a 10 year period. -There must be a conspiracy between the person and their crimes to fall under RICO. Individual acts do not count. Criticisms: •Over-reaching, too broad in its scope •Assets of companies can be frozen prior to a trial, driving a legit company out of business •Criminal may not be a "racketeer" at all, but is labeled as such • Permits lawsuits for triple damages against companies
What is a conspiracy? What are Wheel, Chain, and Enterprise Conspiracies?
-The agreement between two or more persons to commit a crime -the crime does not have to occur to prove a conspiracy -However, usually, but not always, one person in the conspiracy must at least attempt to carry out the crime. Wheel --one person as the "hub" with two or more people as the "spokes" (the old Casca model of the Italian Mob.) Chain --each conspirator must work with the one before and after (top/down model of US Mob) Enterprise --two or more people involved in a pattern of racketeering activity.
What are the "four environments" of international terror?
1. Monolithic: Based on a single state-centered terror model. Examples: China's sponsoring of Marxist revolutions worldwide in the 60s; Iran's support of Hezbollah 2. Strong Multipolar: Multiple states back terror groups as proxies. Example: Saudi Arabia and Qatar indirectly financing Sunni terror groups like Al-Nursa in Syria 3. Weak Multipolar: Groups looking for support in any nation that will back them. Examples: Mujahideen fighters that will go to any place to defend Islam, such as Chechnya and Bosnia, Janjaweed fighters in Sudan 4. Cell-Based: individual groups acting on their own, not tied to a nation. Example: Al-Qaeda's creation of "franchises" in many nations. ISIS as a "Caliphate" that exists across national boundaries.
In Chapter Three (pp 54 to 56), there are four characteristics of the morals of terrorist. Know these (also in lecture)
1. Moral Convictions of Terrorists - terrorists believe their cause is 100% correct and they are on the side of all that is good and right 2. Simplified Definitions of Good and Evil - The "opponent" is evil and the terrorist is good. Terror is in fact not only the best way but the correct way in dealing with the "enemy." 3. Seeking Utopia- there is a final, perfect outcome from using terror as a tactic. The perfect world is just a bomb or two away from realization. 4. Codes of Self-Sacrifice - the person is less important than the group and the goal, so my life is forfeit if it means my death will hasten utopia.
What are the six characteristics of terrorist groups in the online lecture?
1. Use of Illegal Force - defined as "illegal" by everyone except the terrorists, of course. 2. Subnational Actors - "borders" become less meaningful when dealing with terror (ex: Syria, Al-Qaeda, ISIS attacking Western cities). 3. Unconventional Methods - use of bombs, IEDs, gas, etc. Use of asymmetrical war against targets. 4. Political Motives- even with a religious justification, terror is almost always political (very few exceptions) 5. Attacks on Soft Targets- attacks on civilian centers for the most part. Terror is an act against people to force a government to change its activities. Spread of fear is the most important part of terrorism (thus the name). 6. Acts to affect audiences- the goal is to get a message out to the public.
According to the book and the lecture, which of the following would NOT be an example of International Terrorism?
Attacks on a cultural and historical foe within the terror groups nation
Explain the following important terms from Arabic: Dar al-Islam, Dar al-Amn, Dar al-Harb, Ummah, kafir and takfir.
Dar al-Islam: "House of Islam," Muslim lands where Muslims may practice their faith it complete safety. Sometimes applies to Western nations. Dar al-Amn: "House of Safety," sometimes applied to Western nations where Muslims may practice their faith. Ummah: "Community," The Islamic World, primarily Muslim nations, but also Muslims living in non-Muslim lands. The principle issue with Israel is Palestine's removal from the ummah. Dar al-Harb: "House of War," nations hostile to Islam, which do not allow Muslims freedom to worship, and/or at war with Muslim nations. Kafir: an unbeliever, a person not Muslim Takfir: an apostate, a Muslim that has renounced the faith.
The idea that a group should hold to the past and keep minorities and others out, scapegoating them as a threat to the "race," is associated with which of the following political viewpoints?
Far/Fringe Right
What are the common weapons used by terrorists? What advantage would "weapons of mass destruction" have when used by terrorists?
Firearms - classic, and most used weapons by terrorist groups. Submachine Guns, Assault Rifles, Rocket-propelled Grenades (RPGs). Precision-guided Munitions (PGMs). -bombs -Chemical -Biological -Radiological -Nuclear -Explosives Bioterrorism agents are a common choice for terrorists because they easy and inexpensive to produce, easy to disseminate, and can cause widespread effects. The challenge with bioweapons is that they may affect both enemy and friendly forces. Terrorists use biologic weapons as a method of creating mass panic.
Al-Shabbab is known to recruit isolated and marginalized people via the internet to do their terrorist acts in other nations. Which of the characteristics of International Terror on the Modern State is this an example of?
Globalism
What are the ideological, practical, tactical and historical reasons given for international terror?
Ideological Reasons: Modern "isms" and International Revolutionary Solidarity Practical Reasons: Perceived Efficiency Tactical Reasons: Adapting Theory to Operations Historical Reasons: Perceptions of International Terrorism
From the video on Al-Shabbab, in what nation did this international terror group originate?
Somalia
How can drug decriminalization be useful in fighting OC? What problems arise with decriminalization?
In spite of efforts to decriminalize/legalize marijuana, an emerging black-market industry for clandestinely grown marijuana is now developing in some states, including Colorado, California, and Oregon. Such black-market activities are fueled by the desire of criminals to avoid state taxation on their product and realize the greater profit margin.
What is an informant? What pros and cons come with using informants in OC crime fighting?
Informant: "Good" citizen helping out (rare). generally someone who has contacted the criminal justice system because of a criminal lifestyle, but is granted immunity from appropriate criminal justice sanctions in return for giving the police information about persons in the criminal underworld or participating with undercover police in illicit drug transactions that produce arrests of the unwitting participants Snitch: criminal giving info on fellow criminals Problems: should the criminal be allowed to be free and commit crimes while "helping?" Do they avoid prosecution for serious crimes? Could the officers working with the snitch become corrupted by the criminal behaviors?
Non-Violent Means
Intelligence- Intelligence agencies involve themselves with collecting and analyzing information. The underlying goal is to develop an accurate activity profile of terrorists. Data are collected from overt and covert sources and evaluated by expert intelligence analysts. This process is at the heart of counterterrorist intelligence gathering. The outcome can range from having profiles of terrorist organizations to tracking the movements of terrorists. An optimal outcome is to be able to anticipate the behavior of terrorists and thus to predict terrorist incidents. Cyberwar- Bank accounts, personal records, and other data are stored no longer on paper but instead in digital formats. Cyberwar uses this electronic information against adversaries. Terrorist movements that maintain or send electronic financial and personal information run the risk of having that information intercepted and compromised. Surveillance- Surveillance technologies are central components of counterterrorist systems. It is technologically feasible to access private electronic transactions, including telephone records and conversations, computer transactions and communications (such as e-mail), social media, and credit card records. Digital fingerprinting and facial imaging permit security agencies to access records virtually instantaneously. The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) has used biometric technologies to collect and analyze unique human traits. These technologies permit the storage of data such as iris scans, facial recognition, fingerprints, hand geometry, speech verification, and vascular recognition. Sanctions- Economic sanctions are a precedented counterterrorist method directed against governments. They are defined as trade restrictions and controls that are imposed to pressure sanctioned governments to moderate their behavior. Used as a counterterrorist option, sanctions serve several purposes: - Sanctions symbolically demonstrate strong condemnation of the behavior of the sanctioned regime. -Sanctions are an exercise of the power of the sanctioning body. -Sanctions potentially bring to bear considerable pressure on the sanctioned regime.
Legalistic Options
Law enforcement: many nations have become members of the International Criminal Police Organization, more commonly known as INTERPOL. An international association of more than 140 nations that agree to share intelligence and provide assistance in the effort to suppress international crime, INTERPOL is based in Ste. Cloud, France, and each member nation has a bureau that serves as a liaison. INTERPOL is more of an investigative consortium than a law enforcement agency. Its value lies in the cooperative sharing of information between members as well as the coordination of counterterrorism and criminal investigation- many nations have become members of the International Criminal Police Organization, more commonly known as INTERPOL. An international association of more than 140 nations that agree to share intelligence and provide assistance in the effort to suppress international crime, INTERPOL is based in Ste. Cloud, France, and each member nation has a bureau that serves as a liaison. INTERPOL is more of an investigative consortium than a law enforcement agency. Its value lies in the cooperative sharing of information between members as well as the coordination of counterterrorism and criminal investigations diplomatic channels- In reply to the spate of attacks on embassies and assaults on diplomats in the late 1960s and early 1970s, several international treaties were enacted to promote cooperation in combating international terrorism against diplomatic missions. These included the following: Convention to Prevent and Punish Acts of Terrorism Taking the Form of Crimes Against Persons and Related Extortion That Are of International Significance. A treaty among members of the Organization of American States, this "sought to define attacks against internationally protected persons as common crimes, regardless of motives."19 Prevention and Punishment of Crimes Against Internationally Protected Persons, Including Diplomatic Agents. This sought to establish a common international framework for suppressing extremist attacks against those who are protected by internationally recognized status extradition- Nations frequently enter into treaties that allow law enforcement agencies to share intelligence and operational information that can be used to track and capture terrorists. An example is extradition treaties, which require parties to bind over terrorist suspects at the request of fellow signatories. Strong extradition treaties and other criminal cooperation agreements are powerful tools in the war against terrorism and, when properly implemented, can be quite effective.
How will International and Right/Left Terror affect the USA according to the text?
Left-Wing Terror: unlikely to have any major impact, as support for "New Left" and "Far Left" causes has eroded over the years. Also due to civil rights law, we do not have ethno-nationalist issues that plague other nations and drive some to terrors. Single-issue extremism will be the most prominent type of Leftist terror in the foreseeable future, with few but possibly serious acts committed. That said, in the current political climate, in which we are seeing very "ramped up" confrontation and lack of meaningful dialog between political groups, there is real possibility that violent Far Left groups such as Antifa could become even more violent and stage terror acts against Center-Right supporters. Right-Wing Terror: while some serious acts may occur to some minority groups in the United States, Rightest terror remains the cause of fragmented groups such as the KKK and neo-nazis who are not organized enough. However, far right groups with conspiracy ideology may attack government institutions in their attempts to fight a "war" against what they see as infiltrators. However, as I said above, in the current political climate, there is real possibility that some higher of organization could occur, such as the Alt-Right moving from protest to action. The KKK and Nazi groups are fragmented, but hate crimes are on the rise and it is quite possible that these groups could become somewhat more organized. However, a greater threat is from "lone wolves" who will commit acts of terror in a similar manner to Timothy McVeigh and the Oklahoma city bombing.
What kind of Dissident Terrorist group would use a slogan like "Anything is better than the USA and Israel continuing to exist!"
Nihilist
Explain the differences between Right Wing terrorism as done by Patriot Movements and White Power Movements. What are the kinds of terror they would be likely to commit?
Patriot Movements: believe in a "New World Order" and the USA becoming a conquored state. Became very popular during the Clinton 1990s. "Patriots" believe the USA is becoming a slave state of the "New World Order" headed by the UN. Many Patriot groups also connect to anti-Semitism. Militia groups became very popular as a form of "armed resistance" against the government. Most were just "weekend warriors" and not dangerous. Timothy McVeigh blew up the Oklahoma City Federal Building in 1995 in a symbolic act to start the "revolution" against the New World Order. Militias have become somehwat popular again under the Obama Administration White Power Groups: connect to racial and religious/mystical paths to justify racial hatred Neo-Nazi groups The Klan was founded in in the 1860s right after the Civil War, and has gone through five distinct periods. They were at their height in the "Third Era" or "Invisible Empire" with millions of members. Today the Klan mostly tries to pass itself off a a "Pro-White, Pro- Family, Pro-Christian Morals" group, with limited success. Neo-Nazi groups such as White Aryan Resistance, Aryan Nations, and National Alliance mostly terrorize local people rather than doing large scale actions. Most White Power groups take on a religious and mystical tone to their actions, saying whites are "favored by God." The "Alt-Right" is a loose movement that tries to band these groups together as a white resistance movement. Vid
Conciliatory Options
Peace of Processes- In regions with ongoing communal violence, long-term diplomatic intervention has sought to construct mutually acceptable terms for a cease-fire. Peace processes often involve long, arduous, and frustrating proceedings. Contending parties are always suspicious of each other and do not always represent all of the factions within their camps. Negotiations- Conventional wisdom in the United States and Israel holds that one should never negotiate with terrorists, never consider their grievances as long as they engage in violence, and never concede to any demand. Nevertheless, history has shown that case-specific negotiations can resolve immediate crises. Not all negotiations end in complete success for either side but sometimes do provide a measure of closure to terrorist crises. Concessions- Granting concessions to terrorists is widely viewed as a marginally optimal counterterrorist response. The reason for this is obvious: Giving terrorists what they want is likely to encourage them to repeat their successful operation or perhaps to increase the stakes in future incidents. In other words, many extremists and those in the general population should be expected to conclude that concessions simply reward extremist behavior. Concessions include the following policy decisions: -payment of ransoms -broadcasts or other publications of extremist -propaganda -releases of imprisoned comrades -political amnesty for dissidents
What is homeland security?
Protects America from acts of terror... On October 8, 2001, President George W. Bush issued Executive Order 13228, titled "Establishing the Office of Homeland Security and the Homeland Security Council." The Executive Order stated "the functions of the Office [of Homeland Security] shall be to coordinate the executive branch's efforts to detect, prepare for, prevent, protect against, respond to, and recover from terrorist attacks within the United States." Homeland security is a dynamic concept that constantly evolves with the emergence of new terrorist threats. This evolution is necessary because counterterrorist policies must adapt to ever-changing political environments and new threat scenarios
What does Martin suggest will happen with Dissident, Religious, and Ideological forms of terror in the near future?
Religious Terrorism- unlikely in the USA on any grand scale, but the possibility of a group getting a hold of weapons and using them (like Aum Shirikyo) is something that must be taken into consideration. Dissident- Patterns of dissident terrorism during the 1990s and 2000s were decreasingly ideological and increasingly cultural. Ethno-nationalist terrorism continued to occur on a sometimes grand scale, and religious terrorism spread among radical Islamic groups. In addition, stateless international terrorism began to emerge as the predominant model in the global arena. These trends are likely to continue as vestiges of the East-West ideological competition give way to patterns of religious extremism and seemingly interminable communal conflicts. This clash-of-civilizations scenario has been extensively debated since it was theorized by Samuel Huntington Ideological- Few ideologically motivated insurgencies survived into the 2000s because most ideological terrorist environments and wars of national liberation were resolved during the 1980s and 1990s. Nevertheless, a few Marxist insurgencies persisted, and Western democracies witnessed the growth of neofascist and anarchistic movements. Violence from neofascists tended to consist of relatively low-intensity hate crimes, mob brawls, and occasional low-yield bombings. Violence from the new anarchists usually involved brawls with the police at international conferences or occasional confrontations with racist skinheads. Right-wing movements and groups are likely to persist and grow in the near term. With the growth of aboveground neofascist parties in Europe, they could become a vanguard or armed wing of a renewed fascist movement.
What is meant by "religious terror?"
Religious terror is a type of political violence in which a supernatural force has allegedly sanctioned the violent actions. The supernatural force is pleased by the violence, and will forgive and reward the actions. Cases of Religious Terror: The "Grand Mosque Incident" -- terrorists took over the Grand Mosque in Mecca in 1979, fighting for two weeks. Violence in Iraq -- infighting between Sunni and Shi'a Muslims in the nation. Al Qaeda and ISIS -- wants to "purify" Islam to its way of thinking and create an Islamic Caliphate. ISIS is the logical continuation of Al Qaeda doctrine. Aum Shinrikyo -- released sarin nerve gas in the Tokyo subway in 1995 to start "Doomsday". (One of the few examples of religion as a primary)
Terrorists see the world in a "black and white" way -- they are right, and everyone opposing them are wrong. Which of the characteristics of extremism does this thinking represent?
Simplified views of good and Evil
What is the basic definition of the following types of terror: State, Dissident, Religious, and International?
State terrorism: Terrorism from above committed by governments against perceived enemies. State terrorism can be directed externally against adversaries in the international domain or internally against domestic enemies. Dissident terrorism: Terrorism from below committed by nonstate movements and groups against governments, ethno-nationalist groups, religious groups, and other perceived enemies. Religious terrorism: Terrorism motivated by an absolute belief that an otherworldly power has sanctioned—and commanded—the application of terrorist violence for the greater glory of the faith. Religious terrorism is usually conducted in defense of what believers consider the one true faith. International terrorism: International terrorism spills over onto the world's stage. Targets are selected because of their value as symbols of international interests, either within the home country or across state boundaries.
Who are the targets of "communal" terrorism? Explain the basic ideas of ethno- nationalist, religious and ideological forms of communal terrorism
Terrorist acts against groups rather than the state. Rooted in cultural conflict and historical animosity. Ethno-Nationalist: One cultural group fighting another (Serbian army killing Albanians and Bosnians in Serbia.) Ideological: Groups in political animosity fight each other (Sunni vs. Shia Muslim violence in Iraq) Religious: Similar to Ideological, but for religious reasons (IRA in Ireland, Janjaweed in Sudan killing Christians, Boko Haram in Africa doing similar things).
What kind of targets are favored by terrorists? Why?
Terrorists select their targets because of their symbolic and propaganda value. Typical Targets: -Embassies and Diplomatic Personnel -International Symbols - Bali Attacks in Indonesia. -Symbolic Buildings and Sites - 9/11 obvious example. -Symbolic People - Political and religious leaders (attempted assassination on Pope John Paul II) -Passenger Carriers - planes, trains, busses, etc.
What agencies exist in the Dept. of Homeland Security?
The Department of Homeland Security was established in 2002, combining 22 different federal departments and agencies into a unified, integrated Cabinet agency Central Intelligence Agency: Independent agency, collects and analyzes foreign intelligence, no domestic authority Coast Guard: Department of Transportation, protection of the U.S. waterways, domestic law enforcement authority Customs: Department of the Treasury, examination of people and goods entering the United States, domestic inspection, entry, and law enforcement authority Federal Bureau of Investigation: Department of Justice, investigating and monitoring criminal and national security threats, domestic law enforcement Federal Emergency Management Agency: Independent agency, responding to natural and human-made disasters, coordination of domestic emergency responses Immigration and Naturalization Service: Department of Justice, managing the entry of naturalization of foreign nationals, domestic inspection, monitoring, and law enforcement authority Secret Service: Department of the Treasury, establishing security and protocols for president, vice president, and special events, domestic protection of president and vice president and special law enforcement authority (including counterfeiting)
The "New Left" was different from the "Old Left" due to:
The New Left was more nihilistic and so prone to shocking acts of terror than the Old Left
What is "headhunting?" and how is it related to "flipping a witness?" Is headhunting effective?
The headhunting strategy is based on the assumption that organized crime operations are too well organized and too complex to be proved in court. In the headhunting strategy, success is calculated by a body count. Arrests, indictments, and convictions are used for the all-important tool of flipping an offender. Flipping is the time-honored practice of arresting a low-level offender on a relatively minor charge with the goal of using his or her testimony against either the boss or another higher-up in the organization. -vigorous prosecution and stiff criminal penalties
What is secularization? How does it explain the fairly small amount of terror by groups in the West as opposed to Middle Eastern and Eastern parts of the world?
The process by which religion is removed from everyday institutions of society and practiced on "holy days." In the West, we are heavily secularized, with religion being important, but kept more or less in a "certain time and place." Islam is in general not secularized. Islammeans "submission," and Muslims see the state, their faith and themselves as a whole. Due to this, politically marginalized people find it easier to turn to extremism as their faith permeates their whole being.The idea that "God orders violence" is easier to believe by extremists when they are not secularized
In the United States, Far and Fringe leftists have committed which of the following types of terror?
Violence related to social class and "special interests"
Which of the following Leftist Groups is known for bombing the Pentagon, the Gulf Oil headquarters and were responsible for the "Days of Rage" in Chicago?
Weathermen/Weather Underground
Who where the Weathermen, the Symbionese Liberation Army (SLA) and other Left-Wing terror groups in the USA? Explain the idea of "Black Power" and how that caused some terrorism.
Weathermen: A violent group that broke from SDS, sponsored the Chicago "Days of Rage" in 1969, and had blown up at least 40 bombs by the mid 1970s Symbionese Liberation Army: murdered the Oakland school district superintendent, robbed banks, and captured Patty Hearst, heiress of the Hearst family newspaper fortune. Students for a Democratic Society: Early 60's group that turned radical, caused campus disturbances throughout the 1960s. Armed Forces for National Liberation (FALN)-ethno-nationalist group demanding independence for Puerto Rico, most profilic domestic terror group in USA, with over 130 bombings between 1974 and 1980. May 19 Communist Organization - Commited many bombings and bank and armored car robberies up to the mid 1980s United Freedom Front - active between 1975 and 1985, blew up about 25 bombs in the Northeast US A reaction to violence directed against nonviolent civil rights movement. Believed in political independence, economic self-sufficiency, and cultural reawakening for Black people. Black Liberation Army and Black Panthersare examples of the Black Power movement. The BLA was much more violent than the Panthers, robbing banks, killing police officers and blowing up bombs. The Panthers were more interested in protecting black neighborhoods from violence.
What is the "spillover effect?" What are the three types?
When the struggle "spills over" into the international domain This leads to several different types of activity by terror groups. 1. Domestic attacks against victims with an international profile: Attacks on tourists, military personnel of different countries, business persons and political persons. 2. Operations in a foreign country: The terror group goes abroad to commit their acts in nations seen as the "Enemy." Most clear example today: ISIS attacks in Europe. 3. Unambiguous International Implications: Goal is to create a stage where the grievances of the terror group can be heard by people around the world.