final
moderators
a variable that , depending on its level, changes the relationship between other variables
mediators
a variable that helps explain the relationship between other variables
stratified random sampling
- probability sampling -a random sampling technique in which the researcher identifies particular demographics categories of interest and then randomly selects individuals in each category
demand characteristics
-a threat to internal validity -occures when cues lead to participants to guess a study's hypothesis or goals
nonequivalent control group pre/posttest design
-independent groups -no random assignment -1 treatment group and one control group -at least 1 has pre-test and 1 has post-test
the principal of beneficence
-is action that is done for the benefit of others -actions can be taken to help prevent or remove harms or to simply improve the situation of others. -Clinical Applications: Physicians are expected to refrain from causing harm, but they also have an obligation to help their patients
simple random sampling
-most basic form of probability sampling -sample is chosen completely at random from the population of interest
order effects
-within-groups design - threat to internal validity -exposure to one condition changes participants response to a later condition
which of the following statements is true of random assignment and random sampling? A. random assignment is necessary for internal validity, whereas random sampling is necessary for external validity B.they both are necessary for frequency claims C. they both mean the same thing D. random sampling is more important than random assignment for validity
A.
a correlation-based statistic called _____ is commonly used to determine internal reliability? A. Cronbach's alpha B kappa C a scatter plot D pearson's r
A. Cronbach's alpha
which of the following has NOT been used as a defense of animal research by animal researchers? A. animal research has resulted in many benefits to both animals and humans B. animal research requires less research funding than human research C. animal research are in favor of protecting and even enhancing animal welfare D. animal researchers continue to reduce the number of animals needed for animal research
B. animal research requires less research funding than human research
online surveys commonly suffer from which of the following? A. poor reliability B. self-selection C. probability sampling D. over sampling
B. self-selection
in a multiple regression design, ________ is to independent variable as ____ is to dependent variable
Predictor variable, Criterion variable
snowball sample
a variation on purposive sampling, a biased sampling technique in which participants are asked to recommend acquaintances for the study
empirical research
a way of gaining knowledge by means of direct and indirect observation or experience
purposive sampling
a bias sampling technique in which only certain kinds of people are included in a sample
observer Bias
a bias that occurs when observers expectations influence their interpretations of the participants behaivors or the outcome of the study
observer effects
a change in behavior in a study participant in the direction of the observer expectation a
the principal of justice
a fair balance between the kinds of people who participate and those who benefit from it
self-selection sampling
a form of sampling bias that occurs when a sample contains only people who volunteer to participate
cluster sample
a probability sampling technique in which clusters of participants within the population of interest is selected at random, followed by data collection from all individuals in each culture
systematic sample
a probability sampling technique in which the researcher counts off members of a population to achieve
multistage sample
a probability sampling technique involving at least 2 stages: a random sample of clusters following by a random of clusters followed by a random sample of people within the clusters
bias sample
a sample in which some members of the population of interest are systematically left out, and as a consequence, the results from the sample cannot generalize to the population of interest
cherry- picking evidencce
act of pointing to individual cases or data that seem to confirm a particular position while ignoring a significant portion of related cases or data that may contradict that position.
criterion validity
an empirical form of measurement validity that establishes the extent to which a measure is correlated with a behavior or a concrete outcome that it should be related it
discriminant validity
an empirical test of the extent to which a measure does not associate strongly with measures of other, theologically different constructs
ceiling effect
an experimental design problem in which independent variable groups score almost the same on dependent variable, such that all scores fall at the high end of their possible distribution
research that is done specifically to add to our general understanding of psychology, like distinguishing components of extraversion or predicting the time it takes a person to determine whether an object or another object known as
basic research
counter balancing
controls for order effects
addition of a comparison group addresses what threats to internal validity?
history maturation regression
cross lag correlation
in a longitudinal study, a correlation between an earlier measure of one variable and a later measusre of another variable
autocorrelation
in a longitudinal study, the correlation of one variable with itself, measured at 2 different times
cyclical
not in book just remember its the cross lag
the difference between observer effects and observer bias
observer effects= a change in behavior in a study participant in the direction of the observer expectation observer Bias=a bias that occurs when observers expectations influence their interpretations of the participants behaivors or the outcome of the study
the principal of respect for persons
protecting the autonomy of all people and treating them with courtesy and respect and allowing for informed consent
interrupted time series design
repeated design
translational research
research that uses knowledge derived from basic research to develop and test solutions to real world problems
basic research
research whos goal is to enhanse the general body of knowledge , without reguard to direct application to practical problems
applied research
research whose goal is to find a solution to a particular real-world problem
multiple regression design
technique that computes the relationship between a predictor variable and a criterion variable
content validity
the extent to which a measure captures all parts of a defined construct
face validity
the extent to which a measure is subjectively considered a plausible operationalization of the conceptual variable in question
ecological validity
the extent to which the task and manipulations of a study are similar to real world context also called: mundane realism
the belief that the participants in a research study should be representative of the type of people who would also benefit from the findings of the research stems from which principal of the Belmont report?
the principal of justice
what are the three principals of ethics according to the Belmont report?
the principal of respect for persons the principal of justice the principal of beneficence
the need to balance the potential cost and benefits to participants taking part in a research study is done to address which principle of the belmont report?
the principle of beneficence
present/present bias
the tendency of people to give stronger weight to payoffs that are closer to the present time when considering trade-offs between two future moments
availability heuristic
the tendency to rely predominantly on evidence that easily comes to mind rather than use all possible evidence in evaluating a conclusion
selection effects
threat to internal validity -occurs in independent group design -when participants at one level of the independent variable are systematically different from those at the other level
