FINAL WCC
WHite collar criminals are generally prosecuted only under federal law?
False
When 100 people died in a nightclub fire, the club had committed the offense of providing an unsafe product.
False
When attempting to explain white collar crime, only the explanation of criminalization is required.
False
While it may vary from institution to institution, colleges and universities generally do not prohibit professors from having sexual relationships with students.
False
While most consider research misconduct unethical, there are few serious consequences to colleges and universities.
False
White collar crime is general committed only by individuals at the highest economic levels.
False
White collar crimes are crimes of opportunity and lead to loss of property, earnings, and savings but are not the cause of injury or deaths. This statement is:
False
During the Andersen criminal trial, the judge made a controversial ruling that was very adverse to the defendant. The court ruled that evidence of _____ could be admitted for consideration by the jury
Andersen's history of willingness to agree with client demands and approve questionable financial statements
The most secretive federal agency is the:
FBI
ABSCAM
FBI sting operation by government to uncover bribery that involved various elected officials, including 7 members of Congress
which federal agency regulates advertising
FTC
According to law, stores are allowed to advertise going out of business sales on a yearly basis.
False
Adam Smith, the premier philosopher of capitalism, argued that the legal system, not the free market, is the best means for minimizing harmful conduct by businesses.
False
Antitrust law, directed against monopolistic practices, is at odds with Adam Smith's views of capitalism.
False
Both UCR and NIBRS data have limitations, but NIBRS has none of the limitations of UCR data.
False
Complaints about auto sales ranked fifth on the 2014 list of top complaints made to attorneys general.
False
Concern with commercial misconduct began only in the 19th century, with the advent of industrialization of capitalism.
False
Criminologist Gary Green felt that focusing on environmental issues was more important than looking at the more limited conceptualization of white collar crime.
False
If a professor receives reimbursement from both his university and his research foundation for travel to a conference, he has committed textbook fraud.
False
In United States elections it is legal for foreign nationals to contribute funds under current campaign finance laws.
False
With globalization and unsafe goods, the U.S. is doing a better job at tracking which goods and parts come from which countries so that they can be held responsible in the case of an unsafe product.
False
Social theorists are in broad agreement that social control is based upon consensus.
False
The theories in this chapter reflect one understanding of the term theory.
False
There are many studies of the biological make-up of white collar offenders.
False
There is a universal assessment among criminologists that identify theft as a white collar crime.
False
Those who commit election law violations may be subject to capital punishment.
False
To constitute an enterprise for RICO purposes, the group must be a legal entity.
False
When studying white collar crimes, the use of the term "elite deviance" is highly problematic because
Not all deviance is considered as criminal
Purpose of Sentencing
Retribution, incapacitation, deterrence, rehabilitation
2016 SEC Monsanto Award
Round-Up weed killer made by Monsanto decided to alter books/records to show fraudulently high Round-Up figures, despite struggling; Whistleblower brought this forward under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and got $22 million
The infiltration of legitimate businesses and corporations by syndicated crime has been attributed to all but which of the following?
The fact that such businesses are more morally defensible
According to the findings of Hunter's (1999) study, police officers support strategies that address misconduct that involve administrators serving as role models.
True
According to the text, the pervasive existence of white collar crime seems to offer a powerful refutation to the proposition that criminality can be generally explained by biogenetic factors.
True
According to the text, white collar crime can be seen as a product of failed social control and as a product of highly successful social control.
True
According to the textbook, it is common for many students to work in industries such as the restaurant industry where they may be expected to work their shifts for free. This type of practice is an example of exploitation.
True
Criminal prosecutions under state RICO laws are often not subject to review by one agency such as the U.S Department of Justice but can be commenced by any district attorney.
True
David, a clerk at a big box pet store, gives all of his friends special, unauthorized discounts, is he giving them sweetheart deals?
True
Dehumanization is a problem for residents of slumlord run properties, where residents feel devalued, disrespected, and undervalued.
True
Despite its popularity, Facebook has been connected to a variety of white collar crimes.
True
Door to door scams are common in home repair fraud schemes.
True
Due to the creation of physically deteriorated buildings, increased stress on tenants and dangerous physical conditions slumlord run buildings can contribute to the crime problem in a community.
True
Edwin H Sutherland referred to the "robber Barron's" of the last half of the nineteenth century as white-collar criminals.
True
Enterprise crime, contrepreneurial crime, and avocational crime can be described as hybrids of white collar crime and other forms of crime.
True
Even when laws attempting to control certain forms of corporate activities are adopted, elite interests often have the power to influence the meaning of the laws.
True
For profit college/university recruiters have been found to provide deceptive statements to students regarding accreditation, employment opportunities, expected salaries, cost, program duration, and graduation rates.
True
Ghostwriting involves paying someone else to write a book or paper, yet the real authors name does not appear on the publication.
True
Governor Fife Symington was the chief executive of the state of Texas, before he was indicted for defrauding creditors
True
Historical and cultural factors have been shown to be a predictor of political corruption.
True
It's estimated that there are 7.5 million unnecessary medical produces including surgeries occurring yearly.
True
State RICO laws may force challenges based on state laws and state constitutional principles that are not present in federal civil RICO litigation.
True
Strain theories assume that excessive pressures or strain on the individual often result in criminal conduct.
True
A 2015 study by Ponemon found that a little more than one-third of companies believe their cyberattacks were the result of a malicious insider.
TrueSituation
Progressive criminologists view organized crime as both a product and an important ongoing element of a capitalist political economy.
Truee
Social Control (p. 225)—prescriptions, which exist both formally (as laws) and informally (as social norms), against certain behaviors that challenge the social order. Structuralist Perspective (p. 229)—progressive perspective on lawmaking which envisions the state as "relatively autonomous" and committed to the system's long-term survival, rather than to advancing the specific interests of capitalist elites and entities.
Trusts (p. 236)—legal entities or holding companies for corporations engaged in the same type of business, which engaged in serious white collar crimes after the Civil War, including price fixing, controlling production, and organizing geographical monopolies for an entire industry. Ultra Vires Doctrine (p. 244)—a concept limiting corporate criminal liability, on the grounds that corporate powers are limited to what is authorized by the corporate charter, and that the corporation cannot be held responsible for actions not authorized by it.
Plagiarism by students has become an increasingly challenging problems. Projects such as which of the following have been helpful in identifying plagiarized papers?
Turn it in
which of the following government agencies does NOT investigate money laundering schemes
USPS
If a student gained access to his college's grading system and altered his grade, this would be an example of which of the following?
Unauthorized access
The Keating five were:
Unites States Senators
Judges have guidelines to follow when sentencing offenders
Upward departures were more common in white-collar cases that resulted in substantial economic damage, significant emotional harm, if the offender targeted a vulnerable group, and if the crime was a considerable violation of trust
Undercover investigations
Used usually after there is a reasonable suspicion of criminal activity; When investigators pose as customer in scam or illegal activity; Effective way to prove beyond reasonable doubt
The California Department of Consumer Affairs/Bureau of Auto Repoair (BAR) found 42% of collision repair work done in CA was fraudulent. Critics of this study argue:
Using vague definitions of fraud
the nigerian scam involved:
a plot using deceptive emails and stories of sequestered funds
the nigerian scam involved
a ploy using deceptive emails and stories of sequestered funds
Ponzi Scheme
a pyramid swindle in which money is raised continually by new investors to pay off old investors; know Enron; S&L; banking crisis in 2008 was Ponzi scheme
virtually every gang evolves from
a smaller group
what was probably the most important tool used to prosecute john gotti
a snitch
On the relationship of syndicated crime to legitimate businesses, it can be said that:
a wide range of legitimate businesses have ben infiltrated by syndicated crime
class bias
ability of white collar offenders to obtain expert legal counsel, the complacency issues of criminal justice officials, unequal treatment of corporations, and insufficient laws/legislation
When an offender convinced people to invest in gold that did not actually exist, what type of investment fraud was been committed?
commodities fraud
all of the following could provide motivation in a criminogenic industry except:
comp time
bid rotation
competitors take turns submitting the lowest bids
when some individuals engage in white collar crime, though they are breakign the law, they often ___________ cultural values
conforming to
when some individuals engage in white-collar crime, though they are breaking the law, they often ____ cultural values
conforming to
malicious hacking, affecting national security, has affected all of the following except
congressional committee files
Justice Louis Brandeis of the United States Supreme Court said that government lawlessness was:
contagious
Justice Louis Brandeis of the Unites States Supreme Court said that governmental lawlessness was:
contagious
unlike street criminals or even professional criminals, organized criminals work together on a ---- basis in illegal enterprise
continuous
Excessive billing can take several forms. What is overcharging?
contracts for services that exceed Medicare limits
The text characterized the 19th century in America as a period during which _________.
contradictory forces allowed businesses and enterprises much freedom, but certain harmful business practices were addressed by the law
The following term is not generally used to refer to white collar crime:
conventional crime
crackers break which of the following?
copy protection codes
WAREZ sites encourage with of the following activities
copying of copyrighted programs
the term "self-referral" stands for the practice of
doctor selection of specialists and services based on financial connections
the term self-referral stands for the practice of
doctor selection of specialists and services based on financial connections
Few criminologists, criminology text books, and criminal justice textbooks pay ample attention to which of the following due to the level of respect, power, and authority that typically comes with this position?
doctors
one study in miami indicated that 573 --- were shown to have committed 6,000 robberies and assaults
drug users
organized crime earns over $30 billion annually from illegal --- and trafficking in outlawed or protected natural resources
dumping
pollution in itself is not an environmental crime
everyday activities produce different levels of pollution
The first pension corporation investments was an insider trading scam
false
The most sickening medical experiments conducted by the military involved subjects being exposed to torture devices
false
The multiple employer welfare agreement enables employers to meet welfare payment requirements for health care
false
who established a heroin importation and distribution network made up of black vietnam veterans
frank mathews
The organizational guidelines for sentencing corporations have been applauded for determining sanctions based on organizational characteristics of the company
false
William Jennings Bryan was a famous orator who threatened to withdraw his legislative services if the bank did not refresh his retainer
false
a reason for the Nigerian scam is that it has a well-educated populace
false
abuses in medicaid may be worse than those in medicare because it covers more services
false
aggressive corruption would be associated with grass-eaters
false
bounty hunters in the medical fraud are doctors who receive a fee for a particular diagnosis
false
check and credit card fraud have no connection with drug trafficking and organized crime
false
corruption has been attributed to under-representation of the disadvantaged
false
county hunters in themedical fraud area are doctors who receive a fee for a particular diagnosis
false
governor Fife Symington was the chief executive of the state of Texas, before he was indicted for defrauding creditors
false
logic bombs hide from virus protection programs
false
so called first generation phone "phreaks" used their talents to steal from checking accounts
false
so-called first generation phone "phreaks" used their talents to steal from checking accounts
false
the NSA is the most secretive federal agency
false
the definition of computer crime is clear and concise
false
The ____ hypnotized by Enron's success missed a critical wake-up call with the Skilling resignation
financial pres
risk of env. crime to community
fires/explosion, toxic gas, injury to playing children, water/soil contamination, and wildlife damage
Jeff Skilling's reign as a successful CEO came to an end with his resignation after only
five months
expert witnesses
individuals who can provide their professional opinion and knowledge, as well as interpret the evidence presents in the case
character witnesses
individuals who can testify to the character of the defendant
lay witnesses
individuals with information relevant to the case because of something they saw or experienced
other types of civil lawsuits and white collar crime
individuals/businesses suing businesses and the government suing individuals/businesses
in the absence of an undercover police officer, informants are typically used for
infiltration
Boiler rooms with slick telemarketers offered full physicals for little or no fee. This free diagnostic service turned out to be very costly because
information was used to file claims against insurance companies and government insurance
According to the text, which of the following is true?
many of the worst white collar crimes were committed by the powerful who did not have incentives to impse formal controls on their own predatory practices
health maintenance organizations (HMOs) are the new model for providing medical care. criticisms of HMOs include all of the following except
multiple trips to many specialists
viruses
multiply
viruses:
multiply
Steve Wymer's Institutional Treasury Management lost $174 milion. Investors were mainly:
municipalities and government agencies
the italian mafia grew and developed during the reign of fascist dictator benito--- in the 1920s
mussolini
afghanistan became the world's chief opium producer in 1991, but who was previously
myanmar
The CIA enlisted the help of syndicated crime in the 1960s in its attempt to do which of the following?
overthrow Cuba's Fidel Castro
opium, heroin, and morphine are all derived from the --- or opium poppy
papaver somniferum
The worst scandal in a scandal-ridden city occurred in the _____ of New York City
parking violation bureau
the worst scandal in a scandal-ridden city occurred in the ___________ of new york city
parking violation bureau
harmful treatment of consumers
refers to instances where companies intentionally or unintentionally place their consumers at risk of harm
external
sharing information with outside organizations like media
internal evidence
sharing information within the organization, like security
Dr. Olga Romani was involved in all of the following except
she refused to treat a patient for diaper rash
Giving money to an elected official is bribery when in return you receive a favorable vote on a piece of legislation
true
Gulf Oil Corporation maintained a multimillion dollar secret fund used to make illegal campaign contributions. it appeared the gulf through the United States Senate was for sale
true
Helen Keller at one time was a surveillance target of FBI
true
Hiring an unskilled relative as a policy analyst would be an example of public corruption
true
In 1993, it was disclosed that the government had injected 18 civilians who may or may not have known of the risks with radioactive plutonium
true
In 1993, it was disclosed that the government had injected 18 civilians who may or may not have known the risks with radioactive plutonium
true
In Chile, the CIA and ITT, and American corporation, worked to try and defeat Salvador Allande who won despite their efforts. When Allende was assassinated, his government was replaced by a military junta friendly to American interests
true
Limited partnerships are typically set as a perfectly legal way to raise venture capital
true
Linking together different crime theories is the best method for a full understanding of why white-collar crime occurs
true
Melvyn Paisley was an Assistant Secretary of the navy who was in charge of procurement
true
Michael Bloomberg was the subject of a computer crime. He was asked to pay a sum of money in return for beign advised as to the perpetrator's methods that were used to invade his system. In street crime terms this would be extortion
true
WorldCom cooked its books by classifying ordinary expenses as capital expenditures
true
a less formal definition of computer crime would be those crimes using a computer to accomplish its ends
true
a spokesperson for the army scientific division argued that its experiments were no more dangerous than an urban bus ride and demonstrated the Army's contempt for humanity
true
according to robert merton's formulation the standard of material success is not an objective one but exists on a sliding scale
true
according to robert merton's formulation, the standard of material success is not an objective one, but exists on a sliding scale
true
an example of premium diversion would be using premiums collected to pay claims
true
coasting along looking for doors to open is a quality of cookbook hackers
true
computer crime has become increasingly globalized
true
computer crime offenders can commit computer crimes and destroy evidence with ease
true
computer crime requires a greater amount of technical expertise by investigators and prosecurots and its investigation is likely ot require a considerable investment of time
true
consumer fraud entails the use of debit, lies, or misrepresentation entice customers to buy goods or services
true
contracts that exceed medicare limits are called overcharging
true
conventional theories of crime have a tautological quality to them. criminality is defined using the same terms as are used for causal factors. the term circular may be substituted for tautological
true
corporate crime is a form of white-collar crime whereby trusted executives working within a company mishandle funds or otherwise betray the trust of customers or other consumers
true
cost-shifting is where hospital room charges are reasonable, but other charges are very high
true
deviance in the savings and loan industry is an example of the organization being both victim and predator
true
diffusion of accountability is a common byproduct of fiscal irresponsibility
true
double invoicing is an example of computer crime
true
early hackers began by using school computers to alter grades. now this activity is used to complete large-scale theft
true
embezzlement would be an example of a corporate crime
true
fragmentation is where a number of charges can be made from what is usually one single less-expensive charge for services or procedures
true
gulf oil corporation maintained a multimillion dollar secret fund used to make illegal campaign contributions. it appeared the Gulf through the United States Senate was for sale.
true
in addition to the environmental damage, the human destruction, and the economic losses, there are less tangible but other very serious consequences of white-collar crime
true
like ponzi schemes, the money collected from newer victims is paid to the earlier victims, but in a pyramid scheme, the victims themselves are induced to recruit further victims through the payment of recruitment commissions.
true
many of america's corporate elite believe that they are entitled to all of the benefits of the free market, with none of the risk
true
many of america's corporate elite believe that they are entitled to all of the benefits of the free market, with none of the risks
true
many scams involving junk email are for pyramid schemes
true
medicare can be an easy mark for fraudulent equipment sales because it often fails to account for the legitimacy of suppliers
true
money for not making an arrest could be part of a shakedown
true
money orders ahve been used in crimes including narcotics trafficking, firearms trafficking, and depositing illicit proceeds from alien smuggling and corporate fraud
true
more often than not, running afoul of the internal revenue service puts elected officials on the fast track for prosecution
true
playpen-mentality hackers have the goal of breaking in
true
psychiatrists represent 20% of all doctors suspended from medicaid for fraudulent practices
true
services that are designated so that maximum fees can be charged is called upcoding
true
services that are designated so that the maximum fees can be charged is called upcoding
true
services that are designted so that the maximum fees can be charged is called upcoding
true
some argue that nursing home abuse occurs because of the vulernability of its patients, the fact that the institutions are run fro profit, and low pay for workers
true
some argue that nursing home abuse occurs because of the vulnerability of its patients, the fact that the institutions are run for profit, and low pay for workers
true
the average computer crime nets 500,000
true
the broad but somewhat more specific definition of computer crime can be described as destruction, theft, unauthorized or illegal use, modification or copying of information, programs, services, equipment, or communication networks
true
the general accounting office has estimated that nearly 10% of the $1 trillion spent by Americans on health care is lost to fraud and abuse
true
the general accounting office has estimated that nearly 10% of the 1 trillion spent by americans on healthy care is lost to fraud and abuse
true
the insurance industry is largely regulated by individual states
true
the money order industry is small and easier to access for criminals
true
the phase "cartel-type frauds" used in connection with health care are frauds perpetrated by criminal organizations
true
the phrase "cartel-type frauds" used in connection with health care are frauds perpetrated by criminal organizations
true
trap doors or sleepers allow a technique known as salami slicing to loot accounts. this is a taking small amounts from a lot of people
true
trap doors or sleepers allow a technique knowns as salami slicing to loot accounts. this is taking small amounts from a lot of people
true
Financial institutions because they handle other people's money all have one thing in common: the public needs to be able to ____ them
trust
of the many organized crime initiatives employed over the years, the traditional hallmark has been the use of --- in covert operations
undercover agents
he agreed to his part of the deal, 10yr sentence w/o parole
why did Andrew Fastow eventually cooperate with the government and testify against Ken Lay and Jeff Skilling?
something to do with money
why have sports received so much attention in american society?
What question does the control theory ask that is different than other theory perspectives?
why people don't commit crime
taken to slave camps in Japan
why were American prisoners of war, who were seized shortly after the invasion of the Philippine Islands, placed on ships bound for Japan?
executed non combatants (civilians)
why were the actions taken by the japanese army considered to be dishonorable?
cooperating witnesses
witnesses who were involved in the offense and are sharing information because they are cooperating with the prosecutor
Mafia boy activities affected all of the following except
yahoo
mafiaboy activities affected all of the following except
yahoo.com
miller argues that participation in --- often provides a training ground for future organized crime participants
youth gangs
Subjects for government medical studies included all of the following except
addicts
On a recent trip to NYC, a college student purchased a copy of several movies on DVD from a street vendor. Several of these movies were currently in theatres, this is an example of?
Piracy
One of the core patterns around health care is that changes in the broader system are impact by changes outside the system. For example as technology changed the opportunities for fraud increased.
True
One of the criticisms of Sutherland's white collar crime concept is that it is too academic and is disconnected from policy and practice.
True
One of the reasons that there is so much fraud in the health care system is that the criminal justice system has historically done little to address the activities of those committing these crimes.
True
One of the types of white collar crime that was part of the Enron scandal involved fraud based manipulations.
True
One off the first problems in any discussion of white collar crime is defining the concept of white collar crime.
True
One recommendation made to reduce student loan/aid fraud is for colleges to distribute funds only once a year.
True
Police corruption has been found to occur in many different countries, regardless of the level of the forms of workplace offending.
True
Professional associations such as the Mortgage Bankers Association have recommended changes such as enhancing intergovernmental collaborations in prosecution of mortgage fraud cases to reduce mortgage fraud.
True
Rico is the federal government's primary statutory weapon in its fight against organized crime.
True
Sexualized behaviors can include utilizing inappropriate sources of images for a class, such as pornography.
True
Society's general mistrust of insurance companies has played a role in the large number of unnecessary surgeries or medical procedures performed.
True
Some of the activities of organized crime groups are legal.
True
Structural changes in society, such as advances in technology available for home use, can explain cybercrimes.
True
Studies have found that police officers who are dismissed for misconduct generally have a history of problems such as past arrests, traffic violations, and problems with past jobs.
True
Sutherland's original white collar crime concept has continued to evolve over time as scholars and practitioners incorporate new components and refine aspects of his concept of white collar crime.
True
Syndicated crime has been described as a ladder of mobility for immigrant and minority groups
True
Tenants of slumlord properties may experience serious emotional consequences as identified by Maslow's hierarchy of needs.
True
The Commodity Exchange Act stipulates that the Federal Trade Commission address pyramid schemes as false and deceptive business practices that can result in fines over $100,000.
True
The Identity Theft and Assumption Deterrence Act of 1998 made Identity theft a federal crime.
True
The Iran Contra affair is an example of how despite his involvement, a President managed to avoid negative fallout from the scandal.
True
The beef industry could be viewed as a white collar crime using a natural law conceptualization.
True
The concept of unfair refers to businesses not being able to use advertising to harm or injure consumers.
True
The department of Justice defines white collar crime as offenses classified as nonviolent illegal activities that principally involve traditional notions of deceit, deception, concealment, manipulation, breach of trust, subterfuge, or illegal circumvention.
True
The earliest explanation of criminality could be called demonic, or spiritualistic.
True
The first reported American case in which the terms was used was in 1955 in a New York State court discussing the Sherman Anti-Trust Act of 1890.
True
The philosophy exposed by the character Gordon Gekko in the film Wall Street explains the justifications many have for committing investment fraud.
True
The phrase white collar crime was originated by Edwin Sutherland in 1939 to describe various criminal acts committed by rich and powerful people. This statement is:
True
The term "person," for RICO purposes is broad, including any individual or entities capable of having a beneficial interest in property.
True
There are 2 types of airbag fraud identified by Adams and Guyette are outright fraud where the airbag aren't fixed and inaccurate repair.
True
There is some disagreement over whether or not a unified national crime syndicate exists.
True
Using a criminal law definition of white collar crime, a financial adviser who steals a client's money would be a white collar criminal.
True
When considering cases such Madoff's Ponzi scheme can be so far reaching that it can be difficult to accurate access the financial loses.
True
While Bernie Madoff's investment schemes were quite diverse and occurred over a long period of time they were at heart the same scheme invented by Charles Ponzi at the beginning of the 20th century
True
While a variety of strategies have been attempted, efforts to control slumlords have been largely unsuccessful.
True
White Collar Crimes are rarely investigated, rarely arrested, and rarely prosecuted. This statement is:
True
a number of recognized Caribbean nations such as Belize, Dominica, and Grenada have offered economic citizenships, which have a lot in common with the offerings of nonexistent countries
True
A common online scam involves making promises to investors in exchange for upfront fees, but never delivering on the investment. This is known as:
advanced fee fraud
in the tuskegee study, what population was used
african americans
benefits of corporate crime
benefits outweigh the costs for most corporations
insider thrift fraud took all of the following forms except
borrowing up
What are some of the reasons why we have seen an increase in health care services in the home?
demographic changes, cost containment strategies (both A and C)
loss prevention strategies
efforts business takes to prevent employees from stealing from the business
the acronym EFT stands for
electronic funds transfer
The self-control theory is criticized on grounds of empirical concerns because the theory states that a lack of self-control leads to crime, but white-collar workers have to have some self control to achieve their status in the first place
false
a reason for nigerian scam is that it has a well-educated populace
false
gresham sykes and david matza call "techniques of substantiation" mechanisms that allow offenders to annul any potential guilt or internal conflict stemming from conduct on their part that breaks the law
false
in recent years, the earnings gap between CEOs and employees has diminished
false
international cooperation in regards to stealing software has faltered because of minimal economic impact
false
logic bombs hide form virus protection programs
false
loss of trust when the privileged wealthy few are punished less severely than others is referred to as opportunity cost
false
mafiaboy got caught because he was traced through emails
false
one of the five common techniques to annul guilt is denial of injury where perpetrators claim to be trying to achieve a more important purpose
false
one of the five common techniques to annul guilt is denial of injury, where perpetrators claim to be trying to achieve a more important purpose
false
one proposal to counter white-collar crime is for "excessive transparency." this would require disclosure of executive dealings with competitor companies
false
the most effective computer crimes are those perpetrated by experts
false
the motivation for the Masters of Destruction was money
false
the motivation for the masters of destruction was money
false
there is little corporate leniency extended to white collar criminals
false
using animals to test harmful drugs would be an activity that could constitute research fraud
false
white collar crime was not a key instrument in the saving and loans debacle
false
william jennings bryan was a famous orator who threatened to withdraw his legislative services if the bank did not refresh his retainer
false
according to the alien conspiracy theory, US organized crime is made up of 25 or so italian dominated crime--- also known as la cosa nostra
families
reasons for the nigerian scam include all of the following except
it has an oil-rich country with a healthy economy
Which of the following most accurately describes Edwin Sutherland's position on the use of white collar crime as a term?
it should be applied to white collar harm prohibited by criminal, civil or administrative law
the ABSCAM operation was criticized because
it was not targeted at wrongdoing that was already occuring
The ABSCAM operation was criticized because
it was not targeted at wrongdoing that was already occurring
The Enron whistleblower was concerned about advice from a certain law firm because of
its conflict of interest because of partnership fees
research shows that organizations are more vulnerable to people with certain characteristics. which statement below reflects a typical cyber-criminal?
john is young, college educated, and is somewhat "overqualified" for his current position
initiation rite into gang (fight other member) called what
jumped in
the word --- refers to both the geographical area designated as part of a police agency's territory and the types of crimes that the agency has authority over
jurisdiction
Which of the following describes a reason for punishing criminals simply because they deserve it?
just deserts
category 2 strategies
businesses emphasize screening and education
Home care is a burgeoning business for scam artists. A company called Professional Care was paid for all of the following EXCEPT:
care for non-existent patients
Home care is a burgeoning business for scam artists. A company called Professional Care was paid for all of the following except
care for nonexistent patients
as a result of the RICO act, many local and state police agencies have focused their forfeiture efforts solely on the seizure of
cash and cars
What does a currency transactions report require banks to record
cash transactions of 10,000 or more
computer crime investigations are dynamic in nature. Therefore, their detection and investigation differ in several respects from that of other more traditional crimes. Choose the statement below that identifies a difference between the two types of crimes
physical evidence in computer crimes is different from that in traditional crimes
officer dale is conducting a computer crime investigation. which action might cause him to lose his computer evidence?
place magnetic tape and disks near stereo speakers and printers
proactive strategies
police develop criminal cases
reactive law strategies
police respond to reports of crime
deterrent
policies punish offenders and prevent people from offending in the first place
Medical abuse
not intentional; actions that are improper, inappropriate, outside acceptable standards of professional conduct or medically unnecessary
one of the five common techniques to annul guilt is condeming the condemners where
perpetrators claim to be victims
one of the five common techniques to annul guilt is condemning the condemners, where
perpetrators claim to be victims
Though most of the medical experimentation by the military took place decades ago, soldiers in what recent conflict were given an unapproved pretreatment for nerve gas attacks without their knowledge
persian gulf war
The ripple effects of false medical diagnoses to get money include:
person unable to get life insurance
who is usually the best candidate for being a police informant
persons arrested for vice crimes
certain industries are distinguished by means and opportunities that are conducive to crime. these factors include all of the following except
public attention on business activities of industry
organized crime's --- services provide businesses with potent weapons for harassing competitors or securing favorable employee contracts
racketeering
some theorists believe that regardless of the reason for committing crime, the decision to do so is a --- made after weighing the benefits and consequences of the action
rational choice
--- first emerged in the mid-eighteenth century and was originally referred to as classical theory
rational choice theory
____ involve(s) loans between insiders at different thrifts to evade regulations pertaining to restrictions on insider loans
reciprocal lending
environmental state crime
refers to criminal behavior by a government employee that causes harm to the environment and/or individuals
--- suggests that the inequality between communities where the poor and the rich live in proximity to one another creates a general feeling of anger, hostility, and social injustice in the inner city
relative deprivation
corporate criminals also cast themselves in characters in the folklore of capitalism. in this myth they are:
simply ahead of their time and misunderstood
organizational structure
size, complexity, and growth rates of organizations affect crime rates
The lack of standardization in medicine as a science, the stigma of certain diseases, and the level of trust the public gives health care provides can explain the high rates of:
unnecessary surgeries
soft money is
unrestricted
underlying assumption of deterrence
the offender is rational
after numerous tries, the government finally convicted governor Edwin Edwards of Louisiana based on testimony from
the owner of a professional football team
Which of the following statements about the application of criminal laws to harms committed by businesses is true?
the proper lines of demarcation between acceptable and unacceptable practices have not been self-evident to all
non prosecution agreement
the prosecutor agrees not to prosecute because of an agreement that the corporation will meet certain conditions
giving money to an elected official is bribery when in return you receive a favorable vote on a piece of legislation
true
losses attributed to white-collar crime are passed along to taxpayers and customer
true
techniques that nursing homes use to keep patients cooperative include psychotropic substances
true
discrimination
unfair treatment based on race, ethnicity, sex, religion, and disabilities
the abandoned the ship
unlike the captain and the officers of the titanic, what did the leadership o Enron do?
the treaty of vesaille
what document provided the conditions to encourage german nationalism and its subsequent motivation and preparation for world war 2?
Committee to Re Elect the President
what does the acronym CREEP stand for
eisenhauer, bradley, patton, eddy
what generals from the US army inspected the Nazi concentration camps?
legally unrestricted donations to political parties
what is "soft money"?
to deter and lower insurance rate
what is the reason for having private security guard protection?
Star Wars characters
what were enron's limited partners named after?
Price gouging
when business conspire to set artificially high prices
illegal disposal of hazardous wastes
when companies dispose of wastes in a manner that is harmful to the environment and individuals
bid suppression
when competitors agree not to submit bids
market allocation
when competitors agree to divide markets according to territories, products, goods, or services
group boycotts
when competitors agree to no do business with specific customers or clients
subcontracting
when competitors hire each other after winning a bid
price discrimination
when different prices are charged to restrict competition between competitors
Under which circumstance is price discrimination illegal?
when it decreases competition
criticisms of regulatory policing include
• policing does little to stop misconduct • policing breed more crime • light regulation led to economic problems
regulatory policing styles
• service style • watchman style • legalistic style • free agent style
technological devices and evidence
• software is used to search for evidence of computer crimes • cameras are used to substantiate wrongdoing
The NSA is the most secretive federal agency
true
what percent of doctors barred by the medicare program are not penalized by the state medical boards
30
Tax fraud
"Ignorance is not a defense" except for this type of fraud since the way to file them are complicated
the magnitude of Mafia boy damage was estimated to exceed at least
$1 billion
29 executives and directors sold ____ worth of stock knowing Enron was in danger of collapse
$1.1 billion
Estimates of the cost of the savings and load disaster range from a mere ____ to _____
$200 billion; $1.4 trillion
If a defense attorney did not view a white-collar defendant in a favorable light, what strategy might they use when building their case?
- Discovery-oriented defense strategy
If a celebrity endorses a product, by law, he or she must actually use the product.
True
Colleges and universities are especially vulnerable to cybercrimes for which of the following reasons?
-storing information on students -storing information on employees
costs
- settlements, negative publicity, increased insurance premiums, higher compensation rates, and increased government attention
Structural Embeddedness (p. 208)—a theory that financial crime is facilitated by the location of financial organizations and corporations within networks largely beyond the reach of traditional forms of social control. Structural Perspective Theory (p. 209)—a perspective focused on social conditions that account for specific forms of criminal behavior as well as how the distribution of power and resources influences how crime is defined and generated.
.
Studies generally find that allegations of misconduct against solo, inexperienced attorneys are less likely to be prosecuted.
False
Studies have found that few, if any students engage in academic dishonesty.
False
Sutherland concluded that criminal behavior is caused by biological causes
False
Chapter
8
Chapter
9
professional-disciplinary proceedings
: administered through the various professional associations/boards
The use of one's occupation for personal enrichment through the deliberate misuse or misapplication of the employing organization's resources or assets is the definition of:
A Ponzi Scheme
psychiatrists represent what percentage of all doctors suspended from medicaid for fraudulent practices
20
between 1998 and 2003, nearly ____ public corporations were forces to correct financial statements
1,000
External audit
A financial evaluation of a company conducted by an outside organization; Can be useful when a company believes their internal staff is committing WCC
Internal audit
A financial record assessment conducted by a staff member of the company it is assessing
Patient referral firms known as headhunters go so far as to infiltrate:
AA meetings
If a professor is dating one of the students in her department, but the student is not in any of her classes, this would be considered?
Academic incest
____ is where the actor(s) induce victims to give him some type of advanced fee in return for future benefit. The future benefit never occurs and victim never receives the advanced fee back?
Advanced Fee Scheme
In the Tuskegee Study, what population was used in the study
African Americans
In the Tuskegee Study, what population was used in the study?
African Americans
Sue is a state trooper on duty. However, before she came on duty she had several beers and appears drunk. According to Stinson's typology, what form of police deviance is being drunk on her shift?
Alcohol related offense
The Corrupt Organizations Act contained four substantive offenses: (1) unlawful investment in an enterprise, (2) unlawful acquisition of an enterprise, (3) unlawful participation in an enterprise through a pattern of racketeering activity and (4) money laundering
False
Mail fraud
An act of fraud using the Postal Service, as in making false representations through the mail to exploit another party; Ex. If you get a letter for winning an award and send $75 to claim prize, then the offender have committed mail fraud
Deterrence
An effort to preserve the status quo through the threat of force; Most applicable sentencing purpose to WCC
Which of the following is not an understanding of the term theory given in the text?
An explanation not yet proven by research
The concept of social control was first introduced by Edwin Sutherland.
False
The death of Michael Jackson due to fraudulent billing practices.
False
Though thrift failures occurred nationwide, what two states accounted for the preponderance of the worst thrift frauds?
California and Texas
use of parallel proceedings
Cases can be processed by multiple courts simultaneously
Which of the following criminal activities has the Mafia not been traditionally associated with?
Check-kiting
Occupational crime/Corporate Crime
Clinard and Quinney defined occupational crime as "offenses committed by individuals in the course of their occupations and the offenses of employees against their employers"; include bank employees who embezzle, mechanics who over charge/corporate crime is crime committed on behalf of organization
The feeling of being controlled while under house arrest falls under which type of deprivation?
Deprivation of autonomy
Payola
Disk Jockey lingo for "bribes to promote certain records over the air"; bribes often came from music publishers or record manufacturers and distributors and they were often paid to both DJ's and station managers; Elliot Spitzer, Attorney General of New York, investigated sony in 2005 and forced them into a settlement and he made them agree to stop paying for airtime
Health Maintenance Organization (HMO)
Doctors don't provide enough services because they don't want to lose money characteristics and fraud: deny or give people less care; make extra profit by reducing/denying care
Characteristics of Investigations
Document intensive and long with boxes and boxes of tax audits, files, etc.; More sophisticated crimes generally committed so needs to be explained at length
evidentiary issues
EPA has trouble with issues like identifying harm and amount of pollution released
Which of the following is not a system of social control?
Education system
Ken Lay, in an apparent move toward self-preservation, borrowed $70 million from the company after losses were announced and paid back the money with
Enron stock
whistleblower evidence
Evidence originating from individuals who notify authorities about wrongdoing in their organization
Marc Thompson Case
Executive at investment firm, who Had a hard time paying expenses that tried to burn his million-dollar home down; His own mother (90-years-old) was inside and died, while staging the crime scene to look like she did it; Investigators caught him by following the money; Declared bankruptcy shortly after but they knew that he received damages, so where did that money go?; They followed the money to find it in an off-shore account not in his name; Sentenced 190 years
uterine cancer
Faith Healer Peter Popoff was exposed when a skeptic got Popoff's wife on tape and he tried to cure a man of what disease?
A central attribute of syndicated crime is the provision of goods and services where there is a legal supply.
False
An abuse of power by the CIA included always staying just inside the law
False
Condemning the Condemners
Focus on regulators' short comings; Claiming the criminal justice system is corrupt; Ex. Why would the government target your little tax evasion when there are murderers and rapists causing more harm?
President ________ ordered J. Edgar Hoover to conduct surveillance programs against American citizens.
Franklin Delano Roosevelt
which of the following is associated with grass eaters
Graft
Cullen, Link, and Polanzi (1982) found that the public's perceptions of the seriousness of white collar crime increased more than any other crime type in the 1970s. This could be explained by which of the following?
Highly publicized cases of white collar crime that caused physical harm during the 1970s
Which of the following activities would not constitute payroll fraud
Hilary Rodham Clinton hired to advise a congressional committee
Self-Policing strategies
Hire motivated people who take pride in doing a good job; Corporate culture; compliance programs
The fastest growing white collar crime in America is:
Identity theft
____ is where an unsuspecting victim is contacted by the actor who promises to provide a large return on a small investment?
Investment Scheme
Sholam Weiss Case
Investment tool for people and all the money was taken and disappeared while out on parole; Sentenced to 845 years and $125 million in restitution; Largest WCC sentence ever
Major locations of S & L fraud
Irvine, Texas, Vermont?
FBI surveillance targets included all of the following EXCEPT:
Justice Felix Frankfurter
Victim complaint
Like most crimes, begins with victim coming to law enforcement agency with a report of a crime
Financial irregularities
Looking at odd tax returns, audits, etc. that looks like WCC could be present; Some IRS algorithms can catch these
The Iran-Contra affair was a "guns-for-money" operation designed to assist rebels in:
Nicaragua
Bank Secrecy Act of 1970
Requires financial institutions in the United States to assist U.S. government agencies to detect and prevent money laundering
Denial of Responsibility
Shift blame to someone else so you cannot be held responsible; Ex. Justifying your actions based on how you were trained
Whistleblower
Someone who brings to public attention gross governmental inefficiency or an illegal action
Challenges to White-Collar Prosecutions
Speed of crime; Age of offense; Complexity of crime
The Masters of Destruction corrupted the databases of all of the following companies except
Sprint
If workers in a senior home fail; to provide the level of care needed by the patient this would be viewed as a white collar crime
True
backbone
Talcott Parsons referred to institutions as the ______ of society
Governor Fife Symington before he was inducted for defrauding creditors in connection with a savings and loan was the chief executive for what state
Texas
This act is a civil law originally passed in the beginning of the 20th century designed to prohibit mergers or acquisitions that would decrease competition.
The Clayton Act
This is one of the oldest laws that control antitrust offenses and is the broadest antitrust law.
The Sherman Antitrust Act
Sutherland attempted to redefine crime according to
The defendant's socio-economic class
Many investigations have come up with evidence linking governors, state legislators, judges, and other government officials on all levels with syndicated crime
True
Employees may engage in retail theft in a variety of ways including overcharging customers, stealing coupons, and giving customers incorrect change.
True
Flipping homes can create a variety of problems fro communities, one of which is inflated home values which increases the property taxes for existing homeowners.
True
Hacking may involve political motivations and may be done to bring attention to problems in an organization's security.
True
Historically, the range of activities defined as white collar crmes have inspired a more limited formal response than conventional crimes.
True
Historically, the work environment in the U.S was very dangerous with about 14,000 workers dying annually.
True
Identity theft is viewed as a type of white collar crime, but some academics view it differently.
True
An authorized program planned on a computer known as an
Trojan Horse
19th century versions of biogenetic explanations for criminality suggested that criminals look different from ordinary people.
True
A "Pump" where a broker may artificially inflate stock prices by sharing false info in chat rooms, and "Dump," selling the stocks after the price has been inflated is an example of a market manipulation technique.
True
A core challenge with reporting the extent of white collar crime is that a large portion of it isn't reported to authorities.
True
A criticism of RICO was the scope of the bill, saying it went beyond organized crime.
True
A former dean of a large Midwestern school misappropriated 3.5 million dollars in grant and payroll funds into his own account. This would be considered embezzlement.
True
Origins of WCC investigations
Victim complaint; Whistleblowers; Financial irregularities
Which of the following was described as, "the touchstone, the definitive point of reference for subsequent political scandals in the United States"?
Watergate
one of the five common techniques to annul guilt is denial of injury, where:
perpetrators claim that there has been no direct suffering
how was dion o'bannon killed
shot to death in flower shop
which of the following activities could constitute research fraud
adjusting findings to support grant applications
which of the following would constitute research fraud
adjusting findings to support grant applications
Which of the following proceedings could possibly result in a cease and desist order?
administrative
Problems responding to corporate crime
corporations have tremendous power to influence criminal justice system
back door programs
allow entry at will
The DEA has a long history of medical abuse
false
some --- gangs have been documented
female
Andrew Fastow made more than $30 million while at Enron based on a ____ investment
few thousand dollar
recent evidence has demonstrated increasing involvement in the --- by korean and chinese organized crime groups
massage parlor trade
what two types of fraud did individuals identify as most prevalent in victimization surveys
mechanics and auto repairs
second to gambling, --- is one of the top money makers for traditional organized crime and represents one of its most violent enterprises
shylocking
although organized crime occasionally runs casino-type games, its primary income comes from --- and bookmaking
the numbers game
Sutherland's cross sectional studies indicate that white collar crime is relatively common among large companies
true
prominent universities and institutions have also been involved in medicare/medicaid fraud and abuse. their activities include all of the following except
not following guidelines and underpricing services
Tactics employed by the Nixon administration resembled those found in a police state. Nixon attempted to justify them based on:
national security
Certain public mental health facilities often face accusations of:
neglect
RICO was:
never intended to be limited to the Mafia, La Cosa Nostra, or other such groups
wealth maximization theorists argue that white-collar criminals suffer collateral consequences that street criminals do not. which one of the following consequences do white-collar criminals actually suffer
none
The primary investment vehicle for First Pension was:
nonexistent mortgages
"Big corruption" is:
normalized governmental deviance
Which of the following is not a form of research misconduct?
not publishing the findings of a study
examples of harmful treatment of consumers
nursing home neglect failure to provide adequate security nightclub fire resulted in 100 deaths because of no exit signs
the term "white collar" is based on
occupations of the perpetrator
illegal emissions
occur when companies illegally release pollutants into the environment
harmful destruction of property and wildlife
occurs as result of the actions of individuals and companies during their work
Fiduciary fraud
occurs when a trusted financial institution or advisor purposefully deceives a customer or client; violation occurs when the financial representative acts in his own interest at the detriment of his client; exemplified by Charles Keating and Lincoln Savings and Loan and its real estate company American Continental Corporation.
Breadth of victimization
one offense could harm millions of people
Organizational processes
pressures from employers to succeed may encourage wrongdoing
US antitrust laws focus on
price distribution mergers joint ventures intellectual property use
computers can be used to commit all of the following kinds of espionage except
social
The practices of some industries such as tobacco companies are legal. However, many would argue that the product produced by the tobacco industry is dangerous to human health. We would classify the manufacturing and sales of tobacco as:
social harm
process-oriented strategy
strategy that proceeds from one step to the next
In the Tuskegee Study, study subjects failed to receive treatment for
syphilis
in the tuskegee study, subjects failed to receive treatment for
syphilis
the biggest losers in the institutional treasury management case were
taxpayers
prosecutions of corrupt federal legislators have been divided into three categories. they include all of the following except
theft
Representative Daniel Flood of Pennsylvania flooded his home district with federal funds and numerous public institutions carried his name. he took money from businessmen to do all of the following except
to contribute campaign funds to a personal charity
Daisy Chain
used to describe a series of businesses connected together for purposes of a business transaction; transactions involved are either criminal or fraudulent activities, and the businesses are "chained" together to make investigating the criminal activities of the companies difficult. Ex. Thrifts selling and trading loans back and forth to hide their fraudulent activity.
--- are composed of persons who purchase organized crime's illegal goods and services
user supporters
the term "insider trading" involves insiders
using non-public info to buy or sell stock
economist Milton Freidman states that people are ____ guided by rational self interest in free markets
utility maximizers
comparative leniency extended to white-collar criminals, in contrast to street criminals, can be explained by all of the following except:
victims' lives are not affected
The "spectrum-based theory of enterprise," applied to organized crime _____.
views it as an alternative way of conducting business illegally
Bribery of government officials, helping rebels to overthrow elected officials and participating in revolution in other countries are:
violation of sovereignty
one of the more important problems with the illicit drug problem is the --- that is associated w it
violence
a good example of the enterprise theory at work occurred during prohibition when the passage of the --- restricted manufacturing and distribution of alcohol
volstead act in 1920
An unnamed congressman, after receiving a $10,000 check from an organization, did what?
voted against a regulation requiring disclosure of defects in automobiles
In 1995, it was disclosed that the government had conducted 4,000 radiation experiments between 1945 and 1974. Most of these experiments were conducted using ___ populations as subjects
vulnerable
hallcrest report
which document stated that private security will ultimately grow at a rate faster than law enforcement?
Which of the following is a consequence of white collar crime?
white collar crime can lead to death white collar crime erodes public trust
in recent years the earnings gap between CEOs and employees has
widened
madoff case demonstrated
• How white-collar crime cases are processed in different judicial proceedings • How many different people are involved in the judicial process • The many complexities that are involved in a white-collar case
Aggressive corruption would be associated with grass-eaters
false
An abuse of power by the CIA included always staying just inside the law
false
An example of premium diversion would be using premiums collected to pay claims
false
Boiler rooms with slick telemarketers offered full physicals for little or no fee. This free diagnostic service turned out to be very costly because patients were required to furnish bank information and electronic checks were processed by financial institutions
false
Bounty hunters in the medical fraud are are doctors who relieve a fee for a particular diagnosis
false
Bribery of government officials, helping rebels to overthrow elected officials, and participating in revolution in other countries are outside of United States government control because the activity occurs in a foreign country
false
Conflict theories of white-collar crime tend to be micro-level theories in nature
false
Corruption has been attributed to under-representation of the disadvantaged
false
Dennis Kozlowski was the CEO behind Adelphia at the time the company filed for bankruptcy
false
Federal Authorities have agreed that careless investment practices were a major contributing factor to the savings and loan implosion
false
Federal authorities have agreed that careless investment practices were a major contributing factor to the savings and loan implosion
false
Governor Fife Symington was the chief executive of state of Texas, before he was indicted for defrauding creditors
false
HMO selection of specialists and services based on providers in a network is referred to as "self referral"
false
HMO selection of specialists and services based on providers in a network is referred to as "self-referral"
false
Ken Lay stepped down as CEO from Enron to start a new company
false
Mafiaboy got caught because he was traced through emails
false
Only those involved in organized crime groups, like the mafia, can be charged under the Racketeer Influenced and corrupt Organizations Act
false
Solomon Smith Barney was the major Wall Street firm that continued to sell questionable securities to Orange County after warning of risks
false
Tactics employed by the Nixon administration resembled those found in a police state. Nixon attempted to justify them based on the threat of communism
false
Tacts employed by the Nixon administration resembled those found in a police state Nixon attempted to justify them based on the threat of communism
false
The ABSCAM operation was criticized because the amount of money involved was miniscule
false
The First Pension Corporation investments was an insider trading scam
false
The Multiple Employer Welfare Agreement enables employers to meet welfare payment requirements for healthcare
false
iran's most notable terrorist group the
hezbollah
stealth programs:
hide from virus protection programs
how are corporations characterized
hierarchical structure
gender theories
highlight the need to view crime from a female perspective
First Pension went so far as to ___ to fool an employee who questioned company investments
hire an actress to impersonate an auditor
First Pension went so far as to _____ to fool an employee who questioned company investments
hire an actress to impersonate an auditor
Gilbert Geis
his GE case study reveals the emphasis of on profit maximization and consequent corporate subculture conducive to/tolerant, or illegal behavior. Also did study on Healthcare fraud
Cost-shifting is:
hospital room charges are reasonable but other charges are very high
Phoenician
hotel that Keating was creating; spent 260 million on it dooming the investment from the start; money came from his S&L (essentially other people's money - like many of his real estate ventures were funded); in order to have turned this place into a profit the Phoenician would need to have 70% of its rooms occupied at $500 per night
contagious
how did Justice Louis Brandeis of the United States Supreme Court describe government lawlessness?
Jesilow, Geis, and O'Brien's study of battery testing shops in California found which of the following was related to honesty in this service?
if the shop was smaller
A spokesperson for the Army scientific division argued that its experiments were no more dangerous than an urban bus ride and demonstrated the Army's ________ for humanity.
ignorance of pain
deceptive sales
illicit sales tactics that are driven by corporate policies and directives
antitrust offenses
include offenses that restrict competition
government witnesses
include the various individuals that were part of the investigation
unsafe work environments
include work environments that can result in death, illness, or injuries
Which of the following is not one of the fundamental elements invoked to explain criminal behavior?
incompetence
Actions by the government that contributed to the collapse of the savings and loan industry included all of the following except
increasing down payment requirments
goals of defense attorney include preventing the defendant from being
indicted, convicted, imprisoned, being sentenced to long sentences
Fastow would eventually cooperate with the government and cooperate with the government and testify against Lay and Skilling for which reason?
indictment of wife
Traditionally, the mechanisms of social control have focused on which of the following?
individuals
civil proceedings
individuals or government representatives file charges against another individual or business : plaintiff can seek injunctive remedies : standard of proof: preponderance of the evidence
Dynamics of undercover work can contribute to police corruption
true
the average bank robbery nets approximately:
$3,200
if you send out 30,000 e-mails and get only one response, but you get $40.00 per response and you send out a half a million e-mails, how much money can you make?
$750,000
Research suggests that paying workers an hourly wage instead of commission is a good way to prevent deceptive sales
*
it is difficult to determine whether an antitrust offense has been committed or if corporate system behaviors are simply changing with the economic system
*
stages of white collar crime investigation
1. cases in by referral or uncovering of evidence 2. identifying target 3. locating documents 4. reviewing false statements 5. interviewing participants
the general accounting office has estimated that nearly ____% of the 1 trillion spent by Americans on health care is lost to fraud and abuse
10
the general accounting office has estimated that neraly _______% of the $1 trillion spent by americans on health care is lost to fraud and abuse
10
Regulator reaction to insurance scams can be very slow. In the case of Martin Bramson and his fake malpractice insurance policies for doctors, an insider had tipped regulators for ____ before action was taken
10 years
mafiaboy turned out to be a(n) ______ canadian
15-year-old
Mafiaboy
15-year-old Canadian who coordinated cyber attacks on Yahoo, Amazon, eBay, E-trade, CNN and many other major sites. It was estimated that he caused 1.2 billion dollars worth of damage. Mafiaboy was downfall resulted from his need to brag about his actions, the FBI caught him and he was charged with 55 counts of mischief and sentenced to 8 months in a juvenile detention center
The methods used by the 20th Century mafiosi have been compared to the methods used by:
19th Century industrial capitalists and cattle barons
American dialysis patients are how many times more likely to die in a given year as those in Western Europe or Japan?
2
Julia Merfield
21-year-old looking to cash in on her husband's life insurance policy by hiring a hitman; Sentenced to 5-20 years; Her husband was the character witness that knocked down the sentence to only 5 years!
Isaac Aguigui
22-year-old Army vet who murdered his pregnant wife an effort to get insurance money to create a terrorist group
Some experts estimate that health care fraud costs taxpayers and insurers ________ billion a year.
240
different legal standard apply to corporations and businesses
5th amendment does not apply and intent is established differently
The longest prison term in the Iran-Contra affair was:
6 months
It is estimated that _____ have been sterilized under statutes permitting the procedure
63,000
It is estimated that ________ have been sterilized under statutes permitting the procedure.
63000
Psychiatrists are what percent of doctors
8
____ treatment accounts for 1/4 of all home infusion services, providing plenty of opportunity for would-be criminals
AIDS
____ treatment accounts for 1/4 of all hot infusion services providing plenty of opportunity fir would be criminals
AIDS
Forensic Accountants
Accountants that specialize in testifying in court as an expert; Can examine your records; Talk to jury on what the crime is
Joe and Teresa Guidice
Actors who went bankrupt and lied to bankruptcy court by hiding assets; Had millions of dollars hiding from court; Allowed court to pay debts while they had assets to pay it off; She got 15 months, and he got 42 months with deportation
"Smartest Guys in the Room" (film)
Again, you want to know the main paints and as your going through the readings looking through the key people; Know basics, main points ;Who's involved, how it went down. It is fairly complicated so if you know the main points you should be fine.; go here: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enron:_The_Smartest_Guys_in_the_Room Jeffrey Skilling (top enron exec)-CEO, encourages the use of market-tomerket accounting which allows Enron to look profitable even if its not, encourages Darwinian view Kenneth Lay (top enron exec)- founded Enron in 1985; Andrew Fastow- Enron Exec; created network of shell companies to do business with Enron; through this he defrauds Enron of millions Lou Pai CEO of Enron Energy Saver; liked strippers, but 250 million home in Colorado J. Clifford Baxter-"one of the guys with spikes" within Enron went bankrupt
If a slumlord fails to remove lead paint from their building and children eat the lead paint, they are more likely to have neuropsychological deficits and in turn more likely to engage in crime. This is an example of what type of consequence?
All of the above -health -crime -social disorganization
Researchers have found that those who engage in seriously dishonest behaviors in college, generally engage in dishonest behaviors at work. Studies have found which of the following predict these behaviors?
All of the above -low self control -alienation -situational factors
Which of the following are characteristic of investment fraud?
All of the above -multiple offenses -attention from the press -regulatory changes
Which of the following are warning signs of mortgage fraud?
All of the above answers are correct -inflated appraisals -requests to sign blank forms -increased commissions for brokers and appraisers
Which of the following are core challenges regarding police and cybercrime?
All of the above are correct -only about 10% have received computer crime training -many officers are uncertain about the dynamics of computer crimes -the structure of law enforcement agencies doesn't lend itself to effective investigations of digital crimes
Which of the following are behaviors that could get an attorney disciplined?
All of these answers are correct -misuse of client funds -false statements to clients -felony conviction
Which of the following is true about the retail system?
All of these answers are correct -most employees do not steal -if influences the economy -if presents opportunities for white collar crimes
Susan Brenner (2006) identified which of the following as jurisdictional challenges related to cybercrime cases?
All of these answers are correct -there may be cases where no gov has jurisdiction -it may be impossible for a particular gov to 'assert' jurisdiction -multiple countries may claim jurisdiction over the same offense
Bank fraud
Any attempt to steal funds that are secured by a bank or other financial institutions
Ivan Boesky
Arbitrager that partnered up with Dennis Levine (investment banker) and committed insider trading; he traded on tips [he] knew came from tainted sources. Illegally manipulated the stock market and redefined insider trading. Made at least $203 million in illegal trades and his fine was $100 million---He was still a wealthy man after prison.
Cultural deviance theories assume that individuals___
Are not capable of committing criminal acts
Governor Fife Symington, before he was indicted for defrauding creditors in connection with a savings and loan, was the chief executive for what state
Arizone
Al Capone
Arrested on tax evasion charges; Investigators could not prove this man of his other crimes, but they could easily prove he was not paying taxes on all his money; Finally landed this notorious criminal in jail
FBI surveillance targets included all of the following except
Attorney General Robert Kennedy
Tools available to investigators
Audits; Records review; Undercover investigations
In Criminal Behavior Systems, Clinard and Quinney divided white-collar crime into two types. Which of the following best describes their typology?
Corporate crime as crimes by the corporation committed to benefit the corporation and occupational crime as crimes against the corporation.
Which of the following is not an example of a crime in the economic system?
Corporate espionage
Capitalism: A Love Story (Film)
Bill Black
A demand for money or other consideration under threat to do bodily harm, to injure property, to accuse of a crime, or to expose secrets. This os a definition of:
Blackmail
In response to the allegations that RICO was too broad and vague, Senator McClellan said that:
Both statements are correct
Accounts (p. 214)—the rationalization of events invoked after a criminal behavior occurs. Amoral Calculators (p. 206)—function commonly performed by corporate managers, in conducting strictly objective cost-benefit analyses unaffected by moral sentiments or social norms. Anomie (p. 215)—term originated by Durkheim to describe a normless situation in which guidelines for conventional behavior break down during a period of social change, and later revised by Merton to refer to a society in which generalized material success is promoted, but without equal access to legitimate means of attaining that success. Biogenetic Explanation (p. 201)—19th-century theory that criminals differ from other classes of people due to certain inherited traits, which has since been shown to lack scientific foundation; there is no current evidence that biogenetic factors contribute to white collar criminality.
Bounded Rationality (p. 211)—concept that choices of individuals and organizations are often based on incomplete or defective information and are only "rational" relative to the information available; also known as "limited rationality." Commodification (p. 219)—transformation into something that can be bought, sold, or otherwise used for profit. Conflict Theory (p. 216)—theory that human society rests on fundamental conflicts between the values and interests of different groups, and that the more powerful groups are disproportionately able to control resources and influence the law. Constitutive Criminology (p. 218)—a type of critical criminology that draws on postmodern thought, to emphasizing the fundamental instability of meaning in a human world in which realities are constantly deconstructed and reconstructed.
2012 IRS UBS Bank Award
Bradley Birkenfeld, whistleblower, was supposed to recruit people to UBS, a Swiss banking company (Swiss banks are known for secrecy); They told US clients that they did not have to report their UBS account money to the IRS; Birkenfeld recieved $104 million ($75.8 million after taxes ironically)
_____ is when money, goods, services, information or anything else is of value is offered with intent to influence the actions, opinions, or decisions of the taker?
Bribery
resource problems
Budget cuts have police focusing more of their efforts on traditional crime
Which of the following types of fraud include pump and pay schemes, building bailout schemes, and faulty credit enhancements?
Building initiated fraud
The scholar who was credited for coming the phrase "white collar" crime was ____
Edwin Sutherland
____ is when a person who has been entrusted with money or property appropriates it for his or her own use and benefit?
Embezzlement
Promissory Note Fraud occurs when an insurance agent misrepresents the types of returns a client will receive when investing in annuities.
False
Strategies that involve employees updating virus protection programs, and providing employees training on how to keep their computers secure are examples of:
Employee based strategies
Keating Five
Charles Keating donated $1.4 million to the campaigns and causes of 5 US sentors who would become known as the Keating 5: John McCain; John Glenn; Alan Cranston; Don Riegle; Dennis DeConcini; Keating's contributions would require that said legislators get regulators off of Keatings's Lincoln Savings and Loans back
Richard, a realtor, continues to sell a property in order to generate fees and commissions. This is an example of which of the following?
Churning
Administrative Law (p. 234)—written law produced by state and federal regulatory agencies as opposed to government bodies (thus, some disagreement exists as to whether administrative law is law in the full conventional sense or merely a "body of rules"); many of the activities classified as white collar crime are violations of administrative rather than statutory law. Antitrust Law (p. 226)—law directed against monopolistic practices that interfere with the operation of a truly free market. Bounded Rationality (p. 246)—the search for "good-enough" as opposed to ideal solutions in corporate decision making. Case Law (p. 233)—a body of law based on court opinions and rulings on previous cases; important in white collar crime in that it often establishes precedent for criminal prosecution.
Civil (Tort) Law (p. 241-242)—law that concerns itself with private, individual harms and objective responsibility, focused mainly on compensating an individual party for measurable harm suffered. Constitutional Law (p. 242)—statutory law based on the U.S. and state constitutions. Corporate Criminal Liability (p. 244)—holding corporations as an entity, as opposed to the individual personnel of corporations, responsible for illegal acts. Criminal Law (p. 226)—law in which prosecution takes part on behalf of the entire society, with a greater emphasis on intent as well as evidentiary certainty, which relies on public enforcement and involves the maximization of stigma and censure, partly as a measure of social control
Denial of Injury
Claim no one got hurt/injured from their actions; Ex. A broker taking a few thousand from extremely wealthy clients since they do not need that money as much as him
Denial of Victim
Claim victim deserves the crime to happen to them; Ex. Someone stealing from company when they do not feel appreciated because they barely compensate for all their hard work
Nominee account
Common when trying to find money; When an account has a different name than the one the controls that account; Way for people to prove that person tried to hide funds
Blue Wall of Silence
Enhancing structural opportunity, a cultural norm that proscribes officers from informing on corrupt colleagues. Intense group cohesiveness greatly reduces risk of exposure and thus helps reduce the line between observer and participant. Compared to the "Mafia's code of secrecy" Telling on an officer is viewed as a betrayal worse than corruption itself.
RICO violations may only be prosecuted as a criminal violation.
False
The term law has had a single, settled meaning in the course of Western history.
False
Relative to other forms of misconduct in the criminal justice sytem, which of the following has received relatively little attention from researchers?
Corrections
___ occurs when someone comes or imitates an item without having been authorized to do so and passes the copy off for the genuine or original item?
Counterftting
US Environmental Protection Agency
Created in 1970 by President Nixon
Inspector General of United States
Created in 1978; Oversees and investigated effectiveness, efficiency, waste, fraud, and abuse in federal programs for Congress; Basically, the DA for WCC
In regards to the conflict theory of white-collar crime, which of the following statements based on propositions outlined to show how powerful classes exert their power to define behavior as criminal, is true?
Crime is created by authorities in a politically organized society
Staged Accidents
Criminal group gets doctor involved to stage an accident where they claim fake injuries and get a doctor that sign off on fake injuries
Crime Coercive (p. 206)—organizations or situations that literally compel individuals to commit crimes. Crime Facilitative (p. 207)—organizations or situations that provide conditions promoting criminal conduct. Crimes of Capital (p. 216)—socially injurious acts, such as the systematic exploitation of the working class discerned by Marx, that are a consequence of or are facilitated by the private ownership.
Criminality (p. 199)—propensity on the part of individuals or organizations to commit crimes. Criminalization (p. 199)—the process whereby particular activities, entities, and individuals come to be defined as criminal. Criminogenic Tendencies (p. 206)—features of an organization or social environment that facilitate the commission of crime Criminology (p. 218)—discipline in the social sciences whose various perspectives attempt to explain various crimes and deviant behaviors.
___ occurs when one person illegally obtains property from another by actual or threatened force, fear, or violence, or under cover of official right?
Extortion
Which of the following is not an important function which organized crime has performed for corporate or business enterprises?
Extortion of "protection" money.
Exaggerated claims
Extravagant statements made regarding victim's injury, either explicitly or implicitly, that have no substantiation or reasonable basis in truth trying to acquire more funds; Ex. A man, who was hurt and claimed he could not walk, seen taking a peaceful jog
Establishing Willfulness
Dealing in cash; Double set of books; Ignoring advice/reminders from tax professional; Tax protester letters; Lying to investigators; Education and background; Nominees usage
Chapters 7-9
Definitions
The laws in the early 20th century which regulated the meat industry but were also supported by the large meatpackers are especially well-explained by which of the following perspectives on lawmaking?
Dialectical
Age of offense
Difficult for prosecutors because overtime records can get lost/destroyed; Witnesses can leave or die before case reaches trial; Statute of limitations
Differential Association (p. 212)—theory promoted by Sutherland, which views criminal behavior as learned through contact with others who display those tendencies. Differential Opportunity Theory (p. 216)—theoretical perspective formulated by Cloward and Ohlin which contends that illegal conduct is affected by the structure of opportunity, and whether or not legitimate opportunities are available as an alternative to crime; some white collar crime may be best understood as a response to a situation in which the attractions of particular illegitimate opportunities outweigh those of legitimate opportunities. Differential Shaming (p. 221)—an integrated theory based on structural Marxist and differential association theory, in which involvement in criminal conduct varies according to vulnerability to shaming; crime flourishes in organizations that shield members from shaming and pressure them to produce, and is controlled in organizations that take proactive measures to expose law violators to shame. Diffusion Theory (p. 208)—explanation of intermediate fraud, focused on the spreading of fraud via social networks and the way in which factors that facilitate legitimate success may also facilitate subsequent fraud.
Dramaturgic Perspective (p. 214)— theatrical metaphor for the ways in which people "present" themselves in everyday life, attempting to manage the impressions others have of them; the commission of white collar crime often depends on the offender's success in conveying an image of respectability and trustworthiness (playing a role). Feminist Criminology (p. 218)—critical criminological perspective focused on patterns of patriarchy and male dominance in crime and the legal system, which has found that women are underrepresented among white collar criminals and are generally motivated by different factors than men who commit the same crimes. Freudian Approach (p. 201)—psychological explanation of crime based on the theories of Sigmund Freud, which would view the commission of white collar crime as the outcome of a conflict between the desires of the individual and the needs of civilization, in which the individual's superego (conscience) and ego (balancing voice of reason) were unable to overcome the force of the id (primitive drives such as acquisitiveness which often violate social norms if acted upon). General Theory (p. 209)—any theory attempting to explain both conventional and white collar crimes; such theories have been criticized for interpreting different types of activities too simplistically and for failing to explain variations in the conventional and white collar crime rates over time.
Data suggests that in recent years the number of complaints regarding student air fraud have decreased.
False
Despite the array of activities encompassed by the term white collar crime, the author of the text holds that a single, general theory or explanation can be formulated for white collar crime.
False
Despite the prevalence of insurance related crimes, they have little impact on the public.
False
Experts estimate the cost from theft in the retail system is as high as $2 billion.
False
Grassroots responses to slumlords involved states passing laws that provide protection and assistance to tenants who live in slumlord run buildings.
False
If a customer takes their car to an automobile repair shop and unnecessary services are recommend, and the customer is pressured into purchasing these services, they have been a victim of market allocation
False
In general, Internet Crime Complaints to the FBI have decreased from 2004 through 2014.
False
It has been generally agreed that the term white collar crime should be restricted to violations of the criminal law, rather than being more broadly defined.
False
Keeping easy to remember passwords such as 'password', 'baseball', and '12345678' are recommended to preventing cyber victimization.
False
Meso-level factors focus upon individual propensities and choices.
False
Most criminologists argue that practices surrounding the fraud in the housing crisis have little impact on minority groups.
False
Most cyber gangs tend to operate in a small geographic area such as a neighborhood.
False
One of the strategies identified to help address cybercrimes are to keep agencies involved in investigations separate.
False
Pattern of racketeering activity is defined as at least one act of racketeering activity committed within 10 years of each other, one of which occurred since the enactment since the enactment of the statue in 1970.
False
Plagiarism may be discovered during the peer review process or if the plagiarized author discovers their work has been plagiarized.
False
Studies consistently show that dentists are accused of fraud more than other health care providers.
False
Studies of medical students have found they general have favorable attitudes towards Medicare and Medicaid.
False
Syndicated crime was diminished during Prohibition because legitimate businessmen dominated business of alcohol sales.
False
The only involvement syndicated crime has with legitimate and quasi-legitimate businesses is in the areas of gambling (casinos) and pornography.
False
The roots of white collar criminality in early childhood experiences have been fully domonstrated, especially in studies conducted by Freud.
False
The term "organized crime" has been applied exclusively to the activities of the Italian-American Mafia
False
Criminologists Clinard and Quinney built on Sutherland's work and divided white-collar crime into two types: corporate crime and organizational crime.
False corporate crime and occupational crime
Qui Tam Laws
False Claims Act (1863); IRS Whistleblower Reward Program; · SEC Whistleblower Reward Program; CFTC Commodity Exchange Act
Products in the areas of hair and weight loss often make outrageous or unbelievable claims that are frequently not supported by customer experiences of consumer reviews. These are examples of which of the following?
False advertising
US Sentencing Guidelines (1984)
Federal guidelines created by Reagan administration; Goal to alleviate sentencing discrepancies; Sentences based on Offense Gravity Score, Severity of crime, and Criminal History; Highlights a range of months for punishment; Are not mandatory but are advisory but 99% of the time the punishment is in the range
Records review
Follows the paper trail of money; Ex. Bank accounts, Emails, Phone calls; Establishes the "why" or mens rea
If Jason Shepherd, whose home has recently gone into foreclosure, burns down his home in order to have his insurance company pay off the mortgage debt, he has engaged in which of the following?
Foreclosure rescue scam
Phil Gramms wife, Wendy
Former Enron CEO Ken Lay's connections and contributions to political candidates resulted in the spouse of what elected official being named to the Enron board of directors?
President ____ ordered J.Edgar Hoover to conduct surveillance programs against American citizens
Franklin Roosevelt
_____ is when a person passes false or worthless instrument such as a check or counterfeit security with intent to defraud or injure the recipient?
Fraud
Securities fraud
Fraudulent practices in the stock system
If a tenant who lives in a slumlord run property organizes tenants and mobilizes them to post negative reviews of the slumlord run property, they have participated in which of the following:
Grassroots responses
If all cable television providers in a state agreed not to provide services to lower income communities, this would be an example of which of the following?
Group boycotts
Why type of offense involves situations where competitors agree not to do business with specific customers or clients?
Group boycotts
Darren recently purchased a new condo. He received a mailer offering air duct cleaning services from CLEANAVENT for $199 guaranteed. Upon completion of the scheduled cleaning of his air ducts, the CLEANAVENT representative informed him because of the age of his home Darren would have to pay an additional fee of $100. Darren was not informed of this extra free until after the air duct cleaning was completed. This is an example of:
Home repair fraud
society's consciousness itself, holds society together
How did Emilie Durkheim regard religion's role in society?
Government crime types
Human experimentation (Tuskegee syphilis experiment, Radiation Experiments, prison experiments), violation of sovereignty (Iran-Contra Affair), abuse of power (Watergate scandal, FBI, CIA, IRS, Department of Defense, NSA infiltration of civil rights movement, IRS attack on dissident orgs/people), torture American style
Structuring
Illegal act of splitting cash deposits or withdrawals into smaller amounts, or purchasing monetary instruments, to stay under a currency reporting threshold; Usually tries to file just enough money to fly under the radar of algorithms designed to flag these large deposits; AKA Smurfing; Ex. If the government flags all deposits over $10,000 and you keep on making deposits for $9,999.99
consequences of environmental crimes
Impossible to know the true extent of the physical consequences associated with environmental crime
Halcion
In 1992, George H. W. Bush vomited and fainted at a state dinner in Japan, this was blamed on Halcion the once popular sleeping pill. Halcion also was said to be responsible for several other murders and delusional acts. These psychotic episodes caused for the ban of this drug in Britain, Norway and the Netherlands. Even still Upjohn's executives placed pressure on the FDA and others to approve this drug and omit a third of the adverse reaction reports.
Which of the following is a major difference between investigating white-collar crime and traditional crime?
In a white-collar crime police usually wait until later in the investigation to talk to suspects
Iran-Contra Affair
In mid 1980s the U.S. was secretly selling weapons to Iran (to free hostages) in order to help fund the Contras in Nicaragua; Oliver North helped recruit people to help fund the Contras (for weapons and equipment)
Thrift fraud characteristics
Insider thrift fraud- desperation dealing: motivated by profit imperative; collective embezzlement: siphoning off of funds from an S&L institution for personal gain at the expense of the institution itself and with the implicit or explicit sanction of management; covering up: attempting to hide both the thrift's insolvency and the fraud that contributed to that insolvency, usually done through "Cooked books" or doctored financial reports and records; Outside thrift fraud- Criminal networks: Lands flips [see definition], nominee loans [see definition], reciprocal lending [see definition], linked financing [see definition]
Dialectical Perspective (p. 230)—a theory that characterizes lawmaking as a process directed towards resolving various contradictions, conflicts, and dilemmas confronting society in a particular historical context. Executive Lawmaking (p. 234)—lawmaking that occurs through the executive (presidential) control of agencies that investigate, enforce, and prosecute crime. Identification Theory (p. 245)—a major theory supporting corporate criminal liability, which holds that such liability is direct insofar as corporate actors are acting on behalf of the corporation. Imputation Theory (p. 245)—a major theory supporting corporate criminal liability, which holds that the corporation is liable for the intent and acts of its employees on any level in the corporate hierarchy.
Instrumentalist Perspective (p. 228)—conflict theory perspective on lawmaking which sees the law as reflective of the elite class's control over the state in a capitalist society, and serving the purposes of that class. Juristic Persons (p. 244)—concept which, applied to corporations as actors, makes it possible for corporations to face criminal charges just like biological persons. Respondeat Superior Doctrine (p. 245)—an expansion of the notion of vicarious responsibility, which would hold corporations criminally liable to cases where an individual acting with corporate authority has committed a crime meant to benefit the company, keeping companies from immunizing themselves by "official" prohibitions of such behavior. RICO Law (p. 240)—laws regarding Racketeer-Influenced and Corrupt Organizations, enacted by Congress as part of the 1970 Organized Crime Control Act; a special section meant to provide prosecutors with additional power to combat organized crime is frequently used for white collar crime cases as well.
The view that law in a capitalist society reflects the direct control of the elite class over the state is most consistent with which of the following perspectives?
Instrumentalists
Currency Transaction Reports
Issued when an individual engages in a financial interaction over $10,000 cash
How did the passage of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act in 2002 effect sentences for white-collar criminals?
It dramatically increased prison time fro offenders
The collaboration of different agencies in investigating a white-collar crime leads to which problem?
It increases the complexity
Which of the following is not a way in which time affects a white-collar crime investigation?
It is taking longer and longer for the courts and the laws to catch up the advances offenders are making in the methods by which they commit their crimes
adultery and alleged homosexual activity
Jimmy Swaggart railed against many different types of people, catholics, jews, etc. he was dismissed from the assemblies of God ministries when it was disclosed that he had dome what?
Phiber Optik
John Lee; young hacker group (18-22) arrested in 1992 for corrupting the databases of some of the largest corporations in America
Which of the following trends is accurate regarding the guidelines that judges follow when sentencing convicted offenders?
Judges depart upwards from the guidelines in cases where vulnerable groups are targeted
American Continental Corporation
Keating real estate company; used Lincoln to provide a steady source of funding for it. Fraudulent real estate deals were made to pump money into American Continental. His college dropout son was chairman of company. On april 13, 1989, American continental corporation filed for bankruptcy.
Estrella
Keating's 20,000 acre dream community, the single largest real estate venture of Lincoln, was valued at less than 10 cents on the dollar.
____ occurs when a person who sells an item pays back a portion of the purchase price to the buyer?
Kickback
Jose Manaya
LA ophthalmologist convicted in 1984 on charges related to unnecessary eye surgeries; He subjected poor mainly Hispanic patients to needless cataract surgery in order to collect Medi-Cal fees of $584 per eye; Collected over a million dollars in 5 years.
Which of the below crimes would not be considered as a white collar crime? Larceny Fraud Embezzlement Tax evasion
Larceny
In regards to the institutional anomie theory, which of the following is not a value promoted in America that encourages individuals to engage in crime?
Loyalty encourages the lines to be blurred for close friends
Masters of Destruction/Legion of Doom
MOD allegedly stole passwords and technical data from Pacific Bell, Nynex, and other telephone companies, etc.; rival hacker group was known as LOD; rivalry shows importance of one-upmanship in the hacker sub-culture
Hyperreal (p. 219)—alleged characteristic of the postmodern condition, where things such as digital finance or e-trade exist, but are not tangibly real. Integrated Theory (p. 220)—perspective that incorporates insights from different theoretical traditions to account for white collar crime as caused by a number of factors. Labeling Theory (p. 213)—theory concerned with the social reaction to perceived crime and the designation of particular individuals as criminal; powerful, high-status organizations and individuals are more likely to escape such labeling and the damaging consequences that can accompany it.
Macro-Level Explanations (p. 200)—theories that focus on the conditions and structural factors within society or organizations that promote white collar crime. Meso-Level Explanations (p. 200)—theories that focus on intermediate explanations or situational factors (e.g., specific circumstances) in attempting to explain white collar crime. Micro-Level Explanations (p. 200)—theories that focus on offenders and their individual propensities and choices in attempting to explain white collar crime.
Fraudulent bank Transaction
Many banks back telemarketers and home equity loans businesses which gives them the opportunity to maintain usurious profits and clean hands. Fleet Financial, New England's largest bank, extended a 7.5 million dollar line to a notorious lender, in a study research reported three-fourths of the families who borrow money from Resource lose their homes (56).
When drug dealers divide a neighborhood into territories and respond violently when other dealers sell in their neighborhood, what type of antitrust offense is this analogous to?
Market allocation
Which of the following is not a factor that leads to lenient sentences for white-collar offenders?
Media attention pressures the judge
Angela went into the hospital for a routine surgery to have her tonsils removed. However, her doctor told her she was having her appendix removed. She repeatedly told her doctor he was in error, but he performed the appendectomy. This is an example of:
Medical malpractice
Equipment sales frauds work for all of the following reasons EXCEPT:
Medicare does not review doctor's credentials
____ is the investment or transfer of money from drug transactions or other embezzlement schemes so that it appears that its original source either cannot be traced or is legitimate?
Money Laundering
Agnes, a 56 year old school teacher took her car to a local car repair shop for an oil change being advertised for a special price of $9.99. While she waited the mechanic misinformed her she need several costly services totaling $350.00, these services were not scheduled in her cars maintenance manual, nor were there any signs that there was anything wrong with her car. Agnes wants to avoid her car breaking down so she paid for the repairs. Why was the mechanic able to fool her so easily?
Most people don't know about their cars
Which is one of the main reasons there are such high rates of theft by workers in restaurants?
Most workers are younger
The most secretive federal agency is the:
NSA
who experienced problems with youth campaigning for the know nothing party and with irish street gangs that started draft riots during the civil war
NYC
The Iran-Contra affairs was a "gun-for-money" operation designed to assist rebels in
Nicaragua
Complexity of crime
Not only does the prosecutor have to be able to understand the crime, the jury has to understand, as well; Prosecutors, who studied law throughout school, have to be able to explain complicated business or technological tactics used in the crime to a jury
differences from other forms of wcc
Offenses are committed either for or by the organization The majority of corporate crimes are committed in groups Consequences of corporate crimes are more severe Misdeeds of corporations are rarely defined as criminally illegal
Orange County Bankruptcy
On December 6, 1994, officials of Orange County declared the county bankrupt with financial losses amounting to over $2 billion, the largest municipal failure in history; result of former country treasurer, Robert Citron, taking enormous risks with public funds; actions were at advice of Merrill Lynch, psychics, astrologers; lack of oversight and greed responsible for bankruptcy
First Pension Corporation
One of the largest pension fund scams occurred in California. First Pension Corporation of Irvine was charged in 1994 with stealing or misappropriating up to $124 million from its investors. As much as $100 million was never invested at all, but utilized in a Ponzi scheme, whereby new investor money was used to pay dividends and interest on older investments, until the pyramid collapsed and First Pension declared bankruptcy. First Pension was run by businessman William E. Cooper, had purportedly invested $350 million for about 8,000 individuals, mostly from the Southern California region
Which of the following have operated with cyber gangs to utilize cyber technology to cause havoc to promote political or ideological beliefs?
Organized crime networks
among the most long standing and well known practitioners of terrorism in the middle east is the --- founded in 1964 as a nationalist organization dedicated to the establishment of an independent palestinian state
PLO
Though most of the medical experimentation by the military took place decades ago, soldiers in what recent conflict were given an unapproved pretreatment for nerve gas attacks without their knowledge?
Persian Gulf War
The creation of a phony web site pretending to be a legitimate company or sending email to the victim impersonating (spoofing) a legitimate company is an example of _______?
Phishing
______ is where the actor(s) solicit investors in a business venture, promising extremely high financial returns or dividends in a very short period of time. The actor never invests the money, however it does pay dividends to him. The dividends consist of the newest investors funds. The first investors, pleased to receive dividends, encourage new investors to invest. It falls apart when the actor no longer has sufficient new investors to distribute dividends to the old investors or the actor simply takes all the funds and leaves the area?
Ponzi Scheme
Enron seemed more interested in selling its own stock than in selling anything else. As a result, the Enron debacle can be characterized as a gigantic version of all of the following except:
Ponzi scheme
Marxist Theory (p. 216)—conflict theory perspective on human relations, in which crime is seen as the unnatural product of a class society and of a capitalist system that dehumanizes people, transforms many objects and dimensions of the human environment into commodities, and promotes "false needs" that generate a significant amount of property crime Neutralizations (p. 214)—processes of rationalization that takes place before a crime is committed, which allows the person committing the crime to temporarily "neutralize" or suspend their commitment to social norms that prohibit the crime in order to proceed with the act. Organizational Crime (p. 205)—crime committed by or on behalf of an organization, such as a corporation. Performance Pressures (p. 217)—demands placed on an individual because of his or her job or position, which in some cases motivate white collar crime.
Postmodernist Criminology (p. 218)—a critical criminological perspective which challenges the attempt of conventional criminological perspective to impose a particular meaning on criminal conduct and events. Power Theory (p. 204)—structural theories of crime which claim that criminality is more pronounced among the powerful and the privileged than among the powerless and underprivileged, because the powerful have stronger deviant motivations, enjoy greater deviant opportunities, and are subject to weaker social controls. Radical / Critical Criminology (p. 218)—a criminological perspective developed in the 1970 and heavily influenced by Marxism, currently composed of diverse schools of thought including left realism, peacemaking, feminist, and postmodernist criminology, and mostly concerned with how crime is conceived of and appropriate responses to it. Rational Choice (p. 211)—perspective popularized by Hirschi that views criminal offenders as people who reason and plan strategically, adapt to particular circumstances, and weigh costs and benefits.
If an offender works with a stray buyer to purchase and then default on a home loan so the property will be forced into a short sale, which the perpetrator then can take advantage of, they have engaged in which of the following?
Premeditated short sale fraud
If two consumers, John Jones, a 34 year old white male, and Jessica Smith, a 44 year old African American female, both go to a car dealership purchase the same car, but John pays a significantly higher price, this could be an example of which of the following?
Price discrimination
Businesses such as check cashing businesses and pay day loan providers which are often located in minority communities, have been found to charge extremely high fees. This practice is an example of which of the following?
Price gouging
What type of offense was seen in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina when gas prices were raised significantly?
Price gouging
he growth and expansion of organized crime has been especially linked with ______.
Prohibition
Which office is considered the most power in the criminal justice system?
Prosecutor
systems theory
Provides a foundation from which white-collar crime can be addressed and explains how various systems influence misconduct * does not explain crime on an individual level
Which of the following is a suggestion that has been made to improve law enforcement's response to white-collar crime?
Publicizing arrests of white-collar criminals
Organized Crime (p. 173)—broad term referring to any organized criminal activity, including organized professional theft, business theft, terrorist groups, motorcycle gangs, and "racketeers" who extort money by intimidation and violence Nostra. • Penny Stock Fraud (p. 186)—frauds involving low-priced, speculative securities of small companies which are traded outside the major exchanges; the unpredictable nature and minimal regulation of such "penny stocks" makes them especially suited for use in such schemes. • Ponzi Scheme (p. 185)—an investment fraud in which large profits are promised to investors in a fictitious business, but earlier investors receive their "returns" out of the money paid by later investors, rather than from any real business revenue. • Professional Criminal (p. 180)—any person who makes their living committing crime.
Pump and Dump (p. 187)—market fraud involving purchasing stock in a company, circulating false reports that it will rise dramatically, and selling it after the reports have driven the price up. • Pyramid Scheme (p. 185)—variant of a Ponzi scheme, in which a few people at the top benefit from the "investment" made by many people at the bottom; those at the bottom have been promised greater earnings once they move up in the pyramid, for which they must recruit people to join in at the bottom. • Syndicated Crime (p. 174)—a group of individuals or organizations who cooperate to engage in forms of organized white collar crime (p. 174). • Technocrime (p. 191)—white collar crime facilitated by any sophisticated from of technology, mostly with the use of computers (p. 191). • Telemarketing Fraud (p. 189)—frauds in which people are contacted by telephone and offered tempting investments or products that do not exist; costing U.S. consumers $40 billion annually; also known as "boiler room" scams.
During the mortgage credit boom, which of the following was a practice by some professionals that allowed people to get a mortgage by lying about the buyers qualifications?
Qualifications fraud
How did the name RICO originate?
RICO came from a show in 1931 in which the main character Rico died in the hands of the police.
The federal government's primary statutory weapon in the fight against organized crime is ___?
Racketeer Influenced Corrupt Organizations Act of 1970
RICO Act
Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act; Commonly used statute to arrest criminal organizations because it is hard to prove in court beyond a reasonable doubt what each member's role was
___ is the operation of an illegal business for personal profit?
Racketeering
In 1993, it was disclosed that the government had injected 18 civilians who may or may not have known of the risks with:
Radioactive Plutonium
The desire for an offender to gain control of his or her environment is associated with which theory?
Rational choice theory
Which of the following does not describe a possible job of a forensic accountant?
Recommending a course of action to prevent fraud
Examples of deceptive sales:
Recommending unnecessary services Lying about accreditation
Tax avoidance
Reducing tax liability through LEGAL techniques
FinCEN (Financial Crimes Enforcement Network)
SAR's and CTR's must be provided to this organization if a broker-dealer notices activity in accounts that appear suspicious or possible related to fraud or money laundering activities
_____ is the act of artificially inflating the price of stocks by brokers so that buyers can purchase stock on the rise?
Securities Fraud
Oliver North
See Iran-Contra Scandal
John McCain
See Keating 5
John Dean
See Watergate
Motivations of whistleblowers
Sense of duty; Retribution; Fear; Hero complex; Financial reward
The psychological theories are based primarily on the works of____
Sigmund Freud
Setting clear and enforceable rules, requiring biometric credentials, hiding data systems, and secure passwords are all examples of?
Situational crime prevention
Which of the following is not a red flag of white-collar crime that is typically surfaced in audits?
Smaller payments to new vendors
Rationalizations (p. 214)—mental processes which allow a person who is committing or about to commit a crime to overcome guilt or moral inhibitions and justify the crime to themselves or others. Routine Activities Theory (p. 211)—perspective that sees crime as based on rational decision-making, and precipitated by three factors: the presence of motivated offenders, the presence of suitable victims or targets, and the absence of capable guardians or protectors. Secondary Deviance (p. 213)—deviant behavior that takes place following the internalization of a deviant label or stigma (a "self-fulfilling prophecy") Social Control Theory (p. 212)—perspective that the potential for criminal behavior is inhibited in law-abiding people by factors of social control, such as the relative strength of an individual's bonds to conventional institutions such as family, work, and religion, which is associated with increased norm-compliance.
Social Entities (p. 204)—groups, organizations, societies, and other human associations which exhibit collective "behavior." Sociogenic Explanation (p. 203)—a perspective that searches for the origins of crime in the structure of a society or other social entity. Status Deprivation Theory (p. 216)—perspective in which crime is seen as an alternative way of achieving status when legitimate ways to achieve it are absent. Stigma (p. 213)—the negative and visible consequences of having been labeled criminal, e.g., by a criminal conviction or prison sentence; because of their social status, white collar offenders are often more successful in avoiding stigma than conventional offenders.
If David Jackson purchases a home, with no intention of living in the home, and he then transfers the deed to Susan Jones, without disclosing to her the full cost of the mortgage and taxes of the property. In this example, David Jackson had engaged in which of the following types of fraud?
Straw buyer fraud
The public's attention on crime has generally been focused on
Street crime
The view that white collar crime law is implemented by the state because it helps sustain the system and "legitimates" the state in the eyes of the general population is most consistent with which of the following perspectives?
Structuralist
Suspicious Activity Reports
Supposed to flag anything seeming to be suspicious that CTR's do not address;
Tightrope enforcement
Term has to do with how enforcement agents play a role in fine line b/w controlling Medicaid; describes how agents walk a really fine line (mostly in terms of Medicaid), and if they regulate too much then doctors drop out of the program and if they don't regulate enough then there is too much room to commit fraud.
FDIC
The Federal Deposit Insurance Committe has an enforcement entity that is designed to uncover bank fraud
Death related to medication errors may be the result of an influx of new physicians into medical practices and residents. This is known as:
The July Effect
role of judge in white collar cases
The duty of the judge is to assure that the justice process proceeds fairly for both the defendant and the state • has significant amount of power • oversee a case from filing to conclusion and make various decisions throughout the entire trial process
Which of the following is an example of identity theft?
The fraudulent use of personal information to open new accounts and/or purchase items using existing accounts
What does the deterrence theory rely on to be effective?
The idea that people are rational
"Club Fed" Myth
The idea that white-collar criminals get sent to a "country-club'-like facility, which is simply untrue
When Green highlighted four steps that he felt led to embezzlement, what idea was he unknowingly demonstrating?
The integration of theories
The illegal disposal of hazardous waste is most consistent with which model of organized crime?
The network model
Wire fraud
The use of radio, television, telephone, internet, or other wired forms of communication to conduct fraudulent activities with the intent to deprive an owner of property; Ex. Infomercial telling people to send money to their scheme
What did E.A. Ross believe was the most dangerous factor about the "white-collar criminaloid"?
They engage in criminal acts under the cover of responsibility
FBAR (Foreign Bank and Financial Accounts)
This organization investigates the accounts overseas with over $10,000 that must be reported to IRS; Can be very costly if not reported
Several studies in recent years have identififed those with college educations as perceiving white collar crime as equal to or more serious than street crime. Which of the following may explain these findings?
Those with college educations may understand concepts, definitions, and issues related to white collar crime better than those with less education. Those with college educations are more likely to be white collar criminals. (both a and b)
Among contemporary students of white collar crime, there is a division between those who regard personality as a negligible factor and those who believe it is significant.
True
An example of noble cause corruption could involve a police officer planting evidence on suspects to ensure they are getting criminals off the street
True
Appraisal fraud happens when an appraisers over or underestimate the value of a home.
True
As a society becomes larger, more complex and more heterogeneous, the historical tendency is to rely increasingly upon formal laws in response to white collar crime.
True
Censuring and scapegoating are possible consequences for those that expose state crime offenses.
True
If a college or university promises students that they can earn an average of $250,000 with a specialized certificate in business, when according to Bureau of Labor Statistics the average person with this certificate makes $25,000, this is viewed as a deception statement.
True
If a professor threatens to fail a student unless they have sex with him, this would be considered sexual coercion,
True
If an individual makes copies of a video game and sells them on ebay this would be considered counterfeiting software.
True
If an insurance agent calls his clients to introduce a new form of insurance for their homes to protect them against falling trees, he is engaging in a practice known as churning.
True
In Chile, the CIA and ITT an American Corporation worked to try nd defeat Salvador Allende who won despite their efforts. When Allende was assassinated, his government was replaced by a military junta friendly to American interests.
True
In a Freudian approach, white collar crime would be linked with tensions and conflicts between different aspects of the self (ego, id, and superego).
True
In a number of states, courts have also indicated a willingness to apply federal RICO case law to the interpretation of state statutes.
True
In a spiritualistic perspective white collar crime could be regarded as relecting a "sacred void" in the face of relentless secular and materialist forces.
True
In an attempt to address health care fraud the Health Insurance Portability Act of 1996 was passed making health care fraud a federal offense.
True
In the "spectrum-based theory of enterprise," legitimate businesses and syndicated crime engage in many of the same activities, but do so in ways that are somewhat arbitrarily defined as legal or illegal.
True
In the United States, the Office of Research Integrity addresses research misconduct in the areas of Public Health.
True
In their 1983 study, Cullen, Clark, and Mathers found that respondents viewed white collar crime as having greater moral and economic costs than street crimes.
True
Insurance fraud can occur in the sales/services system as a type of repair fraud.
True
Investment fraud happens when investments made by consumers are managed or influenced fraudulently by stockbrokers or other officials in the economic system.
True
La Cosa Nostra and the Lockheed Corporation have had parallel objectives in making bribes to public officials.
True
Many of the activites commonly classified as white collar crimes are violations of administrative rather than statutory law.
True
Most crimes in the United States fall into the category of street crimes.
True
One of the main issues with the ability to detect cyberattacks is the lack of academic programs and training for current and future cybersecurity professionals.
True
Some argue that the very nature of the health care system, with its complex red tape and bureaucratic confusion set up a situation that allows medical fraud and abuse to occur.
True
Some judges have been creative in their punishments of Slumlords including having Slumlords being forced to live in their dilapidated properties to experience the conditions their tenants have lived in.
True
Audits
Verifications of financial/operational systems; Investigators look to these to see how money is tracked; Establishes the "what" or actus reas
How does criminologist, Gerber, explain what is perceived by some to be unusually high sentences for white-collar offenders?
Very few white-collar offenders ever make it through the criminal justice process and when they do it is because there is substantial evidence against them, which leads to harsher sentences
Which of the following involves an agent concealing information of important settle policies, which allow people to invest in others life insurance policies?
Viatical Settlement Fraud
Cecil Jacobson
Virginia based fertility doctor that put his own sperm into other women without their permission. Referred to himself as the "baby maker." He told people who were desperate to conceive "God doesn't give you babies...I do." Patients gave him their money and trust and he would tell them that they were pregnant when in reality they were not. Also administered hormones to some patients which would stimulate effects of early pregnancy and would later tell them, they lost the baby.
conceptual ambiguity
We have a lack of understanding about various aspects of corporate crime prosecutions
_____ is where actors target businesses and obtain business' bank account information from which all funds are later withdrawn?
West African Investment Scams
Money laundering
When illegally obtained money is put into or through a business to hide its origin, thus trying to clean the dirty money; Involves hiding money in physical space, putting it in a secret account, trying to integrate the money by have it come back them legally, or other ways
Double set of books
When one book records the actual record of money and the other book given to IRS is fraudulently recorded
internal whistleblower
When someone believes something illegal is happening within the company and reports it to CEO, HR, etc.
external whistleblower
When someone suspects something illegal is happening within the company and reports it to an outside source such as the government or media
Appeal to Higher Loyalties
When the offender believes the purpose for which they are stealing is more ethical than the act; Usually when steals for family/loved ones; Ex. Stealing company money to use for kid's college thinking how could they choose following a stupid law over their own kids
Qui Tam Lawsuit
Whistleblower files an anonymous lawsuit where only the government can see their name; Gov't investigates to see if they want to join the lawsuit; Allowed by the False Claims Act of 1863 aka "Lincoln Law"
Reward percentages
Whistleblowers typically receive 10-30% of money recovered; Depends on whistleblower's involvement in scheme, quality of info provided; how much they cooperate with the trial and litigation
When comparing white collar criminals to conventional offenders, Wheeler and his colleagues (1988) discussed that white collar criminals were different from conventional criminals in which of the following ways:
White collar offenders have a college education
Which of the following statements about the influence of biogenetic factors on white collar crime is true?
White collar offenders typically do not "look like criminals" and so may be less likely to have criminality imputed to them.
How does the way in which a case is referred to a prosecutor affect prosecutor decisions?
White-collar cases sometimes must be sold to prosecutors in order to be prosecuted
Tax evasion
Willful failure to pay taxes, which is a serious crime punishable by a fine, imprisonment, or both; Easy offense to stick on a criminal where it is hard to prove other crimes; Ex. A drug lord cannot be prosecuted beyond a reasonable doubt that he has been selling drugs, but prosecutors can prove he did not pay taxes on all that money
Molly and Clayton Daniels
Young couple that wanted to stage Clayton's death to receive life insurance policy, so they dug up a dead body from a cemetery then placed the body in a car and set on fire; Police were suspicious because there did not appear to be an accident; Coroner found out that the body belonged to a woman
hacking can include all of the following except
a bank employee checking credit history of bank customers
Which of the following is the best definition of a theory?
a formal version of an explanation
Which of the following is not an example of white collar crime, broadly defined?
a lawyer who commits a hold-up at a bank
Which of the following is true about limited partnerships
a legal way to raise venture capital
the term "off shore" means
a location in a place other than the US
social disorganization theory
a neighborhood's crime rate is based upon the neighborhood's ability to agree and work together toward a common goal
they didnt believe it happened, and they werent aware
according to the video, The Rape of Nanking, how did the American people, including the narrator, perceive the Holocaust and the Rape of Nanking?
bc the americans and soviets were approaching
according to the video, why did the german prison guards kill the prisoners held in concentration camps at the end of world war 2?
Over regulating rural areas
accused of making it difficult for farmers to do their jobs
politicizing the science process
accused of misrepresenting findings, selectively using data, and interfering with research
american values that are key to crime
achievement, universalism, individualism, and materialism
who became the worlds largest producer of heroin in the early 21st century
afghanistan
who produces over 90 percent of the worlds non-pharmaceutical opium today
afghanistan
Which of the following would be associated with meat-eaters
aggressive corruption
which of the following would be associated with meat eaters
aggressive corruption
one of the most widely held theories of organized crime today is known as the
alien conspiracy theory
How do judges justify giving white-collar offenders shorter sentences?
all of the above
Which of the following is a reason why student aid fraud has increased in recent years?
all of the above are correct -more offenders are targeting students -reduction in the amount of government support given to public universities -an increase in the demand for college education
Which of the following is a difference between an internal and an external investigation of a white-collar crime?
all of the above-- not answer; need to change
From 1938 to 1978 the United States government experiment with various techniques of mind control. Those techniques included all of the following except
all of the foregoing techniques were used
Which of the following strategies can professors employ to reduce academic dishonesty from students?
all of these are correct -promote and foster values of respect and honesty between students and faculty -develop activities and assignments that make it too challenging to cheat -demonstrate why academic dishonesty is wrong
The drafters of RICO, by removing the statute from the antitrust context in which it was originally proposed, did so to avoid bogging potential plaintiffs down in legalistic battles over___
all the above answers are correct
back door programs:
allow entry at will
EPA AirData Tool
allows individuals to determine the air quality in their neighborhood
Ed Gray
chief S&L regulator investigating direct investments made by Savings and Loan
Collective Embezzlement
also known as "looting," entails siphoning off of funds from a S&L institution for personal gain, at the expense of the institution itself with the implicit or explicit sanction of its management; "robbing of one's own bank"; a lot of S&L transactions made these types of transactions
bid rigging (four types)
also known as collusion; situations where competitors plan to set specific bids for goods or services they would supply in response to a request for bids
industrial capitalism promotes a culture of competition
also offers different opportunities for crime
The CIA's abuse of power included of all of the following except:
always staying just inside the law
institutional anomie theory
american society promotes financial success, but does not emphasize values that are consistent with the legitimate means of achieving that financial success
Lay told securities analyst that the major loss was cause by:
an accounting error
The CIA has been involved in all of the following except
an election of Vincente Fox as president of Mexico
The United States was founded on the sanctity of self-determination, but if activities of the CIA are any indication, the privilege of self-determination is denied to other countries. The CIA has been involved in all of the following EXCEPT:
an election of Vincente Fox as president of Mexico
Which of the following is not a consequence of mortgage fraud?
an increase in the value of properties
tort lawsuits
an individual alleges injury, damage, or loss stemming from negligent or intentional acts of another
The first known laws directed at commercial transactions date back to which of the following periods?
ancient Mesopotamia
labeling theory
applying a given label to an offender results in behavior consistent with the label
multiplicity of indictment
argues a violation of double jeopardy
meeting-competition defense
argues actions were in response to competition
ignorance defense
argues defendant did not know crime was being committed
reliance on advice of counsel
argues defendant was following attorneys advice
lack of fraudulent intent
argues lack of criminal intent
good-faith defense
argues lack of knowledge and intent
isolated occurrences defense
argues misconduct was atypical incident
withdrawal from conspiracy
argues offender withdrew from activity before crime was committed
neutralization theory
argues that individuals are not committed to a criminal lifestyle and must neutralize their conventional beliefs prior to committing crime
complementary bidding
artificially high bids are submitted
empirical evidence strongly suggests that the pattern of --- is organized crime resembles what has variously been called a network
association
four elements of social bonds
attachment, belief, commitment, and involvement
most acts of terrorism have three basic participants: the perpetrator, the victim, and the
audience affected
toll fraud is
avoiding phone charges
A large retail chain recently created a website that allows employees to anonymously report theft goods, cash, and credit card information committed by other employees. This is an example of:
awareness strategies
of the two types of forfeiture, --- forfeiture has the broadest power against organized crime
civil
UCI fertility clinic case
became the international focus of serious wrongdoing, including the prescription of an unapproved drug, performing research on patients without their consent, stealing eggs from patients in order to impregnate others, failing to report income, and violating university policies; three doctors, also director of medical center focus of case; UCI accused of dragging their feet in investigation
In the 17th and 18th century employee theft, embezzlement, and related acts ________.
became the targets of specific criminal laws
Why is substituting generic drugs for a patient considered a crime?
because the insurance company gets billed for more expensive medication
capone developed a reputation as a benevolent crime king by providing people of chicago what they wanted most
beer and liquor
Olga Romani
biggest medicaid fraudster in Florida; Cuban Dr. that lied about credentials; disfigured two women; billed for services that people never received
Common red flags that may alert to a Ponzi scheme include:
both A and B -complicated trading strategies -unlicensed sellers
The network of alliances perspective characterizes organized crime as _______.
both a product of and an important on-going element of a capitalist political economy
From 1938 to 1978 the United States government experimented with various techniques of mind control. What were these techniques?
brainwashing, hypnosis to create amnesia and sensory deprivation
"Little corruption" is:
bribery and individual malfeasance
fund generator and cost saving entity
brings in money for the government from case settlements and fines that help clean up pollution
the muslim --- is one of the arab world's oldest and influential islamic movements, meaning its ideology is based on the teachings of the quran
brotherhood
perhaps the most disturbing claim made against the more sophisticated organized crime groups is the one suggesting that these organizations are infiltrating and controlling large areas of legitimate business through
business racketeering
define a corporation
business, physical location, legally recognized status, or collection of employees
category 1 strategies
businesses emphasize security
During the Cold War, a government agency used knockout drugs and incapacitating substances at Georgetown University. The subjects of the study were uninformed ________.
cancer patients
home care is a burgeoning business for scam artists. a company called professional care was paid for all of the following except
care for nonexistent patients
The case of Dr. Jose Manaya was described by shocking the judge who sentenced him. he performed unnecessary ____ on patients
cataract surgery
Financial institutions can include all of the following except:
check-cashing companies
The Corporation (Film)
corporations fit the psychological profiles of psychopaths; go to this for synopsis http://www.thecorporation.com/index.cfm?page_id=312
What Houston school personnel have been offered rewards to refer troubled students?
counselors
what Houston school personnel have been offered rewards to refer troubled students
counselors
Multiple Employer Welfare Arrangements (MEWAs)
created by congress for small businesses to afford healthcare for their employees; it is easy for people to rob government because of the loose regulatory oversight/lack of regulation (are not required to be regulated by state as stated per federal law) anyone can start a MEWA with no capitol
Occupational Safety and Health Act
created to ensure the safety of workers by providing training, safety testing, and reviewing past work injuries and illnesses
Organizational crime
crime committed with the support and encouragement of a formal organization and intended at least in part to advance the goals of that organization
general strain theory
crime is an adaption to stress and frustration
When we are attempting to explain white collar crime, the following require explanation:
crime, criminality, and criminalization
criminal proceedings
criminal charges are filed standard of proof: proof beyond a reasonable doubt
What type of the below agencies experience issues with animosity between organizations, lack of cooperation between public and private agencies, and blurred jurisdiction lines which causes problems when confronting cybercrimes.
criminal justice
the phrase "cartel-type frauds" used in connection with health care refers to frauds perpetrated by
criminal organizations
the phrase "cartel-type frauds" used in connection with health care refers to frauds perpetrated by:
criminal organizations
A pharmacist stealing medication from her employer and selling them to friends would be an example of applying which definition of white collar crime?
criminal-law definition
When we focus on individual or organizational motivations, we are primarily concerned with which of the following factors?
criminality
some researchers link--- to social conditions prevalent in neighborhoods
criminality
The process whereby particular activities, entities and individuals come to be defined as criminal is best characterized as ______.
criminalization
Businessmen who committed exploitative acts were labeled _____ by E.A. Ross in Sin and Society.
criminaloids
one of the most prominent black youth gangs today is the
crips
which is a provision of the controlled substances act
criteria for determining control requirements
--- posits that many lower class male adolescents experience a sense of desperation surrounding the belief that their position in the economic structure is relatively fixed and immutable
cultural deprivation
a drawback to the buy and bust method is that it is
dangerous
In conducting mind control experiments all of the following drugs or methods were employed except
date rape drugs such as GHB
In conducting mind control experiments, all of the following drugs or methods were employed except:
date rape drugs such as GHB
jurors
decide whether the defendant is guilty or innocent
From the years 2005 to 2009, what has been the trend in health care fraud?
decreased??
bernie maddoff sentence to 150 years in prison for
defrauding investors out of billions of dollars
which is an especially alarming characteristic of white collar crime that, ironically, is also an explanation of low public interest in white collar crime
delay in harm
If Marie, a pharmacist at a local chain drug store works with several youth in the community to sell oxycontin at local high schools , she is engaging in the practice of:
delivery of a controlled substance
techniques of neutralization
denial of injury, denial of victim, appeal to higher loyalties, denial of responsibility, and condemnation of condemners
Post mortems of the Enron collapse have targeted the "Casablanca maneuver" by members of the Enron board of directors. What does this reference mean?
denying any knowledge of questionable activity despite damming evidence
Reciprocal lending agreements
designed to evade restrictions on insider loans; used extensively in the mid-1980s by thrift officers and directors, who, instead of making loans directly to themselves agreed to make loans to each other, with each loan contingent on receiving a comparable loan in return
administrative proceedings
designed to limit future behavior/actions, not to punish
according to the text, the broad but somewhat more specific definition of computer crime can be describe as:
destruction, theft, unauthorized or illegal use, modification or copying information, programs, services, equipment, or communication networks
according to the text, the broad but somewhat more specific definition of computer crime can be described as
destruction, theft, unauthorized or illegal use, modification or copying information, programs, services, equipment, or communication networks
according to the text, the broad but somewhat more specific definition of computer crime can be described as
destruction, theft, unauthorized or illegal use, modification or copying of information, programs, services, equipment or communication networks
What has led to the increase in allegations of judicial misconduct in the early 1990s?
development of formal commissions
Complexity of intent
different levels of knowledge involved in corporate violence
sutherland viewed --- as a product of socialization in which criminals are guided by many of the same principles that guide law abiding people
differential association
according to mertons --- theory, aberrant behavior can be viewed as a symptom of the dissociation between "culturally defined aspirations and socially structured means"
differential opportunity
Which of the following is not a pattern typically used to characterize the dynamics surrounding investment fraud?
diminished effectiveness of stock market
The tactics used by Donald Segretti such as forgery, bribery, liebl, and character assassination have been described by some as:
dirty tricks
A single company, Lockheed, managed to accomplish all of the following EXCEPT:
disrupting shipping trade in France
A single company Lockheed, managed to accomplish all of the following except
disrupting shipping trade to France
A single company, Lockheed, managed to accomplish all of the following except
disrupting shipping trade to France
at the heart of the enterprise theory is the hallmark of ---, the law of supply and demand, which the illicit drug trade can illustrate
economics
Protector of Public Health
educating the public, promoting research programs, and enforcing policies
the --- was passed in january 1919, provided an enforcement mechanism to the prohibition
eighteenth amendment
many law enforcement agencies find lawful authorization of --- too expensive to pursue
electronic surveillance
category 3 strategies
emphasizes employees involvement; encourages employees to share information about the misconduct of co-workers
Radiation exposure experiments included all of the following groups except:
employees of the Defense Department
The multiple Employer Welfare Arrangement was created by Congress to
enable employers ti provide group medical insurance
The Multiple Employer Welfare Arrangement was created by Congress to:
enable employers to provide group medical insurance
Which of the pairs below is a match?
enterprise crime/organized crime
according to the enterprise model, criminal --- come into existence and are profitable because of strong public demand for their goods and services
enterprises
Charles Keating
entrepreneur that plundered the Lincoln Savings and Loan (S&L) Association, causing the biggest bank failure in American history and contributing heavily to numbing bailout of the S&L industry at the expense of the taxpayers.
the 1970s was referred to as what because of an increase in environmental legislation
environment decade
as the 20th century came to an end, organized crime involvement in --- crime was becoming one of its most lucrative and fast growing new markets
environmental
international environmental crimes
environmental crime that transcends the borders of two different countries or occurs in internationally protected areas
Hemlock
environmental crime; city near midland Michigan and home to Dow Chemical company (produced styrofoam, Saran Wrap, Napalm) that most likely emitted airborne dioxin (same chemical compound in Love Canal); the dioxin resulted in animal/human birth defects, "strange" things happening, etc. that severely impacted community members
--- training is thought to be the best test yet as to whether police training academies can prevent corruption
ethics
Periodic corruption scandals have plagued ____ major urban police department(s) in the United States
every
Dynamic organization explanations
explore ties between societal factors, organizational processes, and individual motivations
moore and kleiman developed six alternative strategies for drug enforcement in drug infested neighborhoods, which includes
expressive law enforcement
overstating earnings make all of the following appear more justifiable, except:
extravagant company medical benefits
in the 1970s a LA based insurance company programmed its computer to do all of the following except
fail to pay illegitimate claims
in the 1970s a Los Angeles-based insurance company programmed its computers to do all of the following except
fail to pay legitimate claims
inspectors int he department of agriculture have done all of the following except
failed to condemn beef infected with e. Coli bacteria
Inspectors in the Department of Agriculture have done all of the following except
failed to condemn beef infected with e.Coli bacteria
ineffective response to 9/11
failed to provide information about the air quality around "ground zero"
Medicare is an easy mark for fraudulent equipment sales because:
failure to account for the legitimacy of suppliers
three sources of strain
failure to achieve goals, removal of positive stimuli, and confronting negative stimuli
Which of the following strategies is a phishing strategy?
fake lottery scams
Gresham Sykes and David Matza call " techniques of substantiation" mechanisms that allow offenders to annul any potential guilt or internal conflict stemming from conduct on their part that breaks the law
fals
"Little Corruption" in the highest level if federal executive office has been persistent
false
"Little corruption" in the highest level of federal executive office has been persistent.
false
A civil case involving fraud is considered a tort lawsuit
false
Abuses in Medicaid may be worse that those in Medicare because it covers more services
false
Aggressive corruption would be associated with grass eaters
false
Nominee Loans
fraudulent transaction committed by key players in S&L; involve making loans to a "straw borrower"outside the thrift who is indirectly connected to the thrift; used to circumvent regulations limiting permissible level of unsecured loans made to thrift insiders; ex. Vernon S&L
1. hypnosis to reduce amnesia 2. sensory deprivation, human control behavior
from 1938 to 1978 the United States government experimented with various techniques of mind control. What were these techniques?
the U.N. declaration of Human Rights
from what document does the definition of genocide come?
Which of the following is not true about the Tuskegee Study?
full disclosure occurred only at the end of the study
--- holds that crime can be thwarted by the threat of punishment
general deterrence theory
in addition to the golden triangle, the --- is the second largest asian geographical region of illicit opium production
golden crescent
which of the following is one of asia's primary opium producing territories
golden triangle
Harmful consumer products
goods that enter the market and create significant harm to consumers
according to william chambliss --- often engage in smuggling, assassination conspiracies, and terrorist acts to further foreign policy objectives
governments
Which of the following would be associated with grass-eaters
graft
cultural factors in white collar crime
greed, ego seeking, fear of poverty
examples of harmful consumer products
harmful toys, certain automobiles, types of food, construction material, recalled good from china
white collar victims
have limited roll in proceedings until sentencing phase
Studies of police misconduct have found which of the following factors reduces the changes for dismissal due to police misconduct?
having a college degree
The eight-year, four-month sentence given to arch-conservative Duke Cunningham was ironic because
he had argued for tougher sentences
federal district judge alcee hastings was impeached and removed from office after
he was acquitted of conspiracy to commit bribery
workplace-disciplinary proceedings
hearings carried out within the workplace where the misconduct allegedly occurred
one of the more notable prostitution cases involved cali based prostitute and madam
heidi fleiss
Boiler rooms with slick telemarketers offered full physicals for little or no fee. This free diagnostic service turned out to be very costly because:
information was used to file claims against insurance companies and government insurance
boiler rooms with slick telemarketers offered full physicals for a little or no fee. this free diagnostic service turned out to be very costly because
information was used to file claims against insurance companies and government insurance
The United States military used unethical medical practices including the following, EXCEPT:
injecting fluoride into towns water supply
Insider Trading
insider traders are stockholders, directors, officers, or any recipients of information not publicly available who take advantage of such limited disclosure for their own benefit; Names and phrases associated with inside trading: van Boesky, Michael Milken, THeGreat "Chat Room" Conspiracy; corruption of Wall Street in the 1980's lead to "merger mania" an era orchestrated by investment banks and law firms, whose members were privy to valuable information about impending deals. This restricted nature of information and tremendous profits yielded created opportunities and incentives for insider trading (598); criminalized under Securities Exchange Act of 1934.
Corporate Fraud Bill of 2002
inspired by Enron fraud; gave blue-collar prison terms to white collar criminals
class action suits
instances where a group of victims sue a corporation together for corporate harms
false advertising
instances where business make inaccurate statements concerning their products or services in order to promote their sales
price fixing
instances where competitors agree on a price at which goods or services should be sold
deferred prosecution agreement
instances where the prosecutor agrees not to prosecute if the corporation meets particular conditions during a probationary period
Medical fraud
intentional; deception or misrepresentation of fact that can result in unauthorized benefit or payment. HMO (deny or give people less care; make extra profit by reducing/denying care) vs. PPO (doctors will overbill insurance companies, insurance company pays doctor and then costs get paid on to consumers-insurance rates.)
overstepping boundaries in state issues
interfering with the way in which state governments respond to environmental crimes
aggression among drug traffickers against the police is referred to as--- violence
intermural
Which of the following has become an increasingly more popular form of white collar crime committed by students?
internet and digital piracy
aggression among drug traffickers is referred to as --- violence
intramural
Which of the following are examples of prevention strategies for the restaurant business?
inventory control, controlled exits, and inspections of employees' belongings
What are crimes in the economic system usually classified as?
investment fraud
by most accounts, the --- were the first major immigrant group to enter the US
irish
The demonic explanation for criminality _____.
is not typically invoked today, but is hardly extinct
Scholars argued that which of the following has been a core challenge with Sutherland's definition of white collar crime?
it's conceptually unclear its vague it prevented more in depth research in the area (all of the above)
chicago is thought of as having a predominantly --- mob structure
italian
starting in the early 1800s, irish american street gangs controlled NYs underworld before they were faced by competition by
italian and jewish gangs
Andrew is a local police officer who responded to the scene of an accident involving two automobiles. While no one was hurt both cars had significant damage. Andrew suggested the drivers call his cousin Steven to tow their cars, in exchange Steven will give Andrew a referral fee of $50. This is an example of what kind of police corruption?
kickback
the need for networking
lack of collaboration between agencies
______ is the process of progressively increasing the sales price of real estate and the size of the loan and defaulting on the final loan
land flips
Which of the following statements was true of England in the feudal and late medieval periods?
laws protecting consumers and prohibiting unfair market practices gradually emerged
Nixon's imperious assault on the Constitution caused a cirsis of
legitimacy
Nixon's imperious assault on the Constitution caused a crisis of:
legitimacy
although located in north africa --- has called on a number of middle east terrorist groups and organizations to commit terrorist acts
libya
______ refers to loans conditioned on receipts of deposits. The loan goes into default and deposits can be withdrawn
linked financing
Cost of S&L
look at this in detail; Charles Keating major player in this scandal; using funds of corporation for his own personal gain; very costly
record reviews
looking over financial records, banking statements, hone records, and other records relevant to the case to find evidence of misconduct
Category III of which strategy focuses on getting employees to share information about co-workers' misconduct?
loss prevention strategies
An explanation for white collar crime which focuses on the structural conditions pertaining to society and organizations belongs to which of the following levels?
macro-level
conflict theory
macro-level theories that focus on how those in positions of power exert influence in order to use the law as an instrument of power • highlight the power differences between members of the upper and lower social classes • conflict theorists are concerned with how crime is defined, perceived, and addressed by criminal justice officials
Enron
major crime is that they were lying about their profits, which kept stock market prices artificially higher; The 3rd member of the "Enron's Axis of Evil", Chief Financial Officer, Andy Fastow, earned more than $30 million from limited partnerships. His total investment had been just a few thousand dollars,
according to italian law enforcement authorities, organized crime groups control the --- of italy's waste disposal contracts
majority
Techniques of Neutralization
manner in which media and other social institutions relate the inherent conflict between culture and competition and ethical standards can help determine how people rationalize and engage in illegal acts; people break norms and laws, yet justify their behavior and see themselves as law abiding and honest; these neutralizations are generated structurally; examples include: "it didn't hurt anybody it was just money"
bill is being investigated for a computer crime. evidence has been gathered and others have already been interviewed. Now the lead investigator wants to interview the suspect. which statement below is true regarding the willingness of the suspect to voluntarily agree to be interviewed?
many suspects voluntarily talk with investigators because they may believe that their actions might be unethical or immoral but not criminal in nature.
American Airlines CEO Carty lost his bonus and was forced to resign with _____________ disclosed a proposal to raise salaries and pay enormous bonuses to select executives at a time when the company has lost billions and employees were asked to take pay cuts
media
american airlines CEO Carty lost his bonus and was forced to resign when ____ disclosed a proposal to raise salaries and pay enormous bonuses to select executives at a time when the company had lost billions and employees were asked to take pay cuts
media
media portrayals
media does not report on most environmental crimes and politicizes the environmental crimes that are covered
equipment sales frauds work all of the following reasons except
medicare does not review doctors' credentials
equipment sales frauds work for all of the following reasons except
medicare does not review doctors' credentials
compliance strategies
method used to identify and report misconduct and criminal behavior
An explanation for white collar crime which focuses on the offender, and individual propensities and choices belongs to which of the following levels?
micro-level
environmental racism
minority communities are more likely to be victims of environmental crimes
In Washington, D.C., what now rivals or exceeds power as the preeminent goal?
money
in washington DC, what now rivals or exceeds power as the preeminent goal?
money
Which one of the following could be a part of a shakedown
money for not making an arrest
in brief, --- is the process by which criminal profits are made to appear legitimate
money laundering
a former police office observed that police officers are the greatest ___ in the world
moochers
a former police officer once observed that police officers are the greatest ___ in the world
moochers
under the psychopathic wealth explanation of white-collar crime, previous generations are characterized as having all of the following characteristics expect that they are
more entrepreneurial
White collar crime offenders are:
more likely to be middle-aged or older
"Duke" Cunningham
most corrupt congressman in US history; from San Diego; bribes were for defense contracts. Total bribes 2.4 million from 2000-2005. 8-term Republican Congressman from San Diego. Former fighter pilot-- Vietnam War. He once challenged Democratic member to fist fight on house floor.
Prominent universities and institutions have also been involved in Medicare/Medicaid fraud and abuse. Their activities include all of the following except
not following guidelines nd underpricing services
illegal dumping
occurs when business dump products in sites that are not legally recognized as dumping sites
exploitation
occurs when businesses take advantage of their employees
horizontal price fixing
occurs when competitors agree to set prices at certain price
medicare is an easy mark for fraudulent equipment sales because
of failure to account for legitimacy of suppliers
rational choice theory
offenders will weigh positive benefits and negative consequences of offending
Occupational crime offenders are:
often middle class, but sometimes lower class
white collar defendants
often portray themselves as honest and deflect blame on others • rarely testify at own trial • may develop mental health problems during trial
Land Flips
one of most common forms of fraudulent transaction used in Savings and Loan scandal; property is consistently sold back and forth between two or more partners inflating sale price each time and refinancing the property with each sale until value increases several times over
in its efforts to depose the taliban, the US allied with warlords of the northern alliance, traditional --- producers
opium
until penicillin came along as a substitute painkiller in 1928, which drug was mainly used as a painkiller
opium
Forcing corporations to publically apologize for their misconduct is an example of which type of sanction?
organizational probation?
Which of the following is not a strategy used to address crimes against nursing home residents?
organizational security
who established al qaeda in 1988
osama bin laden
culture does not actually cause white collar crime
otherwise more people would offend
harm to wildlife
over harvesting sea life, illegal trading of wildlife, illegal fishing, or poor treatment in places like zoos
in some instances the equipment is not only nonessential, it is also
overpriced
Alan Cranston
part of "Keating Five"; reprimanded strongly by the U.S. Senate Select Committee on Ethics for "improper conduct" on November 20, 1991 after Lincoln Savings head Charles Keating's companies contributed $850,000 to voter registration groups closely affiliated with the senator. Keating had wanted federal regulators to stop "hounding" his savings and loan association. Democrat from California--U.S. Senator.
Robert Citron
part of OC bankruptcy scandal; getting advice from astrologers on where to invest; Ran the OC Investment Pool which produced good results for years and collapsed in value. Former county treasurer. Was known as the "financial guru" since the pool he ran outperformed all other gvmt. investment in the state and nation. College drop out; lone democrat in a Republican administration. Financial acumen was based on unquestioning dependence from investment brokers from Merill Lynch.
the overwhelming majority of rural criminal enterprises involve small numbers of
participants
vertical price fixing
parties from different levels of production and distribution set prices at a certain level
The phrase "cartel type frauds" used in connection with health care are frauds perpetrated by:
passing patients from doctor to doctor
Excessive billing can take several forms. What are waivers?
patient paying directly for services such as calls, refills, and conferences that Medicare considers covered
In order to avoid research misconduct it has been suggested that mentors should train their students do all the following except:
pay others to write your research papers
physicians are not the only ones involved in Medicare fraud. Investigators have recently been looking into services offered by
pediatric dentists
physicians are not the only ones involved in medicare fraud. investigators have recently been looking into services offered by
pediatric dentists
Bounty hunters in the medical fraud area are:
people who collect a fee for patient referral
one of the five common techniques to annul guilt is denial of responsibility, where:
perpetrators claim that things happened because of factors over which they had no control
one of the five common techniques to annul guilt is denial of the victim where
perpetrators claim that those injured deserved what happened to them
one of the five techniques to annul guilt is denial of victim, whereL
perpetrators claim that those injured deserved what happened to them
which terrorist group has an estimated 4,000 to 5,000 members and has controlled the coca leaf growing fields for years to generate revenue to support its national political agenda
peru's shining path
If a doctor bill an insurance company for a surgical procedure she did not provide a patient it is known as:
phantom treatments
computer crimes may have begun with the use of the blue box. the blue box involved which instrument?
phones
PAC stands for
political action committee
PAC stands for:
political action committee
Linked financing
practice of depositing money into a financial institution with the understanding that financial institution will make a loan condition upon receipt of the deposits; Deposit brokers often receive generous nonrecourse loans that are generally defaulted upon
Judge Carter is overseeing case involving the murder of a local shop owner. The jury has been deliberating for two days and Judge Carter advisees them they need to come to a decision quickly as he had other duties to attend. This is an example of:
pressuring the jury for verdict
Experiments conducted using prisoners have included all of the following except:
prisoners being given large doses of vitamins and minerals
cyber crimes?
private investigators are often retained to preform various services that are not done by public law enforcement. What are those services?
decreases, seter, and prevents the cost of insurance
private security is anticipated to take on progressively more importance, what are the reasons for this trend?
Melvyn Paisley was an assistant secretary of the Navy for six years and was in charge of
procurement
Like other criminogenic cultures, the savings and loan industry placed a heavy emphasis on:
profit
lime other criminogenic cultures, the savings and loan industry placed a heavy emphasis on
profit
what movement was also called the noble experiment
prohibition
with larger numbers or irish becoming involved in politics and government, crime rates dropped dramatically in many irish neighborhoods, or at least until the --- began in 1920
prohibition era
1. violations of election laws 2. payroll fraud 3.bribery
prosecutions of corrupt federal legislators have been divided into three categories. What are these categories?
Which of the reasons below is not one that is typically sited by a prosecutor for declining to prosecute a white-collar case?
prosecutors want to take the case they perceive as more serious
Subjects for government medical studies included all of the following except
prosititutes
a corrupt public official is a
protector
The famous Carrier's case of 1473 in England __________.
provided a foundation for the modern law of theft, and a precedent for laws prohibiting employee theft
certain industries are distinguished by means and opportunities that are conductive to crime. these factors include all of the following except:
public attention on business activities of industry
which of the following is unlikely to be classes as a computer crime
public intoxication
When Ken Lay stepped down as CEO in 2000 he planned to:
pursue political office
costs of env. crimes to the community
quality of life is diminished in areas of environmental crime
"Little corruption" in the highest level of federal executive office has been:
race
which is considered to be a core activity for organized crime
racketeering
the shift of white-collar crime losses from the rich to others result in what kind of tax
regressive
According to Cressey embezzlers go through a process that includes all of the following except
remorse
according to cressey, embezzlers go through a process that includes all of the following except
remorse
A professor at a larger midwestern university needs to publish several articles in order to be granted tenure and secure his job. However, the findings of his research project were unlikely to get published. He decides to fabricate results, increasingly the likelihood of successful publication. This is an example of:
research misconduct
enforcer of criminal and civil laws
responds to environmental crimes through criminal investigations and coordinates with the Department of Justice to adjudicate cases
What happened to President Nixon
retired in Luxury
What happened to President Nixon?
retired in luxury
Jimmy Swaggart
reverend in the Assemblies of God denomination (a lot like Bakker); became very rich doing televangelist scams; after he was found out he lost over 80% his former audience; nepotism: had over 17 relatives on his payroll
During the Kennedy administration the IRS was encouraged to target which group?
right wing extremists
of the following, the best example of a corporate crime would be
savings and loan fraud
of the following, the best example of a corporate crime would be:
savings and loan fraud
hackers first targeted:
schools
At the core of Nazi atrocities was eugenics which include:
selective breeding and forced sterilization
At the core of the Nazi atrocities was eugenics, which includes
selective breeding and forced sterilization
The specific views of Freud on crime can be best linked with white collar crime which has a _________ character.
self-destructive
An Enron executive would eventually plead guilty to price manipulation related to the energy crisis referenced previously. The following are all elements of Enron machinations in the energy crisis except:
selling the same store of emergency power to three different communities
Upcoding is
services designated to that maximum fees can be charged
Ghost services are
services that never happened
ghost services are:
services that never happened
Sarbanes-Oxley Act
set new standards for financial reporting requirements for all public companies and changed the standards for public accounting firms; mandated tough sentences for executives participating in falsified earnings reports; states that the money received from fines by the SEC would be distributed to defrauded investors; created after Enron debacle in 2002
If a college professor offers failing students passing grades in exchange for sexual favors this would be considered:
sexual bribery
corporate criminals also cast themselves in characters in the folklore of capitalism. In this myth they are
simply ahead of their time and misunderstood
Medicaid
social health care program for families and individuals with low income and limited resources; program hammered by fraud since its inception; riddled with fraud and abuse
it is rare for corporations to be prosecuted in the criminal justice system
some argue that using the criminal justice system to punish corporations actually harms innocent parties
in the textbook we learn that one strategy for drug enforcement is ---
source country crop control
from a gross dollar standpoint, what is considered the king of bookmaking
sports betting
the masters of destruction (MOD) corrupted the databases of all of the following companies except:
sprint
chicago's charles "bugs" moran's headquarters were located in a clark street garage, which was the site of the
st valentines day massacre
accounts
statements made to explain away an individuals misconduct or criminal involvement, occur after the commission of a criminal act (denials, justifications, excuses)
economic costs of env. crimes
states pay billions of dollars each year as a result of pollution and taxpayers also pay for cleanup costs
drug wholesalers receive imported drugs of high degrees of purity and therefore must --- the purchased drugs
step on
classical strain theory
strains are due to interactions between social and economic structures
Which of the following has been identified as a reason why elder abuse occurs?
stressed offenders commit the offenses because of a stressful interaction with the patient
working in close proximity to illegal activities and an abundance of illicit profits represents which explanation of police misconduct
structural opportunity
the legal definition of prostitution involves 4 primary social concerns, what is one
subtlety
the bombing of the alfred p. murrah federal building could be considered a terrorist act that, at least from the perpetrators standpoint, represents the epitome of
success
qui tam lawsuits
suits that allow an individual to file a lawsuit against a corporation on the government's behalf
contract lawsuits
suits that pertain to agreements between buyers and sellers and/or lenders and borrowers
White-collar crime
sutherland definition: crimes committed by a person of respectability and high social status in the course of his occupation characteristics: victims: Diffuse victimization: specific person or group doesn't exist to report white collar crime (victim=government, public, other country, or local community)
examples of exploitation
sweatshops, jobs that are harmful to fetuses, asking workers to stay late without pay
which act in 1984 increased the gov ability to seize property of suspected drug traffickers under fed law
the federal comprehensive forfeiture act
During the Kennedy administration, the IRS was encourages to target right-wing extremists
true
Watergate
symbolized the abuse of power in the USA. Richard Nixon was caught in the midst of "Little Corruption": bribery and individual malfeasance. Basically Nixon's campaign (CREEP) violated campaign spending laws at the time, and he even used some of these funds for gifts to his friends and relatives; included the purchase of political favors, the sale of ambassadorships, and the president's own questionable tax returns. Watergate would become known as the defining political scandal of America's history; Abuse of Power on behalf of the government think; John Dean: master manipulator of Watergate cover up
While there are a variety of different types of student loan/aid fraud, which of the following is considered by many that could undermine the stability of colleges and for the federal government to continue to offer student loans?
taking out loans with no intention of paying them back
since the early days in the history of the US, the name --- has become synonymous with political corruption in NY
tammany hall
Rely
tampon brand by P&G (Proctor and Gamble); company knowingly committed fraud when it released product with dangerous components that caused "toxic shock syndrome"; as a result women became sick and caused vomiting and diarrhea; refused to release safety records, tell others they had already been receiving hundreds of complaints about the product; On September 21 1980 P&G pulled the product from stores after women had already died because of the product. After they pulled the product they met with the FDA in which P&G refused to call the action a "Recall" because they were adverse to its negative connotation.
one icon in organized crime investigations is the ability of government agents to prosecute high level figures on --- charges
tax evasion
audits
techniques designed to uncover fraud that involve periodic reviews of data
If you were to open a small retail business where you employed a few employees to work the cash register, which of the following strategies could be employed to control employee theft?
technological strategies
the american temperance society began gathering pledges of abstinence, marking the beginning of the
temperance movement
Control Fraud characteristics
term coined by Bill Black; Exploiting control increases the "take" from fraud; the need to maintain control causes the leaders to act like "control freaks" over their citizens and employees; their ability to control their firms and nations makes it difficult to prosecute their frauds; and the combination of these elements ruins the firms and nations that are being looted; Ex. Enron, S&L crisis and Bernie Madoff scheme.
Doctors at a University of California Irvine absurd fertility patients in all of the following ways except
terminating pregnancies without patient consent
doctors at a clinic at the University of California-Irvine abused fertility patients in all of the following ways except
terminating pregnancies without patient consent.
The evidence on the relationship between government officials and organized crime suggests ___________.
that links exist in all levels of government
The tactics used by Donald Segretti such as forgery, bribery, libel, and character assassination have been describe by some as:
the ACT of a common criminal
client-oriented strategy
the client decides how the defense attorney manages the case
which act from 1986 has been especially useful in combating organized crime by making it unlawful to engage in a number of financial transactions
the counterfeiting act of congress
Computer Crime
the destruction, theft, or unauthorized or illegal use, modification, or copying of information programs, services, equipment, or communication networks; types: (1) Electronic embezzlement and financial theft; (2) computer hacking (3) malicious sabotage (4) Internet scams (5) Utilization of computers and computer networks for purposes of personal, commercial, or international espionage.
what is thought to have facilitated drug use in 1856
the development and adoption of the hypodermic needle
regardless of their names and origin, most gangs of the 21st century have on common interest, which is
the drug trade
In their 1994 study, Shover, Fox, and Mills found that while most didn't face long term consequences of investment fraud, one group in particular did. Which of the following was that group?
the elderly
Jose uses this money to pay off various lower dealers and suppliers. Jose needs to legitimize his cash proceeds in a fashion that permits him to spend it wherever and whenever he desires without attracting suspicion. What prevents Jose from depositing 20,000 in cash in a bank?
the federal ctr requirement
Which of the following is a potential reason for why the federal government has become so involved in research misconduct?
the federal government has been investing more money in scientific endeavors
Adam Smith, the premier philosopher of capitalism, took the position that ______.
the free market and not the legal system is the best and most efficient means for preventing or minimizing harmful conduct by businesses
Which defense focuses on the defendant's lack of knowledge or intent, but also includes a clause called the "ostrich instruction" that voids the defense if the defendant was ignoring behavior they should have been monitoring?
the good faith defense
the national criminal intelligence service (2005) describes organized crime as having four salient attributes, which include all of the following except
the group, or at least one member, commits murder or aggravated assault
The ACLU expressed reservations about the RICO statutes because of concern regarding
the language in certain parts was vague
All of the following lead to an "us versus them" mentality on the part of officers except
the large amount of time officers spend with civilian public
the public does not regard white collar crime as a sever problem. reasons for this include all of the following EXCEPT
the low cost of white collar crime
diffusion accountability is a common byproduct of fiscal irresponsibility. this results in higher interest rates and higher prices for goods and services- consumers pay more. the burden falls disproportionately on
the middle class
diffusion accountability is a common byproduct of fiscal irresponsibility. this results in higher interest rates and higher prices for goods and services-consumers pay more. the burden falls disproportionately on:
the middle class
According to the text, almost anything we might say about white collar crime is rooted in assumptions about all but which of the following?
the nature of the physical world
Julie goes to the store to buy a new backpack for school and intends to use a credit card to pay for it. what is the only common security measure used on all credit cards?
the signature panel
Which characteristic is the traditional form of organized crime or syndicated crime least likely to share with corporate crime?
the use of force, violence and intimidation to achieve its aims
James Olis, a former director of Dynegy, turned down a plea bargain. Because of the new sentencing guidelines for white-collar criminals the end result of his criminal case was that
the validity of the guidelines was questioned
Starting with Sutherland's work and continuing to the present, scholars have argued that even though white collar crime causes harm in a variety of domains including financial and safety. Which of the following can undermine the stability of social morale, the economy, and social relationships?
the violation of trust
which of the following would be an example of police corruption
theft from a police supervisor's bank account
The demonic explanation for criminality is associated with all but which of the following?
therapeutic rehabilitation
Empirical issues
there is a lack of research on environmental crimes
a gift becomes a bribe when
there is a quid pro quo
How is the loss of a job an appropriate sanction for a white-collar offender?
they can be barred from working in a certain industry
Bill Black
things led little by little to the eventual economic collapse of 2008 (says didn't happen over night); analogizes the situation to the build-up of the collapse of a dam in film, "Capitalism A Love Story"
discovery-oriented strategy
this strategy is characterized by flexibility and is guide by the characteristics of the case
Nixon and his cohorts engaged in all of the following except
threatening candidates' family members
common illegal dumping products
tires, construction materials, and landscaping waste
Not only did certain individuals in the US government funnel money to Contras, but "third country" strategy had foreign countries like Saudi Arabia being encouraged to supply aid. The Saudi contribution exceeded $30 million. Why did Saudi Arabia contribute this money to the Contras?
to curry personal favor with the American president
Not only did certain individuals in the United States government funnel money to the Contras, but "third country" strategy had foreign countries like Saudi Arabia being encouraged to supply aid. The Saudi contribution exceeded $30 million. Why did Saudi Arabia contribute this money to the Contras?
to curry personal favor with the American president
organized crime exists for one primary purpose
to make a profit
Hadacol
tonic created and sold by Le Blanc in 1943, a quack/politician; he claimed it could eliminate a range of ailments; he generated astonishing profits and is known as most successful quack in US history; caught attention of FDA, FTC, and BIR.
ford decided that repairs would not be cost effective, based on a comparison of total repair costs for all pintos and
total average lawsuit settlements for serious burn injuries and burn deaths
which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the criminal group
transparency
an authorized program planted on a computer is known as a
trojan horse
which of the following computer crimes involves the secret placement or alteration of computer instructions so that one computer tells another how to perform illegal functions
trojan horses
A complex white-collar case is more likely to receive a lenient plea bargain than a straightforward case
true
A spokesperson for the Army scientific division argues that its experiments were no more dangerous than an urban bus ride and demonstrated the Army's contempt for humanity
true
According to the victimization surveys, approximately half of all respondents reported that they had been targets of an attempted or successful fraud
true
An item that millions use every day that makes it easier to catch psychiatrists in wrongdoing is a wristwatch
true
Bribery of government officials, helping rebels to overthrow elected officials and participating in revolution in other countries outside of the US government control because the activity occurs in a foreign country
true
Corruption has been attributed to under-representation of the disadvantaged
true
Deviance in the savings and loan industry is an example of the organization being both victim and perpertrator
true
During the Kennedy administration , the IRS was encouraged to target right wing extremists
true
Michael Bloomberg was the subject of a computer crime. He was asked to pay a sum of money in return for being advised as to the perpetrator's methods that were used to invade his system. In street crime terms this would be extortion
true
More often than not, running afoul of the Internal Revenue Service puts elected officials on the fast track for prosecution
true
Nominee loans involve loans on real estate to borrowers that do no exist or are not in fact real borrowers
true
Offenders can fake their way into treatment programs they do not really need to get out of prison early
true
One of the most callous forms of white-collar predication entails the looting of money from retirees and workers who have deposited their savings in pension funds
true
Reciprocal lending involves loans between insiders at different thrifts to evade regulations pertaining to restrictions on insider loans
true
Reinsurance companies function outside of the formal regulatory system because they do not directly affect consumers
true
Saturday Night Massacre was Nixon's firing of Justice Dept personnel when they would not fire the special prosecutor
true
Taking money from arranging contract with the city would be an example of a kickback scheme
true
The Saturday Night Massacre was Nixon's firing of Justice Department personnel when they would not fire special prosecutor
true
The Tuskegee study group was selected based on genetic predisposition for certain behavior
true
The broad but somewhat more specific definition of computer crime can be described as destruction, theft, unauthorized or illegal use, modification or copying of information, programs, services, equipment, or communication networks
true
The deregulation of the energy market in the mid-1990s provided a golden opportunity for Enron
true
The institutional anomie theory focuses on the ironic way in which Americans are socialized to attain success
true
The insurance industry is largely regulated by individual states
true
The physical appearance of an expert witness is taken into account when hiring a scientist to testify in a white-collar trial
true
The purpose of Fannie Mae is to purchase and securitize mortgages in order to ensure that funds are consistently available to the institutions that lend money to home buyers
true
The traditional crime of embezzlement by lower-level employees has become overshadowed by concerns with upper level management mismanaging and looting their own companies
true
There was only one individual that was sentenced in connection with Iran-Contra
true
Trap doors or sleeps allow a technique known as salami slicing to loot accounts. This is taking small amounts from a lot of people
true
the --- case illustrates the power of domestic terrorism
unibomber
Some argue that nursing home abuse occurs for all of the following reasons EXCEPT:
unreasonable expectations of family members
some argue that nursing home abuse occurs for all of the following reasons except
unreasonable expectations of family members
soft money is:
unrestricted
When it comes to the insurance industry, the public is in most danger from
unscrupulous insurance companies
which of the following is an example of public corruption
unskilled relative hired as a policy analyst
Patient Dumping
unwanted patients dropped off on skid row; happened in the film Sicko
excessive billing can take several forms. What are retainers
up-front fees for services covered by Medicare supplemental policies
excessive billing can take several forms. what are retainers?
up-front fees for services covered by medicare supplemental policies
Excessive billing can take several forms. What are retainers?
upfront fees for services covered by Medicare supplemental policies
--- became the route for irish immigrants to follow to attain local power and upward mobility
urban politics
The Nixon Administration and CREEP were involved in all of the following except
use of funds to facilitate the China trade proposal
The Nixon Whitehouse and CREEP were involved in all of the following EXCEPT:
use of funds to facilitate the China trade proposal
The Nixon administration and CREEP were involved in all of the following except:
use of funds to facilitate the China trade proposal
life course theories
use social psychology to understand how early life experiences influence the course of one's future life experiences
all kinds of PEOPLE
who were the subjects for governmental radiation exposure experiments?
prisoners, solider, sailors
who were the test subjects for governmental radiation exposure experiments.
In 1995, it was disclosed that the government had conducted 4,000 radiation experiments between 1945 and 1974. Most of these experiments were conducted using _____ populations as subjects
vulnerable
In 1995, it was disclosed that the government had conducted 4,000 radiation experiments between 1945 and 1974. Most of these experiments were conducted using ________ populations as subjects.
vulnerable
types of pollution
water, air, noise, soil, waste disposal, etc.
Money laundering
way to disguise unlawful income; taking the proceeds from illicit operations and running them through banks and other institutions which, in turn, issue them back in the form of "clean" paper that can be accounted for as legitimate income; was an element used in S&L scandal
cheaper, employer doesnt deal with paper work, more flexible
what are the advantages of contract security services?
in house, more loyalty, higher quality, better relationship w law enforcement
what are the advantages of proprietary security?
job linkage, sponsor research
what are the functions of the American Society for American Security? (ASIS)
for government contracts
what are the most common reasons for bribing a government employment?
mental and physical elements
what are the necessary elements in the definition of genocide?
bribed to overlook the short weighing of grain, overlook a shipment with insects, allowed altered food into U.S.
what corrupt acts have inspectors in the Department of Agriculture done?
"geniuses" were fake and programs were "fixed"
what did the "Quiz Show Scandal" involve?
bribery, abusive position, fraud, abreach of public trust
what did the authors cite as examples of public corruption?
1st amendment- protection regarding free religion
what provisions of the United States Constitution has made authorities very hesitant to pursue schemes and scams with a faith based initiative?
medical treatments
what sort of experiments were conducted using prisoners as test subjects?
gas chamber, cremation, shooting, starving, etc.
what types of killings were preformed by the nazis at the concentration camps at the end of the war in the video?
the "improvement" of the human race
what was the core of the Nazi atrocities known as eugenics?
so they could go to other areas, used phillipines as halfway
what was the primary purpose for the Japanese invasion of the Philippine Islands at the start of World War Two?
not a way to raise money, but a way to hide debt
what were the characteristics of enron's limited partnerships?
the obscene amounts of money, entitlement
what were the explanations offered for criminal behavior among athletes?
the dictionary of criminal justice data terminology offers the following defitinition: "Non-violent crime for financial gain committed by means of deception by persons whose occupational status is entrepreneurial, professional or semi-professional and utilizing their special occupational skills and opportunities." what crime is this defining
white collar crime
not all environmental crimes are white collar crimes
white collar environmental crimes involve businesses or individuals illegally polluting or destroying the environment as part of an occupational activity
Demographic characteristics of radiation experiment subjects included all of the following except
white middle-class men
--- terrorist groups advocate the creation of a new and totally separate country for whites
white nationalist
Ken Lay
who was said to be "hypnotized" by enron's success and missed a critical wake up call with Jeff Skilling's resignation?
routine activities theory
• A structural theory that explains how changes in society influence crime rates • Suggests that crime occurs when elements merge in time and space: Presence of motivated offenders, absence of capable guardians, and availability of suitable targets • Theory is helpful in analyzing specific occupational situations to determine likelihood of workplace crime Ex: nursing homes
dynamics of antitrust offenses
• Agreements can be written, verbal, or inferred •Serious consequences and can result in increased costs to consumers and taxpayers •Globalization has led to offenses being taken more seriously on a criminal level •Officials have difficulties determining if an offense has occurred
self control theory
• All types of crime stem from a lack of self-control • Fails to focus on the nature of the occupation • Low self-control also increases risk of victimization • White-collar criminals exhibit more self-control than traditional criminals do • Self-control operates differently based on circumstances and situational factors • Theory has concerns with conceptualization issues, empirical issues, and problems with logical consistency
BP Oil
• April 2010 • 11 killed • lawsuit filed by Department of Justice under the Oil Pollution Act and the Clean Water Act • BP paid $500 million for clean up
illegal emissions rules
• Companies are allowed to discharge a certain amount of pollutants each year • They pay a "sin tax" on the pollution they release • Under the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, companies are required to disclose incidents of harmful pollution discharge into navigable waters • Can be subject to fines and other civil charges for illegally discharging pollution
Quinney (1974) delineated six propositions that explain how the powerful in society exercise their power to define particular behaviors as criminal or deviant:
• Definition of crime • Formulation of criminal definitions • Application of criminal definitions • Development of behavior patterns • Construction of criminal conceptions • The social reality of crime
International cooperation can be improved by:
• Developing police networks with common language • Providing appropriate training for international crime • ensuring agencies have information to prevent crimes • identifying communication channels
problems with policing international crime
• Different countries maintain different types of records • Linguistic and cultural barriers exist • It is a challenge to achieve cooperation between international agencies
audits are conducted by the organization and allow for more control over the direction and timing of the audit
• Done as routine procedures or initiated out of specific concern • Lack of documentation and larger payments are typical red flags • Performed as self policing, evidence gathering strategies, and regulatory policing
physical cost of pollution
• Each year 20,000 to 60,000 deaths in U.S. are linked to pollution • 1.6 million die world wide each year from unsafe water • 40% of all deaths are believed to be pollution related
Lasleys theorems of white collar offending
• Executives with stronger attachments to company have lower offending rates • Executive with stronger commitments for "lines of actions" will have lower offending rates • Executives with strong involvement in corporate activities are less likely to offend • Executives who believe in workplace rules are less likely to offend
Big Con (p. 181)—a scheme victimizing wealthy people who are predisposed to commit white collar crimes, often perpetrated by con artists in the guise of contrepreneurs. • Computer Crime (p. 191)—the portion of technocrime carried out using computers. • Contrepreneurial Crime (p. 181)—the "profession" of white collar con artists, who combine the characteristics of a swindler and an entrepreneur. • Enterprise Crime (p. 173)—white collar crime in which the interrelated dealings of legitimate businesspeople, political officials, and syndicated racketeers take the form of an "enterprise."
• Fence (p. 183)—a person who knowingly buys stolen goods and resells them, typically in the course of operating a legitimate business, illustrating the intersection between legal business and criminality. • Identity Theft (p. 193)—the theft or fraudulent use of other credit card numbers, bank account codes and other personal information, greatly facilitated in recent years by the expansion of the Internet and digital finance, and supported by an expanding international black market. • La Cosa Nostra (p. 173)—an alleged national organized crime syndicate of Italian descent, engaged in systematic illegal enterprises such as the sale and distribution of illicit drugs, gambling, prostitution, loan sharking, and labor racketeering. • Mafia (p. 173)—alternate name for La Cosa Nostra.
suggestions for improving law enforcement
• Publicize arrests of offenders in the workplace • Use the strategy of searching for the "smoking gun" • Follow the money trail to find evidence of crime • Improve educational programs to include white-collar crime as a topic of study • Police must be up to date with technological advances
one study found that judges justify more lenient punishments for white-collar offenders because
• They do not want to cause any further damage to the offender's family • Shorter sentences provide the opportunity for the offender to give back to society • Shorter sentences allow offenders to repay victims
undercover investigations
• Undercover investigations are typically not used unless evidence already exists and are usually just one component of a case • There is very little danger to undercover officers, investigations are swift, and the officer does not take on a criminal role • Undercover work is criticized for coercing people to offend
relationship dynamics
• Victim/offender: victims often do not report crimes because they do not know they are victims • Offender/witness: witnesses have trusting relationships with offender and are reluctant to work with police • Officer/offender: class status and education is different than traditional criminals
issues that may impact the decision to prosecute a white collar crime case
• White-collar crime cases are more difficult to win and the length of time it takes to resolve a case is substantial • White-collar cases are often handled at the federal level because they have more resources • Establishing intent in these cases is challenging • There are also a variety of practical issues that influence the decision to prosecute a white-collar case
control theory
• asks why people don't commit crimes • suggests that bonds to society prevent people form committing crime
examples of false advertising
• bait and switch • resale fraud • misuse of the phrase " on sale" • misrepresentation of product capabilities
problem addressing crime: complexity
• complex record searches- significant amount of records • extensive collaborations- difficult to determine each agencies role in an investigation and sharing information is difficult • lack of systematic approach-no case is handled in the same manner
differential association theory
• created by sutherland • people learn to commit crimes from their peers • criticized for the lack of explanation revolving around the "first white-collar criminal • Co-workers of an offender are more likely to offend than friends or family members
Prosecutors make various decisions, including
• deciding whether to prosecute • deciding what charges to file • deciding whether to accept plea bargains • deciding whether to charge corporations • deciding whether to defer prosecution
problems addressing crime: establishing proof
• difficult to establish proof and often have to file lesser charges • difficult to determine which employees participated in crime
functions of the EPA
• establish and enforce protection policies • conduct research on effects of pollution • assist others in their efforts to reduce pollution • develop and recommend policies to the President
albrecht and search assert that white collar crime is linked to
• failure to identify crimes in workplace • absence of formal responses to fraud • inadequate control mechanisms
Wheeler and colleagues (1985) identified three factors that impacted judicial decision making in white-collar crime cases:
• harm from offense • blameworthiness • consequences of punishment
the federal government outlines five major environmental threats
• knowing endangerment • repeat offenders • misuse of federal facilities and public lands • organized crime entities such as the mafia, which are involved in the waste disposal industry
problem addressing crime: time
• long periods of time can pass before the crime is reported • it can take too long to collect the records to build a case • it takes longer to prepare for white collar interrogations
problems addressing crime: perceptions of white collar crime police work
• often perceived as "not real police work" • difficult to recruit and retain experienced criminal justice officials
deterrence theory and rational choice theory theorizes that punishment can stop individuals from offending if
• punishment is swift • punishment certain or guaranteed • punishment outweighs positive benefits of the crime committed
the defense of white collar offender is different from the defense of a traditional offender
• white collar cases have more records to review and more witnesses to interview than traditional crimes • white collar cases are more difficult for attorneys because juries are often biased against white collar defendants
