FInalized Social Psychology quizlet for quiz and test 1

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Popular wisdom is often contradictory, as with the following two sayings: 1) "opposites attract" 2) "birds of a feather flock together" Research on the relationship between similarity and liking suggests that...

#2 is more accurate; people tend to be more attracted to those who are similar to themselves

Research on the link between media violence and aggression has demonstrated that

All forms of media violence appear to increase aggressive behavior.

Lorenz argued that aggression is common in most animal species because it

All of the above

If you want to convince a friend to abandon an attitude and start thinking more like you, what would be the best approach?

Be cautious in your approach and do not promote an idea that is too different than your friend's current attitude.

Sid is mildly attracted to Nancy. If his parent forbid him to see Nancy, Sid is likely to

Become more attracted to Nancy

The ABC's of social psychology are affect, behavior, and cognition. In Chapter 5 of the textbook, three major concepts, stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination correspond to affect, behavior, or cognition. Discrimination corresponds with ____________.

Behavior

The tendency to think that most victims of Hurricane Sandy were irresponsible and naive for not evacuating their homes before the storm hit is most likely to result from which of the following tendencies?

Belief in a just world

Which of the following is not discrimination?

Believing that baby-faced men are harmless

Bella is a teacher who suspects that a student is trying to deceive her. Under which of the following conditions does Bella have the best chance of being accurate in her attempts to detect whether or not the student is lying?

Bella asks the student to recount her story in reverse chronological order

All but one of the following is an aspect of messages that foster the peripheral route. Which one is not? A) Message order. B) Format. C) Distractions. D) Source Credibility. E) All of the above are aspects of the messages of the peripheral route

Which of the following is true regarding gender differences in romantic relationships?

Males fall in love more easily and quicker

One factor that did not seem related to the amount of obedience exhibited in the Milgram obedience study was the

Participant's sex

Which of the following was not part of the procedure in Milgram's research on destructive obedience?

Participants playing the role of learners were ordered to give shocks to the teacher who was trying to complete the task.

A stereotype exists in many cultures that men are better than women at math. Ramya is about to take a diagnostic achievement test in math. According to research on stereotype threat, under which of the following conditions is Ramya most likely to preform poorly on the test?

Ramya is asked to indicate her gender at the beginning of the test

Mr. Belding notices that his students seem to put more effort into their individual assignments than into their group projects. this is most likely the result of...

Social loafing

Reuben notices one group of eight people littering in the park. Rachel sees four different pairs of people littering in the park. Which of the following is true?

Rachel is more likely to conform to the behavior of the litterbugs than is Reuben.

All of the following is not a characteristic of romantic love?

Raised in a culture that believes in and teaches the concept of romantic love

Carmella finds a correlation of +0.47 between self-esteem and academic achievement so which of the following is the MOST appropriate interpretation of this correlation.

The higher students' self-esteem, the greater their academic achievement.

Which of the following is an essential requirement in order for stereotype threat to occur?

The individual in question must be aware of negative stereotypes about his or her group

Which of the following is an essential requirement in order for stereotype threat to occur?

The individual in question must be aware of negative stereotypes about his or her group.

What do psychologists mean when they describe a judgment of another person as based on "thin slices?"

The judgment was based on a very limited behavior sample.

Saniqua plans to use a self report measure in which people indicate their agreement or disagreement with a list of statements. She is suing

a likert scale

Conflict between groups is least likely to be exacerbated by ___________________.

a mismatch in the perceptions each side has of the other

Jerry makes frequent eye contact with the person to whom he is talking. This is most likely to elicit

a positive impression if the person to whom Jerry is talking is a friend, and a negative impression if this person is an enemy

jerry makes frequent eye contact with the person to whom he is talking. this is most likely to elicit

a positive impression if the person to whom jerry is talking is a friend and a negative impression if this person is an enemy

According to research by Crocker and colleagues (1991), African-American students who positive interpersonal feedback from Caucasian student experienced

a reduction in self-esteem

Which of the following has been demonstrated by research examining the role of culture attribution process?

adults in western cultures are more likely to make the fundamental attribution error than those in eastern cultures

which of the following has been demonstrated by research examining the role of culture attribution process?

adults in western cultures are more likely to make the fundamental attribution error than those in eastern cultures

The "ABCs of the self" refer to affect, behavior, and cognition. Which of these three concepts is most relevant to the idea of self-esteem?

affect

The process of predicting how one will feel in response to future events is called

affective forecasting

Research by Gray and colleagues (2007) has indicated two dimensions on which people "perceive minds." These dimensions are referred to as

agency and experience

Stimuli associated with a source of frustration or aggressive behavior in general is the definition of

aggression cues

research on catharsis demonstrates that

aggressive behavior that makes people feel good is likely to occur again

Cacioppo and Petty (1981) recorded facial muscle activity of college students as they listened to a message with which they agreed or disagreed. The results of this study indicated that listening to a(n) ____ message increases activity in the ____.

agreeable; cheek muscles

research on the link between media violence and aggression has demonstrated that....

all forms of media violence appear to increase aggressive behavior

Social psychologists use the scientific method when they study human behavior in order to

allow other social psychologists to attempt to replicate the findings

Attitudes are useful because they

allow us to judge whether something we encounter is good or bad

The empathy-altruism hypothesis maintains that, regardless of how easy it is to escape from a situation, people will help someone else if their motives are _______________.

alturistic

Characteristics of research in social psychology between the 1930s and 1950s?

an emphasis on the application of social psychology to practical concerns attention to the topics of conformity and prejudice the use of experimentation in research

characteristics of research in social psychology between the 1930s and 1950s?

an emphasis on the application of social psychology to practical concerns attention to the topics of conformity and prejudice the use of experimentation in research

The fundamental attribution error is the tendency to attribute

another person's behavior to personal factors rather than to the situation

The fundamental attribution error is the tendency to attribute _____________________.

another person's behavior to personal factors rather than to the situation

sam gosling (2008) found that social perceivers often form impressions of poeple based on all of the following except:

answer: their height ..options : objects found in their offices, pitch of their voice, facebook page

Process loss can best be defined as

any aspect of group interaction that inhibits good problem solving.

Impression management theory suggests that people change their attitudes to match their behaviors in an effort to

appear consistent

Keith is a memebr of a jury trying to decide whether the accused is guilty of the heinous murder for which she has been charged. All of the memebers of the jury wish to convict except Keith who believes she is innocent. Keith will have the best chance at having the others seriously consider his position if he

appears confident in his view that she is innocent

Because of his research on practical issues, such as the research he conducted in the 1940's concerning promotion of more economical and nutritous eating habits, Kurt Lewin could be considered one of the founders of

applied social psychology

Gino, a salesperson, wants to use techniques that will lead his potential customers to rely on peripheral route persuasion. He should do all of the following except

approach prospective buyers who obviously care deeply about his product.

A study that examines existing records or databases is referred to as an

archival study

Research has shown that the strength of first impressions is even greater for individuals who

are high in need for closure

In experiments, male participants who view violent erotic material

are more accepting of interpersonal violence againsts women.

Social perceivers are more likely to form accurate judgements of others if they

are motivated to be accurate.

the importance of nonverbal behavior when it comes to social perception can be seen by the fact that email messages

are often misinterpreted especially when the writer is trying to be funny or sarcastic

The importance of nonverbal behavior when it comes to social perception can be seen by the fact that email messages

are often misinterpreted, especially when the writer is trying to be funny or sarcastic

The importance of nonverbal behavior when it comes to social perception can be seen by the fact that e-mail messages

are often misinterpreted, especially when the writer is trying to be funny or sarcastic.

An attitude is implicit if you

are unaware of it.

According to social identity theory, people display ingroup favoritism

as a means of increasing self-esteem

Sheriff (1936) asked groups of participants to estimate the distance moved by a point of light. He found that

as the study progressed, the participants' estimates began to converge with each other.

which of the following would be the most effective way for a person to secure help in an emergency situation?

ask a specific individual for help

All of the following are necessary conditions for cognitive dissonance specified by Cooper and Fazio (1984) except that people must

assign responsibility for the behavior to an outside source.

Implicit personality theories suggest that if we know Yael is an extrovert, we would

assume she also possesses other traits related to extroversion

Implicit personality theories suggest that if we know Homer is an extrovert, we could

assume she also possesses other traits related to extroversion.

what distinguishes social psychology from other specialties in psychology is its

attention to the influence of situational context on behavior

What distinguishes social psychology from other specialties in psychology is its

attention to the influence of situational context on behavior.

Social psychology differs from history and philosophy in its

attention to the scientific method

All of the following have been demonstrate din research on physical attractiveness except?

attractive employees earn approximately the same salaries as unattractive employees

Which of the following statements regarding physically attractive people is false?

attractive people tend to have higher self esteem than unattractive people

The theory of how poeple explain others behavior is known as

attribution theory

the theory of how poeple explain others behavior is known as

attribution theory

The peripheral route to persuasion is more likely to be chosen than the central route when the

audience is distracted

____________________ memory refers to people's recollection of a sequence of events that directly touched their lives.

autobiographical

People's recollection of a sequence of events that directly touched their lives is called

autobiographical memory

According to the two-step model of the attribution process, people make an

automatic first step of making a personal attribution, and then an effortful second step of considering situational factors.

Estimates of the probability that an event will happen based on the ease with which one can recall previous instances of this event reflect the

availability heuristic

You are asked what percentage of psychology majors at your school are female. If you answer this question by thinking of how many female psychology majors come to mind quickly, you are relying on the

availability heuristic

You are asked what percentage of psychology majors at your school are female. If you answer this question by thinking of how many females psychology majors come to mind quickly, you are relying on the

availability heuristic

The finding that moderately positive traits can dilute the impact of extremely positive traits on impressions is most consistent with the

averaging model of impression formation.

The phenomenon of groupthink is most likely to occur when a group is under stress, highly ________________, and when the leader is very ________________.

cohesive; directive

This explanation of social loafing suggests that individuals exert effort on a task to the degree they think their efforts will be important, relevant and menaingful for achieving their valued outcomes is called

collective effort model

Three people in the same place at the same time, but not interacting with one another are best described as a

collective.

Psychologists tend to refer to a culture that values the virtues of interdependence and social harmony as

collectivist

In a _____ dilemma, everyone takes from a public pool of goods that will replenish itself only if used in moderation.

commons

Jai is allowed to speak to his supervisor, but not to report anything to his supervisor's supervisor. This describes the ____ in Jai's work group.

communication network

According to social exchange theory, an outcome from a relationship will produce satisfaction if it falls above a person's ____________________.

comparison level

Asuni hears her neighbors burgular alarm go off in the middle of the night, but she doesn't call the police because she assumes that one of the other neighbors will do so. Asuni's failure to call the police is the result of

diffusion of responsibility

Pluralistic ignorance about alcohol use on college campuses is a good example of a psychological process affected by ____________________________.

diminishing marginal returns

One way of defending our belief in a just world when we observe a victim suffering is to

disparage the victim

According to kellys discounting principle when trying to understand the behavior of others, we should discount____ explanation for their behavior when ____ explanations are available or known

dispositional; situational

according to kellys discounting principle when trying to understand the behavior of others, we should discount____ explanation for their behavior when ____ explanations are available or known

dispositional; situational

The theory that being with others will produce social facilitation effects only when those others take one's attention away from the task at hand is known as the

distraction conflict theory

The theory that the presence of others will produce social facilitation effects only when those others distract one's attention from the task at hand is known as

distraction-conflict theory.

According to social impact theory, resistance to social pressure is most likely to occur when social impact is

divided among many strong and distant targets.

According to Gilbert's two-step model of social perception, distraction should make the fundamental attribution error more likely to happen because it

does not interfere with the automatic process of making personal attributions, but does interfere with the more difficult process of making adjustments for situational factors.

The tendency for people to think of those worse off than themselves when faced with difficulties of their own is called _________________ social comparison.

downward

The tendency for people to think of those worse off than themselves when faced with difficulties of their own is called

downward social comparison

Jeff is a social psychologist who favors the "cold" approach to understanding human behavior. He is conducting research on why people fail to use condoms even when they know that they can reduce their risk of obtaining HIV by doing so. Jeff isleast likely to devote his attention to people's

drive to avoid this inconsistency

Charles is a Red Sox fan who does not think highly of Yankees fans. Which of the following statements Charles made in the past week is most consistent with the concept of outgroup homogeneity?

"Obnoxious, rude, and prone to throwing punches . . . if you've seen one Yankees fan, you've seem them all."

Fernando studies the relationship between emotions and behavior in social settings. Fernando's research epitomizes the ____ perspective in social psychology.

"hot"

Social psychologists use the term _____ to describe the feeling of fear that people sometimes have that they will confirm a certain stereotype.

"stereotype threat"

Status gives people visibility, which allows them to get attention and be heard. Where do people get their status from among the following criteria? A) Their occupation. B) Their age. C) Their education level. D) Their manner of dress. E) All the above.

The fact that people rate the letters in their own names more favorably than other letters of the alphabet is best described as an example of implicit ___________.

egotism

Self-fulfilling prophecies perpetuate stereotypes by

eliciting stereotype-confirming behavior from targets

In a study about political attitudes and opinions during the 2004 presidential election, researchers used brain imaging to examine what happened in the brain when participants listened to positive or negative statements about the candidate of their choice. They found that most affected were those areas of the brain associated with which of the following?

emotion

The "hot" perspective in social psychology emphasizes ___, whereas the "cold: perspective emphasizes ___.

emotion, cognition

the "hot" perspective in social psych emphasizes ____, where the "cold" perspective emphasizes _____

emotion; cognition

A pluralistic approach to social psychology

encourages research outside of controlled settings

Floyd Allport's social psychology text, published in 1924, is credited with

establishing the field's emphasis on the scientific method.

Monica uses the availability heuristic much more frequently than does Ross. Therefore, Monica is more likely than Ross to

estimate the likelihood of an event in terms of the ease with which instances of it come to mind

Popular wisdom is often contradictory, as with the following two sayings: 1)Opposites attract and 2)birds of a feather flock together. Research on the relationship between similarity and liking suggest?

#2 is more accurate; people tend to be more attracted to those who are dissimilar from themselves.

Roger and Mike always seem to disagree on music. When Roger tells Mike that he has heard a new song on the radio that he likes a lot, this experience is likely to lead Mike to

like the song less than he would have had he not talked to Roger ahead of time.

Research on obedience suggests that participation in the Holocaust was

likely driven by situational factors that would influence anyone similarly.

Deindividuation refers to the....

loss of individuality and reduction of constraints against deviant behavior

Given behavior that is high in consistency which of these patterns of information leads to a dispositional attribution

low distinctiveness, low consensus

given behavior that is high in consistency which of these patterns of information leads to a dispositional attribution

low distinctiveness, low consensus

Among your group of friends, Chandler is the only one who is ever late for your weekly game of tiddlywinks. You've noticed that he is late every week and that he is also late for class, parties, movies, weddings, sporting events, and dental appointments. According to Kelley's covariation model of attribution, Chandler's behavior would be described as ________________________.

low in consensus, high in consistency, and low in distinctiveness

Marion is a sprinter on her high school track team. According to the social comparison theory, Marion is most likely to look to which of the following groups to assess how fast a sprinter she is?

other female high school track athletes

The belief "they're all the same" best epitomizes the ____________ ___________ effect

outgroup homogeneity

The tendency to perceive members of an outgroup as less variable, or more similar to one another, then members of the ingroup is called

outgroup homogeneity effect

The tendency to perceive members of an outgroup as less variable, or more similar to one another, than members of the ingroup is called the

outgroup homogeneity effect.

Groups to which the self does not belong are called _____.

outgroups

Social categorization leads people to

overestimate differences between groups

Liston believes that psychology professors are absentminded. Given the research on illusory correlations, he is likely to

overestimate how often his psychology professor forgets to bring materials to class.

Research by David Dunning suggests that one problem concerning self-assessment is that people tend to

overestimate their own skills, prospects for success, and opinion accuracy

Research by David Dunnings suggests that one problem concerning self-assessment is that people tend to

overestimate their own skills, prospects for success, and opinion accuracy

Donny knows that Marie doesn't really need any help learning the steps to their new dance routine, but he continues to demonstrate the steps and offer helpful advice. Donny is engaging in _________________.

overhelping

The tendency for extrinsic rewards to undermine intrinsic motivation is called the ___________ effect.

overjustification

The findings of the classic Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) experiment indicate that

participants in the $1 condition experience greater discomfort and agitation when lying about how fun the task was than do participants in the $20 condition

Which of the following would most likely be described as a collective?

passengers on a plane

Social Psychologist do NOT generally

pay more attention to group behavior than the behavior of individuals within groups.

Social psychologists do not generally

pay more attention to group behavior than the behavior of individuals within groups.

Cross-cultural research on perception of emotion, such as that conducted by Elfenbein and Ambady (2002), indicates that

people are fairly successful at perceiving the emotional states of individuals from other cultures, but we are better at judging emotions of individuals from our own culture.

Implicit attitudes can be difficult to measure because

people are not aware of having them.

According to research by Nisbett and Wilson (1977)

people are often unable to give accurate explanations for the causes of their own behavior`

Research on detecting deception has consistently shown that

people are only slightly better than chance when it comes to distinguishing between truth and lies

research on detecting deception has consistently shown that

people are only slightly better than chance when it comes to distinguishing between truth and lies

Different attributes are ascribed to people who have baby-faced features than to those who have mature facial features. which of the following has not been offered as an explanation for this phenomenon ?

people are positively reinforced by others to perceive baby-faced adults the way they do

different attributes are ascribed to people who have baby-faced features than to those who have mature facial features. which of the following has not been offered as an explanation for this phenomenon ?

people are positively reinforced by others to perceive baby-faced adults the way they do

The "anger superiority effect" in social perception refers to the finding that

people are quicker to spot an angry face in a crowd than a neutral or happy face.

When forming impressions of others,

people differ in the particular traits they are likely to notice

Women conform more and men conform less when they believe they are being observed. Eagly (1987) argues that this occurs because

people feel greater pressure in public to behave in ways consistent with their gender-role

Women conform more and men conform less when they believe they are being observed. Eagly (1987) argues that this occurs because ____________________________.

people feel greater pressure in public to behave in ways consistent with their gender-role

All of the following are necessary conditions for cognitive dissonance specified by Cooper and Fazio (1984) EXCEPT

people must assign responsibility for the behavior to an outside source.

Sherif's (1936) research using the autokinetic effect demonstrated that

people often look to others as a source of information

Participants in one study rated fictional food additives that were more difficult to pronounce as more hazardous to health. These results demonstrate that

people tend to fear things that sound unfamiliar.

Impact bias in affective forecasting refers to the phenomenon in which

people tend to overestimate the strenght and duration of their emotional reactions to events.

The study by Balcetis and Dunning (2006) in which participants thought that they were taking a taste-testing experiment showed that?

people tend to see what they want to see

feeling good can lead to increased helping behavior because...

people want to stay in a good mood

The "minority slowness effect" refers to the finding that

people with minority opinions are slower to respond to questions about the topic than people with majority opinions.

The primacy effect refers to the tendency for

people's impressions of others to be more affected by information that is learned early rather than late in a sequence.

Cross-cultural research indicates that Americans are more likely than Asains to

perceive themselves as unique

The study of social perception involves consideration of how one individual (X) makes judgements about another individual (Y). The terminology typically used to describe the roles of X and Y are

perceiver and target

The Robbers Cave experiment demonstrated that

prejudice can result from intergroup competition.

Professor Hildebrand just gave the first exam back to his students. Many in the class are convinced that one of the questions he asked had more than one correct answer. In fact, 13 students from the class show up to his office hours to protest the question. Professor Hildebrand is convinced that there is only one correct answer, and so he tries to convince the larger group of students that he is right. He will be most likely to convince this group of his point of view if he

presents his arguments forcefully and consistently.

While shopping at the local mall, Ithon is approached by a man who asks her to sign a petition for stricter gun control laws. If Ithon uses the central route to decide whether to sign the petition, then she will be more likely to sign if the man who approaches her

presents strong arguments.

Stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination are

problematic world-wide

An increase in group performance such that the group outperforms the individuals who comprise the group is called

process gain.

The purpose of an emoticon is to

provide nonverbal cues in written media forms.

All of the following can help to explain why the door-in-the-face technique can increase compliance except ______________________.

psychological commitment

A negative reaction to the feeling that one's freedom is being threatened is called

psychological reactance.

Arnold wears suits every day to his job at the bank, but when he is at home in the evening and on weekends, he spends most of his time naked because that is what he finds most comfortable. Arnold's daytime behavior illustrates _______________ conformity

public

Arnold wears suits everyday to his job at the bank, but when he is at home in the evening and on weekends, he spends most of his time in a t-shirt and sweat pants because that is what he finds most comfortable. Arnold's daytime behavior illustrates

public conformity

Normative influence tends to produce ____, whereas informational influence leads to ____

public conformity; private conformity

In a _____ dilemma, individuals must contribute to a common pool in order to maintain the public good.

public goods

According to lecture when we are uncertain, an anchor will

pull our judgments toward it

according to lecture when we are uncertain, an anchor will

pull our judgments toward it

Prejudice and discrimination based on a person's racial background, or institutional and cultural practices that promote the domination of one racial group over another, is known as

racism

Attitudes are best described as

ranging on a continuum from positive to negative

Some border-town residents dislike illegal immigrants because they fear that the immigrants will take jobs away from them. These feelings can best be explained by ____________ __________________ theory.

realistic conflict

Some border-town residents dislike illegal immigrants because they fear that the immigrants will take jobs away from them. These feelings can best be explained by

realistic conflict theory

The "Lipton Ice" and dextrose pill research demonstrated that subliminal messages are most effective when participants

really needed the item being advertised.

Eleanor is asked to help the people who live on the other side of the city restore block after it was burned in a fire. it is most probable that she will help if______ the people on the other side of the city....

she feels a meaningful connection with

Sharice has just joined the theater group in her community. It is likely that __________________.

she is optimistic that joining the group will be beneficial

Aleta gets extremely drunk. given the research on alcohol and aggression, which of the following is unlikely to happen?

she will be more aggressive if she tends to be high in aggressiveness than if she tends to be generally non-aggressive

According to Moscovici, majorities derive their power to influence others by virtue of their ____, whereas nonconformists derive their power to influence others from their ____.

sheer number; style of behavior

Hope read a persuasive message written by a source who she considered to be incompetent and untrustworthy. The sleeper effect would suggest that her attitude toward the issue should

show greater change over time in the direction advocated by the speaker.

The work of Muzafer Sherif was important for the development of social psychology because he

showed that complex social behavior could be examined scientifically

According to social comparison theory, people are MOST likely to compare themselves to others who are

similar

According to social comparison theory, people are most likely to compare themselves to others who are

similar

The experience of being ostracized has been found to be

similar in brain activation to the experience of physical pain

The main factor influencing sources likability are

similarity and physical attractiveness

Similarity leads to attraction for all the following reasons except?

similarity implies physical attractiveness, which leads to attraction

In explaining the behavior of outgroup members, people tend to make

situational attributions for positive behaviors, but personal attributions for negative behaviors

Colin and Erin are waiting to meet with their caterer so that they can discuss the menu for their wedding. the caterer is 30 min late and still hasn't arrived. Colin suggests that the caterer is probably delayed because of traffic. Erin suggests that the caterer is prob disorganized and unreliable. Colin is making a(n) ___attribution, whereas Erin is making a(n) ___ attribution.

situational, personal

The characteristics of groups that contribute to groupthink include all of the following except group

size

All of the following appear to reduce the effectiveness of group brainstorming except

social compensation

Henderson suspects that the other members of his work group may slack off, so he works late and puts in extra time on their proposal. Henderson is engaging in

social compensation

the tendency for the presence of other people to increase performance on easy tasks and impair performance on difficult tasks is known as...

social facilitation

The theory of evaluation apprehension suggests that

social facilitation only occurs when a person thinks that others will evaluate the performance.

According to the model of ____, when the presence of others is physiologically arousing, a person's performance tends to ____ on a task that is difficult.

social facilitation; decline

Condolezza is quick to defend U.S. foreign policy from criticism by foreign diplomats because she takes great pride in being an American. Condoleeza's feeling are most consistent with

social identity theory

The idea that favoring in-groups over out-groups enhances our self-esteem is called

social identity theory

The ways in which people are affected by the real or imagined presence of others is called

social influence

The ways in which people are affected by the real or imagined presence of others is called ____________

social influence

Mary was routinely hit by her mother when she was a child and now she routinely hits her own children. This is most consistent with the ____ theory of aggression

social learning

Several friends are working together in an effort to pull a car from a ditch. However, each of them are not pulling as hard as possible. This is probably a result of

social loafing.

It could be argued that social psychology supplements common sense about human behavior in all of the following ways except that ____________________.

social psychological findings tend to support most intuitive beliefs about human behavior.

What distinguishes social psychology from other specialties in psychology is its _______________________.

social psychological theories are as broad in scope as common sense.

Which of the following concerning research question is social psychology is false

social psychologist can only develop testable research questions by reading about prior research in the field.

Social psychology differs from common sense in that

social psychologists relies on the scientific method to test its theories

Research using meta-analysis procedures _______________________.

statistically assesses the consistency of several tests of the same hypothesis.

Research using meta-analysis procedures

statistically assesses the consistency of several tests of the sames hypothesis

Being persistently stereotyped, perceived as deviant, or devalued in society because of membership in a particular social group or because of a particular characteristic is the definition of being

stigmatized

Being persistently stereotyped. perceived as deviant, or devalued in society because of a membership in a particular social group or because of a particular characteristic is the definition of being

stigmatized

Joshua is attracted to Daniel because of his warm eyes and great smile. Daniel is attracted to Joshua because of his muscular body. Joshua and Daniel are in Murstein's ________________.

stimulus stage

In the company of liberals, Mitt expresses favorable attitudes toward abortion and gay marriage; in the company of conservatives, he expresses negative attitudes toward these same issues. Mitt's behavior exemplifies

strategic self-presentation

The feeling of ambivalence can be described as an attitude that is both _____ and

strong, mixed in terms of positive versus negative valence

Cross-cultural differences in the perception of nonverbal behavior are least prevalent in which of the following types of judgments?

evaluation of emotions and facial features

The process by which we form an attitude toward a neutral stimulus because of its association with a positive or negative person, place, or thing is called

evaluative conditioning

A political candidate is often eager to win the endorsement of celebrities who are popular with hordes of people. The candidate hopes that the association of his or her campaign with a popular figure will result in the masses feeling more favorable toward his or her candidacy due to

evaluative conditioning.

Research on diversity suggests that

even the mere anticipation of being part of a diverse group can impact performance.

Research suggests that people seem to commit the fundamental attribution error

even when they are aware of the situational constraints of the behavior.

The finding that male-to-male violence occurs primarily in response to status challenges, but male-to-female violence occurs primarily in response to sexual jealousy supports the __________________.

evolutionary perspective on aggression

Izzy finds that when people vacate a parking spot, they do so more slowly when there is someone waiting to take their spot than if there is no one waiting. He attributes this behavior to an innate predisposition towards territoriality. It might be said that Izzy's findings represent a combination of work in social psychology and

evolutionary psychology

Research has consistently demonstrated that when it comes to perceptions of the self, people have a tendency to

exaggerate their control over life events.

tendency to underestimate situational influences on others behaviors and to overestimate dispositional influences in known as the

fundamental attribution error

You hear Tiger Woods doing a radio commercial for Buick. Even though you know that Woods did not write the commercial himself, was paid to provide the voice-over for the commercial, and probably does not drive a Buick in real life, you still think that at some level, at least, Woods must think highly of Buicks. This is an example of

fundamental attribution theory

Social psychologists use descriptive research in order to describe

general patterns and trends in the variables of interest

According to Warneken and Tomasello (2008), how can moms best encourage their young toddlers to help them out?

give no reward at all

According to the dual-process approach to understanding minority influence

group majorities and minorities exert their influence in very different ways.

The tendency for groups to become more extreme in their positions following discussion is called ___________________.

group polarization

Specialized interactive computer programs that are used to guide group meetings, collaborative work, and decision-making processes are called

group support systems.

Sociologists tend to study behavior at the ________ level, whereas social psychologists study behavior at the _______ level.

group, individual

The physical attractiveness of a spokes model will have the greatest effect if the product endorsed is

hair care product

The original Milgram obedience study

has been followed up by a number of additional studies that have varied specific aspects of the research situation.

Though women are more likely than men to aggress in a intimate relationship, men's aggression in such relationships differs in that it typically

has more severe consequences

Though women are more likely than men to aggress in an intimate relationship, men's aggression in such relationships differs in that it typically _______________________.

has more severe consequences

Milgram's research on obedience

has stirred controversy regarding its ethics.

According to both video clips shown in class, the happiest people are people who

have more social connections

The cocktail effect refers to the tendency for people to

hear the mention of their own name even from across a loud and crowded room.

The cocktail party effect refers to the tendency for people to

hear the mention of their own name even from across a loud and crowded room.

Given behavior that is high in consistency which of these patterns of information leads to a situational attribution

high distinctiveness, high consensus

given behavior that is high in consistency which of these patterns of information leads to a situational attribution

high distinctiveness, high consensus

According to the covariation principle, a situational attribution is most likely to result when consistency is _____, consensus is _____, and distinctiveness is _____.

high, high, high

Persons who have _____ levels of moral reasoning are ___ likely to help those in need.

high; more

Biased sampling is least likely to reduce group effectiveness when group members have ____ trust, and unique information is known by ____.

high; more than one group member

Negative feelings directed at women's abilities, values, and ability to challenge the power of men are referred to as

hostile sexism.

Social psychologists seek to understand

how and why persuasion occurs.

Social Cognition can be best described as the study of

how we perceive, remember, and interpret information about the self and others.

Gender stereotypes are prescriptive. This means that gender stereotypes

identify what men and women should be like

Interpersonal credits a person earns by following group norms are called

idiosyncrasy credits

Interpersonal credits a person earns by following group norms are called ____ credits.

idosyncracy

Research on information processing in groups suggests that __________________________.

if the individuals who comprise the group are prone to rely on a particular heuristic, the group will be even more likely to use this heuristic

The tendency to overestimate the extent to which members of stereotyped groups posess

illusory correlations

The tendency to overestimate the extent to which members of stereotyped groups possess attributes and perform behaviors consistent with the group stereotype results from

illusory correlations.

Research concerning coping with divorce suggests that _________________________.

immediately after a divorce, life satisfaction ratings tend to increase somewhat

When people or cockroaches undertake a difficult task, the presence of others _________ performance; whereas when they undertake a simple task, the presence of others ________ performance.

impairs, enhances

A network of assumptions that people make about the relationships among traits and behaviors is called

implicit personality theory

The process of integrating information about a person to form a coherent impression is called

impression formation

According to the theory of planned behavior, one reason that a person's behavior might not be consistent with that person's attitudes in that the behavior

is determined by norms that are counter to the person's attitudes.

All of the following have been shown in research on priming except that priming

is more likely when people are aware of the exposure.

Research on brainstorming suggests that it

is typically an ineffective practice, even though people often enjoy doing it.

One of the many advantages of correlational research is that

it allows researchers to study variables that cannot be manipulated in the lab

What is the adaptive significance of being able to identify the emotion of disgust in others?

it helps us to avoid food poisoning.

which of the following statements regarding egoistic helping behavior is true?

it is a form of prosocial behavior

Burnstein et al. (1994) found that students in both the United States and Japan indicated a greater willingness to help youthful relatives rather than older relatives. This finding is consistent with ____________________.

kin selection

The Central Route to persuasion requires

knowledge of the issue and a credible source or ability and motivation

All of the following could be categorized as sources of "raw data" for social perception

knowledge of what situation a person is in. a person's behavior. a person's physical appearance.

Social psychology started to become established as a distinct field of study in the

late 1800's and early 1900's

A junior high coach decides to separate his basketball players into an A team and a B team. These two teams regularly play each other and compete for rewards, such as time at the drinking fountain and use of the new basketballs. The Robbers Cave experiment would suggest that the coach's new arrangement is likely to

lead to animosity between the A team and the B team

According to the law of diminishing returns, the 9th person to offer public agreement with a group's position exerts _______ social influence on individual group members compared to the 3rd person to agree with the group position

less

Modern racism can be distinguished from what has been termed "old-fashioned" racism in that modern racism is

less obvious than "old-fashioned" racisim

When the saleswoman doesnt reply to his "hello" mario concludes that she is simply a cold person. yet the next day when mario doesnt reply to the saleswoman who greets him, he realizes that he is just having a bad day. these differing attributional tendencies illustrate

the actor-observer effect

when the saleswoman doesnt reply to his "hello" mario concludes that she is simply a cold person. yet the next day when mario doesnt reply to the saleswoman who greets him, he realizes that he is just having a bad day. these differing attributional tendencies illustrate

the actor-observer effect

The phenomenon of insufficient justification does not support ______________________________.

the assumption that larger rewards produce greater change

Carol is asked to rate her husband in terms of how helpful he is with the household chores. Because she cannot think of a single instance of helpful behavior, she gives him a very low rating. Carol relied on _____ to make her judgment.

the availability heuristic

Reasoning based on the ease with which we can bring something to mind clearly illustrates the use of:

the availability heuristic

Which simple rule or cognitive shortcut contributes to counterfactual thought

the availability heuristic

reasoning based on the ease with which we can bring something to mind clearly illustrates the use of:

the availability heuristic

which simple rule or cognitive shortcut contributes to counterfactual thought

the availability heuristic

Stephon knows someone whose brother received a very lucrative contract to play professional basketball for the National Basketball Association (NBA). With this success story in mind, he ignores the statistics that indicate a very low probability that anyone will make it to the NBA and overestimates his own chances of making it. This scenario best illustrates

the base rate fallacy

The peripheral route to persuasion is more likely to be chosen than the central route if

the message is personally significant

Which of the following is an example of negative correlation?

the more alcohol you consume, the lower your GPA tends to be

Groupthink emerges when...

the need for agreement takes priority over the desire to obtain correct information

A good operational definition of aggression might be

the number of times someone hits, kicks, or yells at a person or an object within a 1-hour period

Construct validity is best defined as the extent to which

the operational definitions reflect the conceptual variables of interest

The tendency for extrinsic rewards to undermine intrinsic motivation is called

the overjustification effect

The tendency for extrinsic rewards to undermine intrinsic motivations is called

the overjustification effect

Perceivers judge accident victims as more responsible for their fate if

the perceiver is worried about threats to the self.

Sam Gosling (2008) found that social perceivers often form impressions of people based on all of the following except

their height

An organized set of principles used to explain observed phenomena is called a

theory

Eisenberg et al. (1999) found that the extent to which preschool children exhibited spontaneous helping behavior predicted how helpful they would be in later childhood and early adulthood. This finding is consistent with the hypothesis that _______________________.

there are stable individual differences in helping

External validity refers to the degree to which ______________________.

there can be reasonable confidence that the same results would be obtained for other people and in other situations.

two people are placed in a room and are provoked to behave aggressively toward one another. which of the following is most likely to happen if there is a weapon in the room?

there is a greater likelihood that they will behave aggressively toward one another than of there was no weapon

All of the following are correct regarding quizzes in the course, except:

there will be several make-up opportunities for quizzes during the semester

Causation cannot be inferred from correlational studies because

they do not involve the manipulation of variables

One of the most important prerequisites for the development between two people is

Proximity

Rita has a strong desire to establish and maintain social contact with others. Rita has...

a high need for affiliation

Compared to passionate love, companionate love is

more likely to remain constant over time

compared to woman, men are...

more threatened by having to ask for help

Our self-concept appears to be influenced by all of the following sources except

the way other people actually see us

Often overlooked in Asch's conformity study is the fact that participants refused to conform _____ of the time

25%

Asch (1956) found that the size of a group of individuals is related to the likelihood that any one of them will demonstrate conformity to the group. The optimal number of in group members, above which conformity did not significantly increase, was

3 or 4

Participants in Asch's line judgement study conformed approximatley_____ of the time

37%

at the Pumpkin show this weeks, what time do the 3:30 and 8 pm parades begin?

3:30 and 8 pm

Often overlooked in Asch's conformity study is the fact that participants refused to conform ____ percent of the time.

63%

according to standard convention, a research must be ___% sure that the difference she observed between conditions were not simply the result of chance in order to conclude that the difference is statistically significant.

Arguably, the most famous research in Social Psychology focused on the situational factor influencing obedience to authority and was conducted by

How can we reward people for what they say during a negotiation? A) acknowledge and support a point that they have made B) ignore or underplay points that we feel need to be emphasized but which weren't C) encourage the other party to develop unfavorable points D) accept all concessions and favors without returning any E) None of the above tactics can be used to reward people for what they say during a negotiation.

In comparison to obedience and compliance, conformity a. involves less direct pressure from others. b. occurs only in response to the behavior of a group of others. c. requires the physical presence of at least one other person. d. is more likely to produce destructive behaviors.

Interpersonal credits a person earns by following group norms are called _____ credits. a. idiosyncrasy b. brownie c. group d. normative

Jamie wants an extra day to write a paper for class. Jamie first asks the professor for a one-week extension for the paper assignment. The professor refuses. Jamie then asks for a one-day extension. The professor agrees. Jamie's behavior best illustrates a. the door-in-the-face technique. b. the foot-in-the-door technique. c. reactance. d. the dual-process approach.

One factor that did not seem related to the amount of obedience exhibited in the Milgram obedience study was the a. participant's sex. b. proximity of the learner to the teacher. c. location of the study. d. physical presence of the experimenter.

Persuasion occurring through the peripheral route is A) likely to last a shorter time than central route persuasion. B) integrated into existing cognitive structures. C) used to determine if the position taken by the source has any merit. D) involves thought and integration of the message into the individual's previously existing cognitive structures. E) None of the above occurs through the peripheral route of persuasion

Prentice and Miller (1996) found that most college students overestimate how comfortable their peers are with alcohol on campus. This misperception is an example of a. pluralistic ignorance. b. psychological reactance. c. mass psychogenic illness. d. the chameleon effect.

Professor Hildebrand just gave back to his students their first exam. Many in the class are convinced that one of the questions he asked had more than one correct answer. In fact, 13 students from the class show up to his office hours to protest the question. Professor Hildebrand is convinced that there is only one correct answer, and so he tries to convince the larger group of students that he is right. He will be most likely to convince this group of his point of view if he a. presents his arguments forcefully and consistently. b. tries to exert normative social influence on the group of students. c. presents himself as an outgroup member rather than as part of their ingroup. d. makes salient the norms of the group.

The norm of reciprocity A) suggests that when we receive something from another person we should respond in the future with a favor for them. B) plays only a nominal role in negotiations. C) applies only to favors of the same size. D) is prevalent only in Western culture. E) None of the above statements describe the norm of reciprocity.

Which explanation for why a consistent behavioral style increases minority influence is least plausible?

A consistent minority is more likely to exert normative social influence on the group.

The bystander effect refers to the tendency for

A greater number of bystanders to reduce probability that a victim will receive help.

Rita has a strong desire to establish and maintain social contacts with others. Rita has

A high need for affiliation

Shawna wants to join a sorority. This sorority has recently decided to put incoming members through various forms of initiation. Based on the findings of Aronson and Mills (1959), which of the following types of initiations is most likely to lead Shawna to come to identify strongly with the sorority and to value her membership in the group in the effort to avoid cognitive dissonance?

A severely unpleasant initiation

Miss Roberto is concerned that Talia and Emily avoid playing with Michael because he is African American. Which strategy would best enable her to assess any unconscious dislike these two students feel toward Michael?

Administer an IAT to examine the girls' racial attitudes.

According to your textbook, one of the people who had the greatest impact on the developing field of social psychology was not a psychologist. Who was this person?

Adolf Hitler

Research on the social psychological underpinnings of prejudice might be said to have its roots in research by _______________________.

Adorno and Allport.

Which of the following is not consistent with the predictions of evolutionary psychology and kin selection?

Adults indicate a greater willingness to help older as compared to younger relatives.

The "ABC's of the self" refer to affect, behavior, and cognition. Which of these three concepts is the most relevant to the idea of self-esteem?

Affect

The normative pressure to conform to a majority is reduced by

An ally

Which of the followoing has not been offered an explanation for the bystander effect. ?

An individuals level of moral reasoning.

All of the following are considered "primary" emotions except

Anxiety

In a particular situation, Arlene exhibits public conformity, whereas Ron exhibits private conformity. given this information, which of the following is most likely to be accurate?

Arlene conformed only when others were present, whereas Ron conformed regardless of whether others were present.

Many participants in the social influence study conducted by ______ gave public responses that they privately knew to be inaccurate.

Asch

A group of theories that describe how people explain the causes of behavior is known as

Attribution theory

Which of the following is correctly matched with its founder?

Attribution theory; Heider

Which of the following situations should prompt the least cognitive dissonance?

Audrey doesn't like cats much, so she decides that her new pet will be a dog.

47. Which of the following statements about source credibility is true? A) The stronger the perceived qualifications and expertise on the subject matter, the lower the credibility. B) People appear more or less credible because of their "presence." C) Trustworthiness, and how qualified the person appears to be, are less powerful characteristics in determining our perception of another's credibility than the type of person the source is. D) When meeting others they don't know, people generally tend to evaluate them negatively rather than positively. E) All of the above statements about source credibility are true.

According to research by Emily Pronin and others (2007), which of the following explains why people perceive others to be more conforming than themselves? a. People are poor judges of others' motivations. b. People tend to judge others by their overt behavior while judging themselves by focusing inward. c. People judge themselves in the same way that that they judge others. d. People judge others by asking them about their inner thought processes.

The fact that the presence of an ally, regardless of her competence, reduces conformity indicates that a. informational social influence typically wins out over normative social influence in the long run. b. it is exceedingly difficult to hold out against the pressure to conform without one supporter in the group. c. conformity does not occur for high-stakes decisions with important repercussions. d. men conform less in private than they do in public.

The nature of Milgram's obedience research paradigm exploited which compliance-induction strategy? a. Low-balling b. Foot-in-the-door technique c. Door-in-the-face technique d. That's-not-all technique

The process of ____________ to a position states that once people have decided something, they can be remarkable persistent in their beliefs. A) proof B) commitment C) reciprocity D) reward E) All of the above principles state that once people have decided something, they can be remarkable persistent in their beliefs

The unspoken rule dictating that we should treat others as they have treated us is called the a. social impact theory. b. norm of reciprocity. c. dual-process approach. d. equity principle.

Which of the following is a condition for the use of pressure? A) The other party is independent of the power holder. B) The agent controls some form of resources which can be denied or taken away from the other party. C) The punishment can only be administered in a single manner. D) The resources in question are not controlled by a single individual. E) None of the above is conditions for the use of pressure.

Which of the following statements about persuasive style is false? A) People learn better and are more likely to change their attitudes and beliefs for the long term when they are actively involved in the process of learning and understanding new material. B) Metaphors should not be used as persuasion tools because they can lead the other party to believe that you're filled with "hot air". C) People who argue positions that are thought to be counter to their self-interest are generally more persuasive. D) Language of relatively low intensity seems to be more effective than highly intense language. E) All of the above statements about persuasive style are true.

Will and Grace have just started to attend church. Will pays attention to when the rest of the congregation sits and stands because he wants to be sure to stand and sit at the appropriate times. Grace stands up and sits down when the rest of the congregation does because if she doesn't, the elderly couple across the aisle scowls at her. Will has conformed because of _____, whereas Grace has conformed because of _____. a. normative influence; informational influence b. informational influence; normative influence c. compliance; obedience d. obedience; compliance

Bella is a teacher who suspects that a student is trying to deceive her. Under which of the following conditions does Bella have the BEST chance of being accurate in her attempts to detect whether or not the student is lying

Bella sees a silent video of the student's body language as the student tells the the story.

As group size increases, conformity will a. increase. b. decrease. c. increase as long as each additional member of the group is perceived as an independent source of influence. d. decrease as long as each additional member of the group is perceived as an independent source of influence.

How can negotiators prevent the other party from making public commitments? A) emphasize statements of commitment B) respond to all statements of commitment C) look for a rationale to explain why the commitment does not apply at this time D) make pubic commitments of their own E) All of the above can be used to prevent the other party from making public commitments

Normative influence tends to produce ____, whereas informational influence leads to ____. a. compliance; obedience b. conversion; compliance c. public conformity; private conformity d. pluralistic ignorance; pluralistic knowledge

Sherif (1936) asked groups of participants to estimate the distance moved by a point of light. He found that a. participants were more accurate when they were alone than when they were in groups. b. participants were more accurate in groups than when they were alone. c. as the study progressed, the participants' estimates began to converge with each other. d. as the study progressed, the participants' estimates began to diverge from each other.

Stan is a new student in his sixth-grade class. The other students exert normative pressure on him to conform to their opinion on some issue. According to social impact theory, Stan will be more likely to resist this influence if a. there are 20 rather than 11 students in the class. b. he perceives the other students as having high status. c. there are three other new students in the class who are receiving the same pressures. d. he comes from a culture that values a collectivist orientation.

The compliance technique in which compliance to a desired request is increased by first gaining compliance to a smaller, but related, request is called a. low-balling. b. the that's-not-all technique. c. the foot-in-the-door technique. d. the door-in-the-face technique.

The effective use of persistence means A) pursuing one's goals blindly and rigidly. B) communicating with natural enthusiasm, sincerity and spontaneity. C) finding new, unique, and creative ways to pursue the same request. D) considering the long term consequences of their behavior on their future reputations. E) None of the above defines the effective use of persistence.

The primary difference between the research of Sherif (1936) and Asch (1951) is that a. Sherif was able to demonstrate conformity, whereas Asch was not. b. Asch was able to demonstrate conformity, whereas Sherif was not. c. Sherif relied on an ambiguous task, whereas Asch used an unambiguous task. d. Asch relied on an ambiguous task, whereas Sherif used an unambiguous task.

The recency effect A) indicates that the important points should be made early. B) should be used when the topics are familiar, interesting, or controversial to the receiver. C) states the tendency for the last item presented to be the best remembered. D) states that the first item in a long list of items is the one most likely to be remembered. E) None of the above statements about the recency effect are true.

What are three major things that a listener can do to resist another's influence efforts? A) have a good BATNA, avoid public commitments, and defend one's self against the other's persuasive message B) avoid BATNAs, make a public commitment, and pay close attention to the other's persuasive message C) have a good BATNA, make a public commitment, and defend one's self against the other's persuasive message D) avoid BATNAs, avoid public commitments, and pay close attention to the other's persuasive message E) None of the above contains techniques that can be used to resist the other's influence efforts

Cognition

Which of the following has not been used by psychologists to measure implicit forms of racism?

Common Ingroup Identity Model (CIIM)

Herman and flora have been married for 40 years. They still have a strong relationship and say they are each others best friends. Their relationship seems to be an example of??

Compainonate Love

A useful negotiating tactic, therefore, is to identify and discuss experiences, characteristics, and opinions you hold in common with the other party and this tactic is labeled A) perceived emotion. B) perceived ingratiation. C) perceived friendliness. D) perceived similarity. E) perceived helpfulness

In what way can resources be used in negotiation? A) as a means to get attention and a means to overcome resistance B) through the principles of social proof and the norm of reciprocity C) as a BATNA and an exchange tactic D) in exchange and pressure tactics E) Resources cannot be used in any of the above ways

Research has found that when people are presented with a request accompanied by a reason that does not offer a real justification for the request, they often respond a. with skeptical reactance. b. by asking for a more complete explanation. c. with surprise followed by caution. d. by complying mindlessly.

Researchers have found that expressing high anger and low compassion toward another led the negotiators to A) a greater desire to work together in the future. B) achieve more joint gains. C) find and explore commonalties in experience. D) an unaffected ability to yield greater individual gains. E) Expressing high anger and low compassion can lead to all of the above

The clearest and most important message of Milgram's obedience studies is a. the specific personality traits that predict destructive obedience to authority. b. that people will typically harm another individual with little to no social pressure to do so. c. obedience to authority is most destructive when the authority figure is particularly harsh and demanding. d. the potential for situational influences to lead ordinary people to commit extraordinarily destructive acts.

The technique of getting a commitment from a potential customer and then changing the terms of the agreement is best described as a. reciprocal concession. b. cognitive dissonance. c. the foot-in-the-door technique. d. low-balling.

The tendency to unconsciously mimic the nonverbal behavior of others is called a. reciprocation wariness. b. pluralistic ignorance. c. the ally effect. d. the chameleon effect.

Which of the following is not an aspect that contributes to persuasion through the central route? A) One- and two-sided messages. B) Message components. C) Repetition. D) Motivations. E) Conclusions

Which of the following is not one of the emotions a person is likely to feel after being ostracized? a. Numbness b. Anger c. Sadness d. Embarrassment

Which of the following statements about the three approaches for inoculating against the arguments of other parties is false? A) The most effective approach is the "double defense" approach. B) The least effective approach is that of developing arguments only in support of our own position. C) The best way to inoculate people against attacks on their position is to involve them in developing a defense. D) Asking people to make public statements supporting their original position decreases their resistance to counterarguments. E) All of the above statements are true.

Women conform more and men conform less when they believe they are being observed. Eagly (1987) argues that this occurs because a. being watched makes people self-aware, which brings out their underlying personalities. b. women are easier to manipulate, whereas men tend to be more independent. c. women and men tend to be knowledgeable about different kinds of topics. d. people feel greater pressure in public to behave in ways consistent with their gender role.

Jack and his girlfriend Diane dine out about three times a week. Jack believes that they hardly ever dine out, whereas Diane thinks they dine out all the time. This illustrates what important theme in Social Psychology?

Different people can see the same situation very differently.

Which of the following reflects the primary question underlying the correspondent inference theory?

Does an observer infer that an actor's behavior corresponds with the actor's personality?

Two-sided messages tend to be most effective A) with better educated audiences. B) when the other party initially disagrees with the position. C) when the other party will be exposed to people who will argue points of view different from the position advocated. D) when the issue discussed is already familiar. E) Two-sided messages are effective in all of the above situations

Why is it important to explore the other party's outlook? A) It can give us more information. B) It can lead us to designing solutions to meet both sides' needs. C) It further increases the other party's feeling of being listened to. D) It makes the other party more receptive to meeting our needs. E) It is important to explore the other party's outlook for all of the above reasons

Ellen is at the mall doing some shopping when she runs into one of her closest friends, Vicki. Vicki is with a friend visiting from out of town and introduces that friend to Ellen. Research on impression formation suggests that

Ellen's affection for Vicki will make her tend to like Vicki's friend

Which statement regarding LaPeer's (1934) study of attitudes is false?

Even though respondents who were asked self-report questions claimed that they would not be racially prejudiced, their behavior showed clear discrimination.

Using your syllabus, order the following contributors to your final grade, with the category which receives the greatest weight toward your final grade first and the category which receives the least weight toward your final grade last.

Exams Quizzes Class attendance

Vito finished first in the school spelling bee, Fabrizio finished second, and Luigi finished third. The first-place winner gets a cash prize and the opportunity to compete at the regional spelling bee, but the others get nothing. Which of the following is most likely to occur?

Fabrizio will engage in more counterfactual thinking than Luigi.

Which statement concerning the use of fear appeals is not supported by research?

Fear appeals are generally less effective than messages that do not provoke fear.

Based on research on counterfactual thinking, in which of the following scenarios is Jamal most likely to wonder what life might have been like had he been richer?

Financially, Jamal is in the upper-middle class. His parents were slightly wealthier.

which of the following best illustrates aggression?

Ginger kicks Mary Ann in the shins to keep her from eating the last coconut pie

Of the following important figures in the history of social psychology, who most explicitly emphasized application of the field to social problems in society?

Gordon Allport

Participants in an experiment learn about eight positive and four negative behaviors performed by members of group A. They also learn about four positive and two negative behaviors performed by members of group B. Which pattern of results is most likely?

Group B will be liked less because of a perceived link between the distinctive events of membership in the smaller group and performing fewer negative behaviors.

Sociologists tend to study behavior at the ___ level, whereas social psychologist study behavior at the ___ level.

Group, individual.

Which of the following experimental procedures would a researcher investigating stereotype threat be least likely to use?

Having women complete a math test

Jacob wants to learn how to water-ski. Which of the following would not be required by the theory of planned behavior?

He recognizes the dangers associated with waterskiing.

LeBron is eating at a restaurant on a first date when his date spills spaghetti all over his lap. Which of the following conclusions would LeBron be most likely to draw if he commits the fundamental attribution error?

His date is a slob

Faros and his coworkers are trying to develop a creative direct mail campaign that will increase sales of their new snowboard. Which strategy is least likely to yield high-quality ideas?

Hold a brainstorming session using Osborn's ground rules for brainstorming.

Fritz is a social psychologist who specializes in studying the processes of social perception. Given this interest, Fritz is least likely to specialize in which of the following research questions?

How are consumers influenced in their choices by the packaging and positioning of different products?

Hiroko is usually very agreeable and goes along with his friends' plans. Tonight, however, he tells his friends that even though they all want to go out for Mexican food, he has a strong preference for Italian food. Even though he is the only person who initially votes for Italian, Hiroko's friends eventually come to agree with him because he usually does go along with the group. This best epitomizes which of the following phenomena associated with minority influence?

Idiosyncrasy credits

Renaldo is driving out a beautiful national park that is having some financial trouble. There is a box for donations by the park exit, and no one around. Which of the following would most likely encourage Renaldo to leave a donation???

If he observed the person in the car in front of him to leave a donation

The fact that people rate the letters in their own names more favorably than other letters of the alphabet is best described as an example of

Implicit egoism

Which of the following is a risk for stigmatized targets?

Increased risk for long-term physical and mental health problems

Rebecca fills out a survey in which she asserts complete agreement with the statement, "I enjoy being unique and different from others." With which cultural orientation does she most likely identify?

Individualism

Which of the following questions would a social psychologist be most likely to study?

Is there a link between playing violent video games and engaging in aggressive behavior?

Which of the following question would a social psychologist be MOST likely to study

Is there a link between playing violent video games and engaging in aggressive behavior?

Which of the following is a central part of the definition of social psychology?

It assumes that thoughts and behaviors are influenced by other people.

Jon and Kate give consecutive speeches on opposing sides in a debate on solar energy. Audience members are asked to register their view a few weeks later. How might the order of the speeches affect the audience's decision?

It should yield a primacy effect.

Newman is having a very bad day-he overslept for his final exam, spilled coffee on himself at work, and got a speeding ticket on the way home. According to the facial feedback hypothesis, what will happen if he increases tension in the facial muscles normally active during frowning?

It will intensify his negative emotional experience

Mara needs to borrow James's pen and is pondering how to ask him. She considers three options—asking for the pen outright without any reasoning, telling him that she needs the pen "to write something," or telling him that she needs it "to sign a letter." Which statement is true?

James is equally likely to comply with the "letter" plea and the "write something" plea.

Jason fills out an application for college with the grade he remembered getting throughout high school. While reviewing the application with a guidance counselor, the counselor points out that Jason seems to have inflated a few of his lower grades. Which of the following is the MOST likely explanation for Jason's behavior.

Jason fell prey to the tendency to revise personal histories to reflect favorably on the self.

Jerry is a mets fan, and stopped for a motorist stranded wearing a mets jersey as well. There was a man who was standed also with a yankees jersey. Which of the following could account for Jerry's behavior?

Jerry felt more empathy for the Mets fan than the Yankees fan.

Who of the following is likely to be lonely?

John, who is an adolescent

according to the relevant research, who of the following is likely to be the loneliest?

Jose, who is an adolescent

Karen and Rob are talking to a mutual friend who suddenly breaks downs and asks if one of them can stay and talk about an important problem. Who is more likely to help??

Karen is more likely to help.

Kira hates her calculus class. As a social psychologist, which of these tactics would you recommend to help improve her mood during class?

Kira should force herself to smile throughout class

Which of the following source characteristics best explains why a company might recruit a supermodel to endorse its products

Likeability

Cialdini et al. (1991) observed participants in a clean or cluttered parking garage and found that participants were most likely to litter when they observed a confederate

Litter in a cluttered garage

People tend to show a preference for ingroups over outgroups even when group membership is determined at random, and even when they have never interacted with members of their ingroup. This tendency is known as

MINIMAL GROUP EFFECT

Mary has just heard five friends say that Massachusetts is the largest state in New England, when she knows it is Maine. Rob, the next friend in line, says that New Hampshire is the largest state in New England. In this situation, Mary is now less likely to conform with the first five friends than if Rob had said that

Massachusetts is the largest state

Mary has just heard five friends say that Massachusetts is the largest state in New England, when she knows it is Maine. Rob, the next friend in line, says that New Hampshire is the largest state in New England. in this situation, Mary is new less likely to conform with the first five friends than if Rob has said that..

Massachusetts is the largest state

Which of the following has been demonstrated through the use of minimal groups?

Mere categorization is sufficient to produce ingroup favoritism

The residents in Burberry Hill have convened to discuss whether to build a neighborhood pool. The majority are in favor of building a pool. However, Miguel, a long-time resident, expresses his opposition. Which of the following is unlikely?

Miguel will not gain private conformity to his opinion, only public conformity.

Which of the following does not demonstrate the influence of gender stereotypes?

Newborn boys tend to be taller and weigh more than newborn girls.

The unspoken rule dictating that we should treat others as they have treated us is called the

Norm of reciprocity

Which of the following people is credited with publishing the first research article in social psychology?

Norman Triplett

In terms of autobiographical memory, to what does the phrase "reminiscence peak" refer?

Older adults tend to retrieve a large number of memories from adolescence and early adulthood than other periods of life.

The belief "They're all the same" best epitomizes which of the following concepts

Outgroup homogeneity effect

The belief "they're all the same" best epitomizes which of the following concepts?

Outgroup homogeneity effect

Bonnie dislikes all lawyers. This is an example of

PREJUDICE

In the Jones and Harris (1967) study, participants read essays presumably written by another student that had either been assigned or chose to write in support of a particular position. Which of the following statements is consistent with the findings of this study?

Participants were more likely to infer the student's attitude from the essay if they believed it was a chosen topic rather than assigned.

Which of the following is supported by research on deception?

People are more accurate at detecting deception if they focus on body movements rather than facial expressions

Which of the following statements best describes our current state of knowledge regarding social perception?

People frequently exhibit bias in their perceptions of others. However, their biases do not necessarily result in inaccurate impression formation.

Which of the following statements concerning autobiographical memories is false?

People tend to have the most accurate recall for emotional versus unemotional events.

According to research by Emily Prunin and others (2007), which statement explains why people perceive others to be more conforming than they, themselves, are?

People tend to judge others by their overt behavior while judging themselves by focusing inward.

Which of the following "common sense" findings is indeed true?

People tend to overestimate the extent to which others agree with their points of view

Which of the following "common sense" findings is actually TRUE

People tend to overestimate the extent to which others agree with their points of view.

Which of the following has been demonstrated in research?

People's attachment styles relate to the type of romantic relationships they have.

Walster et al. (1966) randomly matched student for a dance, the strongest predictor of couples who countinued to see eachother was

Physical Attractiveness

Cosmo is walking home on a busy downtown street when he notices a woman lying on the sidewalk who appears to have lost consciousness. which of the following obstacles to helping would best explain why he did not interpret the even as an emergency?

Pluralistic ignorance, or Diffusion of responsibility

The ABC's of social psychology are affect, behavior, and cognition. Put the three major concepts of Chapter 5 in this ABC order by considering whether they correspond to affect, behavior, or cognition.

Prejudice, discrimination, stereotyping

Which of the following concerning process loss is false?

Process loss is restricted to disjunctive tasks.

Which of the following is an embodiment effect in social perception?

Rating a target as having a warm personality while holding a cup of hot tea.

Kevin asks Winnie to drive him to the airport. though Winnie doesn't really want to, she agrees because Kevin loaned her money last week. Winnie agreed to help because of the norm...

Reciprocity

All of the following are considered the basic components of a relationship except?

Reproductive compatibility

Carol determines that if she helps her co-worker with a report that it will take time that she was planning on using on her own project. However, she decides to offer her help because she believes her boss will be impressed and perhaps offer a raise. Carol is using the _____ approach to helping behavior

Rewards and punishment

Which of the following has not been demonstrated in research on role-playing?

Role-playing effects are stronger among those low in need for cognition than those high in need for cognition.

According to realistic conflict theory, prejudice and discrimination often follow from

SCARCE RESOURCES

Conchita has good relationships with her boyfriend and with her parents. She is also able to form caring and supportive friendships. Conchita probably has a(n)

Secure Attachment Style

Vernell is being interviewed for a job. Though it isn't really true, the interviewer suspects that Vernell is incompetent. Because the interviewer doesn't expect much from Vernell, he sits far away from her during the interview, interrupts her frequently, and seems distracted when she speaks. As a result, Vernell becomes nervous, starts to stutter, and loses her train of thought several times. The interviewer's final impression is that Vernell is, as he suspected, incompetent. This impression is most likely the result of a _________-______________ _______________.

Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

When she first joined the Army, Stephanie was not entirely sure she would like it, but was excited about the thought of traveling around the world. By the end of the grueling basic training program, she absolutely loved Army life and was totally committed to it, despite the fact that she had been stationed in New Jersey. Stephanie's attitude toward the Army is most likely the result of

Self-monitoring

Sam hates Celine Dion with a passion. One day he meets Celine at a party. She tries to win him over by giving him her new CD. In which of the following scenarios would Sam's attitudes towards Celine be most likely to change after hearing the CD?

She offers him a coupon for 10% off his next dry cleaning order in exchange for listening to it.

Sociologists vs social psychologists

Sociologists tend to study societal level variables, whereas social psychologists focus on more specific and immediate variables Social psychology studies human behavior at the level of the individual, whereas sociology studies human behavior at the group level Social psychologists and sociologists often study the same issues and publish in the same journals

sociologists vs social psychologists

To examine the relationship between economic conditions and violence, Gunther compares the murder rates for counties with different median incomes. Gunther's research best characterizes what field of study?

Sociology

Bridgette thinks short people are lazy and Barbara refuses to let short people join her book club. Bridgette is exhibiting _____, whereas Barbara is exhibiting _____.

Stereotyping; discrimination

According to correspondent inference theory, in which of the following situations would a personal attribution be most appropriate?

Steve, a world-renowned playboy, joins a monastery and takes a vow of celibacy.

Which of the following statements concerning the relationship between competition and prejudice is false?

Superordinate goals help diffuse conflict between children, but not adults.

High fear messages motivate attitude change when they contain strong arguments and instructions on how to avoid the threatened danger.

TRUE

Which historical event sparked great interest in and gave shape to the field of social psychology?

The Nazi Holocaust during World War II

Cottrell et al. (1968) found that dominant responses were no more frequent among people working in the presence of blindfolded others than among people working alone. This finding is consistent with which theory of social facilitation?

The evaluation apprehension theory.

the bystander effect refers to the tendency for...

a greater number of bystanders to reduce the probability that a victim will receive help.

Which of the following is consistent with the mere exposure effect?

The more we see someone, the greater the attraction.

Random assignment

The procedure used to ensure that research participants have an equal chance of being placed in either the experimental or control group in an experiment

Which of the following is not identified by your textbook as an influential factor in today's social psychology?

The split between "red" and "blue" states in the U.S.

Which of the following theories suggests that intentions to perform a behavior are best predicted by attitudes toward the behavior, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control?

Theory of planned behavior

Two people are placed in a room and are provoked to behave aggressively toward one another. Which of the following is most likely to happen if there is a weapon in the room?

There is a greater likelihood that they will behave aggressively toward one another than if there was no weapon.

Which of the following statements about conceptual variables is false?

There is usually only one way to operationally define them.

Which of the following statements regarding recent advances in behavioral genetics is false?

These developments are of interest to clinical but not social psychologists.

Which of the following statements about ironic processes of mental self-control is false?

They happen more among individuals who are low in stress.

All of the following are true of physically attractive individuals except

They have higher self-esteem

Recall Muzafer Sherif's research with two groups of 11-year-old boys camping at Robber's Cave (the "Eagles" and the "Rattlers"). The groups were fiercely competitive for several weeks. What triggered a peaceful reconciliation? That is, how was their animosity finally brought to an end?

They were put in a situation where they needed to cooperate in order to achieve a superordinate goal.

Blaine works in a factory producing car stereos. He notices that workers produce more stereos by the end of the day when they work together in the same room than when they work in separate rooms. His observation is consistent with a classic study conducted by which of the following classic researchers?

Triplett

Tristan had to choose between two potential mates, Charlie and Ryan, on the final episode of the original The Bachelorette. In the end, she chose Ryan. Several weeks later, a reporter interviewed Tristan about her feelings toward the two men. How will she mostly likely express her feelings at the time of the interview if she is trying to avoid post-decision dissonance?

Tristan suggests that she was impressed by his career ambitions at first, but has come to realize that Charlie's busy work schedule would have been an obstacle to a successful relationship.

It is University policy that the use of electronic devices (laptops, cell phones, etc.) is not permitted during class unless the instructor designates their use.

True

Based on the research of Todorov and others (2008), which facial expression will be perceived as most trustworthy?

U shaped mouth with raised eyebrows

People most often and easily differentiate each other based on the dimensions of _____________ vs. ______________.

Warm Cold

positively correlated

When decreases in one variable are accompained by decreases in another variable, the variables are discribed

Which of the following is the best example of a self-fulfilling prophecy?

When minority candidates perform more poorly in interviews because interviewers act on their expectations that these candidates are unprepared

Which of the following best reflects the benefits and cost of being attractive?

While attractiveness often brings a social advantage to attractive individuals, it can cause them to doubt the sincerity of others' praise for their work.

Shaniqua plans to use a self-report measure in which people indicate their agreement or disagreement with a list of statements. She is using

a Likert scale

Diffusion of responsibility can be reduced if

a bystander's training is relevant to the emergency at hand.

Three people in the same place at the same time, but not interacting with one another are best described as ....

a collective

A psychoanalyst believes that her patient's aggressive patterns of behavior are probably due to an unconscious impulse toward self- destruction. The psychoanalysts's thinking is most consistent with the concept of

a death instinct

the base-rate fallacy reflects

a failure to use consensus information

Research on stereotype threat suggests that under-performance by African-Americans in academic settings may be due to

a fear of confirming negative stereotypes of African-Americans.

Research on stereotype threat suggests that underperformance by Blacks in academic settings may be due to

a fear of confirming negative stereotypes of Blacks.

Herman remembers exactly what he was doing and where he was when he first heard about the September 11th terrorist attacks. Brown and Kulik (1977) would refer to this vivid image as

a flashbulb memory

Herman remembers exactly what he was doing and where he was when he first heard about the terrorist attacks. Brown and Kulik (1977) would refer to this vivid image as

a flashbulb memory

Which of the following would best represent the hot perspective in social psychology

a good can foster attitude change.

a self-fulfilling prophecy.

Samantha thinks that all social psychology professors are intelligent, attractive, and fabulously good dancers. This is an example of

a stereotype.

Many researchers maintain that there is a positive relationship between exposure to violent media and real-life aggressive behavior. The claim that exposure to violence actually causes an increase in aggression would be best supported by which of the following?

a study in which participants who are randomly assigned to play violent video games later administer greater levels of electric shock to a confederate then participants who are assigned to play neutral games.

Pinel and colleagues (2006) refer to "I-sharing" as an important form of similarity whereby individuals share ______________________.

a subjective experience

The cocktail party effect refers to the tendency for people to hear their own ____________________, even from across a crowded room.

name

Using your syllabus, select the items that are TRUE about exams.

a. There will be a total of 4 exams this semester, including the final. c.The final exam is cumulative. d. The final exam cannot be made up or rescheduled. e. Exams can include multiple choice or short-answer items. g. Make-up exams will be entirely essay format.

Which of the following is not one of the emotions a person is likely to feel after being ostracized?

acceptance

An attitude that is brought to mind quickly and easily is said to be

accessible

Deindividuation is more likely when

accountability for behavior is low.

Deindividuation is more likely when

accountability for behavior is low.

All of the following could be categorized as sources of "raw data" for social perception except

accounts given by others about a person.

The research of Lee Jussim (2012) suggests that teachers' impressions of their students are

accurate and predict student performance without influencing it.

Justin falls asleep during a movie that he has been waiting all week to see. if he relies on self-perception to determine his feelings about the movie, he will most likely decide that

b. he found the movie to be quite boring

Causation cannot be inferred from correlatonal studies because

b. they do not involve the manipulation of variables

Research by Zebrowitz and her colleagues on facial appearance has shown that people who have ________________ faces tend to be perceived as warm.

baby

In preparation for an interview, Martin Seligman described the state of psychology today in all of the following ways EXCEPT

bad

Minimal groups are groups

based on trivial, often arbitrary, distinctions

One form of violence that seems to be fairly consistent across cultures is _________________.

bullying

Bonnie dislikes all lawyers. This is an example of ________________.

prejudice

Imagine that Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) ran a follow-up to their classic peg-turning study. In this new version, participants are either paid $10 to lie to the next participant (actually a confederate) or are given no choice and forced to lie by being told that failure to do so will result in a loss of any course credit that was to be earned for having participated in the study. The most likely results of this new experiment would be that participants who are given no choice and forced to lie (through the threat of no course credit) would _______ than participants in the $10 condition

be less likely to agree to lie to the confederate

Following group discussion, group decisions tend to ____ the positions of the individuals comprising the group.

be more extreme than

The finding that infants spend more time looking at attractive, as compared to unattractive, faces supports the hypothesis that _______________.

beauty is objective

the finding that infants spend more time looking at attractive, as compared to unattractive, faces supports the hypothesis that...

beauty is objective

Todd considered to have a baby face, and Martin, viewed as having more mature features, are both being interviewed for the same position in a bank. which og the following is the most probable outcome?

because of his more mature features, Martin will be recommended for the position

todd considered to have a baby face, and martin, viewed as having more mature features are both being interviewed for the same position in a bank. which of the following is the most probable outcome?

because of his more mature features, martin will be recommende for the position

Sears (1593) showed that children who are physically punished for aggressive behavior

become more aggressive, especially outside the home

Sid is mildly attracted to Nancy. If his parents forbid him to see Nancy, Sid is likely to __________________________.

become more attracted to Nancy

Sid is mildly attracted to Nancy. If his parents forbid him to see Nancy, Sid is likely to...

become more attracted to Nancy

kelleys covariance theory of attribution suggests that in trying to discern personal characteristics from behavioral evidence, people

behave like scientists and engage in informal experiments

Kelley's theory of attribution suggests that, in trying to discern personal characteristics from behavioral evidence, people

behave like scientists and engage in informal experiments.

Which of the following psychological processes best explains why it is that people sometimes react to news of a natural disaster or violent crime with something less than full sympathy on behalf of the victims?

belief in a just world

the tendency to think that most victims of hurricane katrina were irresponsible and naive for not evacuating their homes before the storm hits is most likely to result from which of the following tendencies?

belief in a just world

A football coach who clings to old strategies that are ineffective a lawyer who selects juries according to false stereotypes, and a political leader who does not withdraw support for a failing program are all exhibiting

belief perseverance

a football coach who clings to old strategies that are ineffective a lawyer who selects juries according to false stereotypes, and a political leader who does not withdraw support for a failing program are all exhibiting

belief perseverance

A baseball manager who clings to old strategies that are ineffective, a lawyer who selects juries according to false stereotypes, and a political leader who does not withdraw support for a failing program are all exhibiting

belief perseverance.

Informational influence occurs primarily because people

believe that others are correct in their judgments

Affectionate feelings towards women based on the belief that women need protection are referred to as _______________ sexism.

benevolent

Affectionate feelings towards women based on the belief that women need protection are referred to as

benevolent sexism

Denrell's (2005) explanation for the persistence of negative first impressions is that when we meet someone and do not like them, we tend to reduce the opportunity for future interaction, which allows the first impression to remain stable and relatively crystallized. This notion is called

biased experience sampling.

Jacqueline, an attitude researcher, is interested in how people feel about alcohol. She would be well-advised to use a

bogus pipeline because it is not as susceptible to social desirability effects.

Self-report measures and observational measures are similar in that both

can be influenced by desirability concerns.

Research on social influence in virtual groups shows that they

can be quite influential even when they are remote.

Cross-cultural research indicates that cognitive dissonance

can be seen across cultures, but emerges in different situations in different cultures

Cross-cultural studies by Carl Faulk, and colleagues (2009), in which self-rating by canadian and japanese participants were compared, indicated that

canadian participants endorsed more positive traits about the self that did japanese participants

Relative to experimental studies, the primary disadvantage of correlation studies is that __________________.

cause and effect cannot be determined with them.

Negative information about a target

causes electrical activity in different areas of the brain than positive or neutral information.

Self validation hypothesis

central route not only elaborate on persuasive communication w pos or neg attitude relevant thoughts- seek to assess the validity of these thoughts

While watching the presidential debate on television, Matilda critically evaluated the arguments made by each candidate and was persuaded to support a particular candidate because of the quality of her arguments. Matilda exhibited

central route persuasion.

Traits that suggest the presence of other traits and that exert a powerful influence on final impressions are called ___________ _____________.

central traits

Traits that suggest the presence of other traits and that exert a powerful influence on final impressions are called ____________________.

central traits

The tendency to unconsciously mimic the nonverbal behavior of others is called the _____________ _____________.

chameleon effect;behavioral mimicry

People's spontaneous self-descriptions are most likely to include

characteristics that set them apart from others in the immediate vicinity

Some researchers are planning to go around the world and put participants in a version of the Asch study in which they are asked to make judgments about the lengths of lines. Cross-cultural research suggests that the least amount of conformity should be observed in cultures

characterized by financial independence and prosperity.

Marilyn is interested in whether schizophrenic individuals tend to interpret verbal feedback from others as negative even if it is positive. It might be said that Marilyn is doing research at the intersection of social psychology and

clinical psychology

The "ABCs of the self" refer to affect, behavior, and cognition. Which of the "ABCs of the self" is most relevant to the idea of the self-concept?

cognition

Which of the "ABCs of the self" is most relevant to the idea of the self-concept?

cognition

A unpleasant psychological state often aroused when people hold two conflicting cognition's is called

cognitive dissonance

Marge believes rather strongly that more money should be devoted to environmental concerns. However, she is agitated because she just signed a petition for a friend advocating the logging of a local forest in order to create new jobs. She then seems to soften her stance about the environment. This is best explained by

cognitive dissonance theory.

An unpleasant psychological state often aroused when people hold two conflicting cognitions is called

cognitive dissonance.

John, George, Paul, and Richard are air traffic controllers. They encounter a stressful, anxious situation in which two planes might soon collide. Which condition would most encourage this group of air traffic controllers to display groupthink when pondering their next step?

cohesive group

Cosmo is convinced that his accountant is a drug addict. To determine whether he is correct, Cosmo asks his friends if the accountant sniffs a lot, uses slang when he speaks, or frequently excuses himself to use the men's room-three behaviors Cosmo believes are characteristic of drug addicts. Cosmo's methods illustrate ________________________.

confirmatory hypothesis testin

Individuals from Eastern cultures are more likely than those from Western cultures to

conform to a public norm

A half dozen high school students are going to a concert. Chantal wants to wear a new colorful outfit that she just received as a gift, but she assumes that her five friends will all be wearing nothing but black leather. Chantal decides to do likewise, and leaves her colorful outfit in the closet. Chantal's behavior is an example of

conformity

The tendency to alter perceptions, opinions, and behavior in ways that are consistent with group norms is called

conformity

The tendency to alter thoughts, feelings, and behavior in ways that are consistent with group is called

conformity

The tendency to alter thoughts, feelings, and behavior in ways that are consistent with group norms is called

conformity

A factor other than the independent variable that varies between conditions of an experiment is a

confound

When _____ is low, it is difficult for the perceiver to attribute behavior to either the person or the stimulus; instead, the best that can be said is that the behavior was caused by transient circumstances.

consistency

In principle, the purpose of random sampling is to make sure that research participants

constitute a representative sample from the population of interest

One way to increase the accuracy of self-report measures of attitudes is to

convince respondents that any deception can be detected

Teddy wants everyone in her department to do well. Jerry wants to make sure he does better than everyone else in his department. Teddy has a(n) ____ social value orientation, while Jerry has a(n) ____ social value orientation.

cooperative; competitive

Consider the prisoner's dilemma. You will receive the worst possible outcome in such a scenario if you decide to be ____ and your partner decides to be ____.

cooperative; selfish

"If only i hadn't called brian when i was in a bad mood" whines jenny, "maybe we wouldnt have had that fight and broken up" jennys statement most clearly reflects

counter-factual thinking

"if only i hadn't called brian when i was in a bad mood" whines jenny, "maybe we wouldnt have had that fight and broken up" jennys statement most clearly reflects

counter-factual thinking

Britney wonders if she would have been happier had she married Justin instead of Kevin. This illustrates

counterfactual thinking.

If it is important for your group to overcome biased information sampling in a decision-making task, what goal should your group's leader focus on?

critical discussion and delay of consensus

Which of the following traits would produce the most extreme impression of a target?

cruelty

Nikki, who watches a lot of violent television shows as well as horror movies, thinks that the world is much more violent than it really is. Her overestimate is likely to be due to ___________________.

cultivation

A Young boy is an avid Mets fan. He reads the statistics for the team in the newspaper every day and goes to SHea Stadium a couple of times each summer to see the Mets play. After the Mets have a particularly bad losing streak, the boy decides that he also likes the Yankees and starts to root for them. This is an example of

cutting off reflected failure

Research using new technologies has determined that _________________________.

different areas of the brain are activated when people are shown photos of themselves as opposed to photos of others.

Operational definitions:

define concepts in terms of how they will be measured.

According to self-discrepancy theory, experiencing negative emotions. such as anxiety or depression, is often caused by the

degree of incongruity among the actual, ought, and ideal selves.

The fact that many assaults are committed by people wearing disguises—and that these disguised assaults are often the most vicious ones—illustrates the concept of

deindividuation.

In Meeks and Rainmaker's study of obedience, the equivalent of Milgram's electrical shocks was

delivering harassing remarks to a job candidate.

Hugh is a participant in a research study and is asked to evaluate a series of photographs of models from fashion magazines. When he is then asked to rate the physical attractiveness of his own girlfriend, he is likely to ________________.

demonstrate a contrast effect and rate her as less attractive than he ordinarily would

Bandura's (1961) study of aggressive behavior in children...

demonstrated that children will follow an adult model's lead in terms of degree and nature of aggression demonstrated.

The primary goal of using correlational research is to

determine the nature and strength of the association between two measured variables.

On his way from work, Orin nearly collided head-on with another car. After swerving out of the way at the last minute. Orin could feel his heart racing and his hands shaking. A few minutes later he arrived home and just as he walked in, received a phone call from a salesperson. Orin then became verbally abusive toward the salesperson. This outcome is most consistent with the concept of

excitation transfer

The actor-observer effect refers to the tendency to

explain other people's actions in dispositional terms while viewing personal behavior as situationally determined.

A hypothesis is a(n)

explicit testable prediction about the conditions under which an event will occur.

When asked to clean his room, Miguel does so, but only after being assured by his parents that he will receive an allowance in exchange for cleaning up. Miguel's behavior is most likely motivated by

extrinsic motivation

Social perceivers are most likely to agree in their judgments of which of the following traits?

extroversion

Sam Gosling (2008) found that social perceivers often form impressions of people based on all of the following

facebook pages pitch of their voice objects found in their office

Hassin and Trope's (2000) study of physiognomy found that participants assigned traits to others based on their

facial features

The concepts of ostracism and conformity are related in that

failure to conform can lead to ostracism.

According to gilberts cognitive busyness explanation for errors in attribution, dispositional attributions result from

failure to correct our initial attribution for behavior

according to gilberts cognitive busyness explanation for errors in attribution, dispositional attributions result from

failure to correct our initial attribution for behavior

The base-rate fallacy reflects

failure to use consensus information

The human mind appears to be innately programmed to think about people as individuals, rather than to engage in social categorization (by clumping people into social groups).

false

Normative influence tends to occur primarily when people ____________________________.

fear the negative social consequences of appearing deviant

Arianna notices that her neighbor's house is on fire. according to the arousal: cost-reward model, her reaction should be...

feelings of personal distress

Hoshino-Browne and colleagues' (2005) post-decision dissonance experiment found that Japanese participants

felt dissonance when making a decision for a friend rather than themselves.

When comparing social psychology to sociology, a major difference is the

focus on the individual or the group.

The nature of Milgram's obedience research paradigm exploited which compliance-induction strategy?

foot in the door technique

Priming refers to the tendency

for recently used concepts to come to mind easily and influence the interpretation of new information

priming refers to the tendency

for recently used concepts to come to mind easily and influence the interpretation of new information

a targets "gaze disengagement" tends to lead perceivers to

form a negative impression of a target

A target's "gaze disengagement" tends to lead perceivers to

form a negative impression of a target.

Social categorization is advantageous because it

frees up cognitive resources

According to the looking-glass model of self-concept development, the self-concept develops

from the way one is viewed by others

Tendency to underestimate situational influences on others behaviors and to overestimate dispositional influences in known as the

fundamental attribution error

Which of the following statements concerning correlational research is true?

in correlational research, variables are measured, but not manipulated

Groupthink is more likely to occur....

in highly cohesive groups

As compared to conformity, compliance occurs

in response to a direct request

Research suggests that self-disclosure reciprocity is more important

in the early stages of a relationship

All of the following result from social categorization expect

increased tendency to notice behaviors inconsistent with group stereotype

A multi-method approach to the study of social psychological phenomena is advantageous because it

increases confidence in the research findings.

Which of the following is not considered one of the three forms of social influence discussed in this chapter?

independence

When comparing social psychology to sociology, a major difference is the focus on _____________ over groups.

individuals

Social psychology is primarily concerned with the ways in which

individuals think, feel, and behave with regard to others

According to self-perception theory, when people are uncertain about their thoughts or feelings regarding an activity, they will

infer their thoughts and feelings regarding that activity from their behavior

As social perceivers, people's impressions of others are

influenced by the physical appearance of a person

_______ __________ theory combines the personal dispositions of the perceiver with a weighted average of the target person's characteristics.

information integration

The idea that impressions are based on a perceiver's disposition to form certain impressions and a weighted average of the target person's characteristics is most consistent with

information integration theory

Biased sampling in groups is the process whereby ___________________________.

information that is known by many group members tends to enter into the discussion more than information known only by a few

Biased sampling in groups is the process whereby

information that is known by many group members tends to enter into the discussion more than information known only by a few.

Joanie and Chachi have just started to attend church. Joanie pays attention to when the rest of the congregation sits and stands because she wants to be sure to stand and sit at the appropriate times. Chachi stands up and sits down when the rest of the congregation does because if he doesn't the elderly couple across the aisle scowl at him. Joanie has conformed because of _____, whereas Chachi has conformed because of _____

informational influence; normative influence

Because no one else seems concerned about the welfare of the man lying down on the sidewalk, Mo steps over him as well, figuring that he is simply drunk or asleep and not in need of emergency assistance. Mo's behavior is an example of

informational social influence

People tend to perceive their ingroup as relatively homogenous when the ingroup

is being threatened by an outgroup

Groups to which the self belongs are called _____

ingroups

Groups to which the self belongs are called _____, and groups to which the self does not belong are called the

ingroups, outgroups

Groups to which the self belongs are called _____, and groups to which the self does not belong are called _____.

ingroups; outgroups

Both Freud and Lorenz argued that aggression is

instinctual behavior

Of the following, the frustration-aggression hypothesis would probably be least effective as an explanation for

instrumental aggression

Rex belittles Pyeton's abilities in interviews with the media and spreads rumors about him in the hope that doing so will disrupt Peyton's fragile psyche and lead him to play poorly in the championship game. Rex's behavior illustrates

instrumental aggression

A condition in which people refrain from engaging in a desirable activity, even though only mild punishment is threatened, is called

insufficient deterrence

According to cognitive dissonance theory, people are most likely to change their attitudes when they have _____ justification for an attitude-discrepant behavior.

insufficient external

The defining characteristics of aggression is that the aggressor

intends to injure another living being

the defining characteristic of aggression is that the aggressor.....

intends to injure another living being

Measuring attitudes by assessing physiological arousal tends to identify the _____ but not the _____ of the attitude

intensity; direction

Jomei feels that he cannot be happy if his family is not happy. Jomei has an _____ view of self.

interdependent

Realistic conflict theory proposes that

intergroup hostility arises from competition among groups for scarce but valued resources

A confound is a threat to _________ validity

internal

A confirmation bias refers to people's tendency to

interpret, seek, and create information in ways that support existing beliefs

while on an airplane, john completes a crossword puzzle in which interrupt, rude, and blunt are all answers. after landing john gets in line to speak to someone at the ticket counter, but the ticket agent does not notice him because he is too busy talking with another employee. research on priming suggests that john will be likely to

interrupt the ticket agent to ask his question

While on an airplane, John completes a crossword puzzle in which interrupt, rude, and blunt are all answers. After landing, John gets in line to speak to someone at the ticket counter, but the ticket agent does not notice him because he is too busy talking with another employee. Research on priming suggests that John will be likely to

interrupt the ticket agent to ask his question.

Dara loves to paint in her spare time. Painting is an enjoyable activity for her. Her desire is explained by

intrinsic motivation

The process of reflecting on your own inner thoughts and feelings in order to gain self-knowledge is called

introspection

In comparison to obedience and compliance, conformity

involves less direct pressure from others

Schachter's two-factor theory of emotion proposes that emotional experience

is based on physiological arousal and a cognitive label for that arousal

The two factor theory of emotion proposes that emotional experience

is based on physiological arousal and a cognitive label for that arousal

Everyone you know seems to love the TV show The Apprentice. You're a huge fan of reality TV as well, as you never miss an episode of The Amazing Race, American Idol, or Project Runway. But every time you watch The Apprentice, you have the same reaction: you hate it with a passion. According to Kelley's (1967) covariation theory of attribution, your dislike of this show would be

low in consensus, high in distinctiveness, and high in consistency.

Better performance by an individual on difficult tasks in the presence of others can be encouraged the most when the individual's arousal level is ____ and evaluation pressure on the individual is ____.

low, low

Compared to high self-monitors, low self-monitors are more likely to

maintain consistency in behavior

Mark refuses to give money to a beggar because he believes that the beggar is lazy and refuses to work for a living. Mark is

making a dispositional attribution for the beggar's need

In an experiment, the independent variable is _____ while the dependent variable is _______

manipulated, measured

One major difference between research in social psychology versus research in other fields such as chemistry is that

many people have common sense intuitions about the questions that social psychologists study empirically.

In the aftermath of the Amadou Diallo shooting, several psychologists have investigated the influence that a suspect's race might play in police decisions to shoot or not shoot. The results of these studies suggest that

mere awareness of racial stereotypes is enough to influence police behavior, even if the officers do not endorse these stereotypes

Imagine that you are grading the exams of two students, Michael and Fredo. They both get only half the questions correct. However, Michael gets most of his questions right on the first half of the test, whereas Fredo gets most of his questions right on the last half of the test. According to Asch's work on primacy effects in impression formation, you would be likely to conclude that

michael is smarter than fredo

Ireland and Pennebaker (2010) found evidence for

mimicry in use of language

The process by which people attribute humanlike mental states to various animate and inanimate objects is called

mind perception

The individual most likely to exhibit ingroup favoritism and outgroup derogation is a member of a _____ group who _____ with the group.

minority; strongly identifies

Conclusions regarding the accuracy of stereotypes are best described as _______________________.

mixed because some stereotypes seem to be based on completely inaccurate information whereas others seem to have a kernel of truth

a form of prejudice that surfaces in subtle ways when it is safe, socially acceptable, and easy to rationalize is called

modern racism

According to the theory of social facilitation, the presence of others should lead to all except which outcome?

more carefully deliberated behavior

The finding that people often help similar other can be explained by the tendency to

more easily empathize with such individuals.

Research on deindividuation suggests that when people are part of the crowd, they become

more likely to act in an impulsive and deviant manner

System-justifying beliefs are

more likely to be held by groups in power.

Now that Berry knows she has to work with Barney on a project in their education class, she is

more likely to pay attention to his personal characteristics

People high in need for cognition are

more likely to process a message along the central route. like to work on hard problems, search for clues, make fine distinctions, and analyze situations

He desire to reduce cognitive uncertainty, which heightens the importance of first impressions, is called

need for closure

The desire to reduce cognitive uncertainty, which heightens the importance of first impressions, is called

need for closure

The trait negativity bias refers to the tendency for

negative trait information to have a greater impact on impression

Jorge watches his friend nina interacting with others and makes a situational attribution for her behavior. Jorge believes that

ninas behavior is best explained by the circumstances surrounding the encounter

jorge watches his friend nina interacting with others and makes a situational attribution for her behavior. Jorge believes that

ninas behavior is best explained by the circumstances surrounding the encounter

Miller (1984) examined the attributions of American and Indian participants and found that

no cultural differences emerged with young children, but among adults, Americans were more likely to make personal attributions, and Indians were more likely to make situational attributions.

When an audience member does not feel personally involved or invested in the topic of a persuasive message, she is likely to _____________________.

none of the above

Arguably, the most famous research in social psychology focused on the situational factors influencing obedience to authority and was conducted by

none of these

_______________ behavior communicates a person's feelings without words.

nonverbal

Behavior that communicates a person's feelings without words is called

nonverbal behavior

behavior that communicates a person's feelings without words is called

nonverbal behavior

In order to convince people to buy lunch from their restaurant in the food court, employees at the Chinese restaurant gave out free samples of chicken teriyaki to everyone who walked by. The restaurant employees are hoping to take advantage of the

norm of reciprocity

Joanie and Chachi have just started to attend church. Chachi stands up and sits down when the rest of the congregation does because if he doesn't the elderly couple across the aisle scowl at him. Chachi has conformed because of _____

normative

The rules, either implicit or explicit, established by groups to regulate the behavior of their members are called

norms

The fact that members of an organization who blow the whistle on problematic practices are often treated harshly by the rest of the group illustrates the power of group

norms

The "Quiz Show" study by Ross and colleagues found that in judging the general knowledge of the contestant and questioner,

observers and even contestants fell victim to the fundamental attribution error.

The fundamental attribution error may promote stereotypes because

observers see stereotype-consistent behavior as dispositional

Social psychological research is a necessary endeavor because our commonsense intuitions

often contradict each other

Research on age and stereotype suppression indicates that

older individuals have less success with stereotype suppression than younger individuals

a local community is committed to reducing violence among its residents. the community leaders have come up with four proposals whose potential success is to be evaluated by a social psychologist. according to social psychological research on aggression, which of the following proposals should be rejected because it would be the least likely to reduce violence?

opening to public viewing executions and other physical punishments of criminals

Negative feelings directed at others strictly because of their membership in a particular social category is called

prejudice

While traveling around the world, Teun shows various people pictures of men and women from his hometown who are smiling and frowning, and he asks these people to infer what emotions the individuals in the pictures are experiencing. According to the research on perceptions of primary emotions, Teun should find that

perceptions of the emotions are relatively consistent across most cultures.

When students think about why a given course is enjoyable or boring they often attribute the nature of the class to the professor rather than to the course content, the room or the time of day. this kind of attribution is most likely the result of

perceptual salience

when students think about why a given course is enjoyable or boring they often attribute the nature of the class to the professor rather than to the course content, the room or the time of day. this kind of attribution is most likely the result of

perceptual salience

Charice's boyfriend is late for their date. Charice believes this is because he is thoughtless and self-centered. Charice is making a(n)

personal attribution

Veronica is talking to her parents about her French professor and claims that he gave her a failing grade on her last paper because he is arrogant, cold, and indifferent to the progress of his students. Veronica is making a(n) ____________________.

personal attribution

According to the interactionist perspective, behavior is a result of the interaction between

personality and situations

The interaction between individual characteristics and situational constraints on the way people behave best reflects the intersection of

personality and social psychology.

By stressing both internal differences around individuals and differences among external situations, the interactionist perspective is an approach combining

personality psychology with social psychology

The process by which attitudes are changed is called

persuasion

Which means of persuasion is least obvious to a person who is unfamiliar with social psychology?

persuasion from within

A sleeper effect occurs when a

persuasive message from a non-credible source becomes more persuasive over time

According to Janis, all of the following are behavioral symptoms of groupthink except _______________________.

pessimism about what might happen

According to your textbook, the single best predictor of whether two people will get together is ____________________________.

physical proximity

according to your textbook, the single best predictor of whether two people will get together is?

physical proximity

A major difference between cognitive dissonance theory and self-perception theory involves the extent to which _____ is necessary in order to lead to self-persuasion and attitude change

physiological arousal

A major difference between cognitive dissonance theory and self-perception theory involves the extent to which __________ ___________ is necessary to lead to self-persuasion and attitude change.

physiological arousal

Prentice and Miller (1996) found that most college students overestimate how comfortable their peers are with alcohol on campus. This misperception is an example of

pluralistic ignorance

Stereotypes differ from prejudice and discrimination in that stereotypes concern

positive or negative beliefs about a social group

Rosenthal and Jacobson's (1968) study, Pygmalion in the Classroom, found that

positive teacher expectations influenced student performance.

Attitudes

positive, negative, or mixed reaction to a person, object, or idea expressed at some level of intensity varying in strength along both positive and negative dimensions.

The false-consensus effect is less likely to occur when

predicting the behavior of individuals in different cultures

the false-consensus effect is less likely to occur when

predicting the behavior of individuals in different cultures

Individuals with a strong social dominance orientation are least likely to ____________________.

prefer to live in an egalitarian society

Individuals with a strong social dominance orientation are least likely to

prefer to live in an egalitarian society.

alcohol contributes to sexual aggression by...

reducing aggression anxiety

The idea that people are more likely to be influenced by messages that match their frame of mind is known as

regulatory fit

Latrell is not satisfied with his $5 million annual salary because he feels that other basketball All-Stars are paid far more money. Latrell's dissatisfaction is most likely the result of

relative deprivation.

Andrew tends to view the behavior of others in gross units, whereas Angela tends to break others' behavior down into fine units. Andrew is more likely than Angela to

remember fewer details about the behavior

Research regarding perception of complex systems, such as sporting events, indicates that compared to people who break the event up into gross units, those who break the event up into fine units tend to

remember more details about the event

compared to non-hunters, hunters are more likely to....

resist the increase on aggression often referred to as the weapons effect

One potential problem with self-report measure is that

respondents might not respond truthfully

One potential problem with self-report measures is that

respondents might not respond truthfully

Higher levels of self-awareness often

result in a temporary reduction in self-esteem.

Prior to the championship basketball game, Jocelyn reminds everyone that she really isn't as good a player as everyone thinks, that their opponent has had an undefeated season, and that it is unlikely she and her teammates will triumph. Jocelyn is engaging in

sandbagging

Bernie considers intelligence to be an important part of his self-concept, and he feels that he is more intelligent than most other people. Bernie would be described as ____________ with respect to intelligence

schematic

Bernie considers intelligence to be an important part of his self-concept, and he feels that he is more intelligent than most other people. Bernie would be described as

schematic with respect to intelligence

Which of the following is NOT a way in which scripts influence social perception?

scripts allow people to discount their expectations

The ______ ______________ is the sum total of a person's beliefs concerning his or her own personal characteristics

self-concept

Which of the following statements is not consistent with Muraven and Baumeister's (2000) theory of self-control?

self-control is a limited inner resource that can be temporarily depleted

Alex changes his behavior in response to self-presentation concerns and various situations, exhibiting a high of

self-monitoring

The basic prediction of ________ theory is that attitude change occurs when people infer how they feel by observing their own behavior.

self-perception

Marcia is unsure about whether Jan is her best friend. She thinks about how many times she has listened to Jan complain about her boyfriend, helped Jan study for difficult exams, and brought soup to Jan when she was sick. Marcia realizes that she speaks to Jan almost every night. After thinking about all this, Marcia concludes that Jan must be her best friend. This conclusion is based on a process described by

self-perception theory

The idea that we infer our own attitudes by coolly observing ourselves and the circumstances of our behavior is most consistent with

self-perception theory

Erving Goffman (1959) argued that life was much like a theater and that people act out various roles. Goffman's ideas are clearly evident in the social psychological study of _________________.

self-presentation.

Yulia stands in front of a mirror. She notices a red spot on the forehead of the image she sees in the mirror. She then brings her hand up to her own forehead and touches the red spot, trying to brush it off. Yulia is demonstrating

self-recognition

The process by which we seek to control or alter our thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and urges is called

self-regulation

The most direct and straightforward way to assess an attitude is through the use of

self-report measures

The most direct and straightforward way to assess an attitude is through the use of ask people drawbacks- people dont always know opinions or havent thought about it, people lie

self-report measures

Beliefs about the self that guide the processing of self-relevant information are called

self-schemas

The desire for others to perceive us in the same way that we see ourselves is called

self-verification

Consider the prisoner's dilemma. You will receive the worst possible outcome in such a scenario if you decide to be_____ and your partner decides to be______?

selfish; cooperative

Forming subtypes for individuals who do not conform to a group stereotype

serves to protect the stereotype from change

Forming subtypes for individuals who do not conform to a group stereotype __________________________.

serves to protect the stereotype from change

Coach Valentine does not think that his team is playing up to its full potential. To increase the performance of the team, the coach should

set specific, challenging, and reachable goals for the team.

Prejudice and discrimination based on a persons gender, or institutional and cultural practices that promote the domination of one gender over another, are known as

sexism

The consumption of nonviolent pornography seems to lead to _______________________.

sexual aggression but not other types of aggression

Two neighboring high schools have been feuding since the annual football game ended in a tie. The principals of the schools decide that the tension may subside if the two schools participate in joint activities, such as assemblies that would allow the students to hear a local band. The strategy is likely to be ineffective, however, because the

students at the two schools are unlikely to have personal contact.

A group of students is discussing whether same-sex couples should be allowed to marry. The students begin the discussion with opinions that are somewhat in favor of gay marriage. If group polarization occurs ____________________.

students will be more strongly supportive of gay marriage after the discussion

students will be more strongly supportive of gay marriage after the discussion.

Mel criticized the field of social psychology during the 1960s and 1970s. It is likely that Mel despaired about the inability of social psychological researchers to do all of the following except

suggest possible solutions to everyday social concerns

The term self-concept refers to the

sum total of a person's beliefs concerning his or her own personal characteristics

Aronson's jigsaw classroom work is similar to Sherif's Robbers Cave experiment because both illustrated how

superordinate goals can reduce prejudice

Latrell, the editor of a popular sports magazine, would like to know more about the demographics of the magazine's readers. He designs a questionnaire to assess this information and sends it to a random sample of the magazine's readers. Latrell is conducting a(n) ____________________________.

survey.

One important similarity between the foot-in-the-door technique and the door-in-the-face technique is that they both

take advantage of people's desire to avoid cognitive dissonance

The study of social perception involves consideration of how one individual (X) makes judgments about another individual (Y). The individual making judgments is referred to as the perceiver, while the individual being judged is referred to as the _______________.

target

Karen is in a work group in which everyone is excited about the job. They are bringing high-speed Internet to low-income neighborhoods, and every single coworker she has feels the task is exciting, inspirational, and world-changing. Karen's work group has high ____ cohesion.

task

Through they had been all together on the transcontinental flight for three hours, the passengers didn't start to talk to one another until the plane ran into some serious turbulence. this behavior is best explained by the....

tendency for external threats to increase affiliation

The theory that humans cope with the fear of their own deaths by constructing worldviews that help preserve their self-esteem is called

terror management theory

A hypothesis provides a means of _______ a theory

testing

A hypothesis provides a means to ________ a theory

testing

One reason that people often react negatively to recieving help is

that it obligates them to the helper.

Kuo's 1939 study of domestic cats demonstrated

that while aggression may be partly biological, learning is also involved.

Which historical event sparked the great interest in and gave shape to the field of social psychology?

the Nazi holocaust during WWII

Viviane lives in an ethnically diverse community. She is attending a PTA meeting concerning how to provide a complete and fair history curriculum. It is likely that

the PTA will come up with more creative solutions than will PTAs in ethnically homogenous communities.

The actor-observer bias is reduced when

the actor and observer switch perspectives with each other

the actor-observer bias is reduced when

the actor and observer switch perspectives with each other

Mara pays close attention to the quality of the speaker's arguments in making up her mind on an issue. She is demonstrating

the central route to persuasion

The tendency to unconsciously mimic the nonverbal behavior of others is called

the chameleon effect

In one of the earliest social psychological experiments, Triplett (1898) had children wind fishing reels quickly as they could. He found that...

the children were faster when working next to another child rather and alone.

According to the two factor theory of emotion, social context MOST directly affects

the cognitive interpretation of emotion

Esteban's work group has been assigned a new project by management. Before deciding how much effort to exert on this new assignment, Esteban considers how important the group goals are to him and whether his input will help the group reach its goals. Esteban's thinking is most consistent with _______________________.

the collective effort mode

The idea that, under certain conditions, direct contact between hostile groups can reduce prejudice is most consistent with

the contact hypothesis

Maureen was abused as a child. she is now married to a man who abuses her and she is physically abusive toward her child. this pattern of behavior is consistent with...

the cycle of family violence

Sleeper effects can be reduced by reminding people that the source of a persuasive message was not credible. This supports which explanation of sleeper effects?

the discounting cue hypothesis

Jamie wants an extra day to write a paper for class. Jamie first asks the professor for one-week extension for the paper assignment. The professor refuses. Jamie then asks for one-day extension. The professor agrees. Jamie's behavior best illustrates

the door-in-the-face technique

_______ is referred to as when a group increases its commitment to a failing course of action in order to justify previous investments.

the escalation effect

Abigail loves her social psych class and thinks that most of the other students in the class love it as well..is in the same class and absolutely hates it. Lily is thoroughly convinced that most of the other students also dislike it. these distorted perceptions are an example of

the false-concensus effect

Abigail loves her social psychology class and thinks that most of the other students in the class love it as well. Lily is in the same class and absolutely hates it. Lily is thoroughly convinced that most of the other students also dislike it. These distorted perceptions are an example of

the false-consensus effect

abigail loves her social psychology class and thinks that most of the other students in the class love it as well. Lily is in the same class and absolutely hates it. Lily is thouroughly convinced that most of the other students also dislike it. these distorted perceptions are an example of

the false-consensus effect

One explanation for the primacy effect is that

the meaning of information obtained later is often altered to fit with earlier impressions.

As he was about to enter the mall, Evan was approached by someone and asked to wear a small green ribbon on his shirt to show his support for the "Save the Squirrels" campaign. Evan wasn't quite sure that squirrels were actually endangered, but he agreed to wear the ribbon. A week later, Evan was approached again and asked to contribute $10 to help save the squirrels. Though he would have rather spent his money elsewhere, he agreed. Evan has been the victim of

the foot-in-the-door technique

Ringelmann and Triplett are best labeled as

the founders of social psychology

When the saleswoman doesn't reply to his "hello," Mario concludes that she is simply a cold person. Yet the next day when Mario doesn't reply to the saleswoman who greets him, he realizes that he is just having a bad day. These differing attributional tendencies illustrate

the fundamental attribution error

you hear tiger woods doing a radio commercial for buick. even though you know that woods did not write the commercial himself, was paid to provide the voice-over for the commercial, and probably doesnt drive a buick in real life you still think that at some level, at least, woods must really like buicks. this is an example of

the fundamental attribution error

While outside enjoying the sunshine, Claudia happily gives directions to a lost tourist. Claudia's willingness to help a stranger is most likely due to

the good mood effect

During a discussion with some friends just prior to a school election, Sandra states that she is cer... devastated for months if she isn't elected class president. this is an example of

the impact bias

"founders of social psych" Norman Triplett and Max Ringleman both did research examining

the impact of the presenxe of others on performance

From a social psychological perspective, the cocktail party effect illustrates

the importance of the self when it comes to attentional processes

Which of the following is an essential requirement for stereotype threat to occur?

the individual in question must be aware of negative stereotypes about his or her group

Research demonstrates that exposure to weak versions of a persuasive argument tends to increase later resistance to that argument. This is consistent with

the inoculation hypothesis.

Social neuroscience is best described as the study of

the interaction of social and neural processes

Public opinion pollsters, in trying to assess attitudes about particular subjects, have become aware that attitude responses seem to be affected by all of the factors below except _______________________.

the length of the questionnaire

In trying to assess attitudes about particular subjects, public opinion pollsters have become aware that attitude responses seem to be affected by all of the factors below except

the length of the questionnaire.

Research on situational factors that influence helping demonstrates that...

the lower the overall population, the more likely people are to help

The process by which a person is persuaded by cues in the persuasion context rather than thinking critically about the content of a persuasive message is called

the peripheral route to persuasion

The process by which a person is persuaded by cues in the persuasion context rather than thinking critically about the content of persuasive message is called

the peripheral route to persuasion

The process by which a person is persuaded by cues is the persuasion context rather than thinking critically about the content of a persuasive message is called

the peripheral route to persuasion

Eric does not really know how to answer the essay question about cognitive dissonance on his social psychology exam. He decides to write as many facts as he knows about the topic of attitudes in his bluebook, hoping that the professor will not read the exams too closely and will be impressed enough by the length of his essay to give him a good score. Eric is hoping to take advantage of

the peripheral route to persuasion.

Once during a hospital visit you observed a man and a woman both earing green surgical scrubs, talking about a patiend. you assumed the man was a physician and the woman was a nurse. later, you found out the opposite was true. what type of error most likely contributed to your initial impression of the two individuals

the representativeness heuristic

once during a hospital visit you observed a man and a woman both earing green surgical scrubs, talking about a patiend. you assumed the man was a physician and the woman was a nurse. later, you found out the opposite was true. what type of error most likely contributed to your initial impression of the two individuals

the representativeness heuristic

Scripts are often culture-specific. This means that

the same behaviors may be perceived very differently in different cultures

The idea that minority influence works in the same way that majority influence is most consistent with

the single process approach

Implicit Association Tests (IATs) can detect implicit attitudes by measuring

the speed at which participants associate stimuli with a positive or negative word.

Which of the following is NOT identified by your textbook as an influencial factor in today's social psychology?

the split between "red" and "blue" states in the U.S.

The study of social perception addresses all of the following EXCEPT

the strategies people used to create a positive self-image

The term self-concept refers to

the sum total of a person's beliefs concerning his or her own personal characteristics.

When trying to close a car sale, Jerry often tries to sweeten the deal by telling the customer that he will throw in 6 free oil changes as well. This sales technique is best described as

the that's-not-all technique

Someone who argues that the preference for physically attractive partner is simply a function of wanting to have a health offspring probably endorses?

the theories of evolutionary psychology

Reena meets Rachael for the first time. Rachael is perceived as smart, funny, sociable, but rude. Although Reena perceived Rachael to have many positive qualities, her rudeness outweighed them, and Reena forms a negative impression of Rachael. This illustrates

the trait negativity bias

According to social role theory, gender differences in social behavior are the result of _________________.

the unequal gender-based division of labor

Much of the debate in social psychology during the period of "confidence and crisis" occurred in reaction to

the use of laboratory experiments

Participants in an experiment are asked to look at pictures of different infants and rate the attractiveness of each infant on a 10-point scale. The participants are tested in groups of three and indicate their ratings aloud. For almost all of the infants, the participants tend to give ratings similar to other group members. We can be most certain that their ratings represent private conformity rather than public conformity if

they give the same ratings alone as they do in the group.

Which of following is not a common attribute of theories in social psychology

they prelude the need for testing further hypothesises

group cohesiveness is decreased by?

threats from within the group

Kelly always remembers the information about family events, birthdays, finances, and so forth. Her spouse, Kirk, always remembers the information about world history, politics, news events, and so forth. Together, they are able to remember much more than they would alone because they have developed a(n) ____ system.

trans active memory

On his first day of class, professor Saccamano thinks he is nervous because is bp is up and his hands are shaking. he continues to feel this way, however, before every class meeting of the semester, and eventually realized that his arousal is due to the five flights of stairs he must climb up to the classroom. which theory best explains his misattribution?

two-factor theory of emotion

According to Markus and Kitayama (1991) people from a collevtivist cultures are more likely than individualist cultures to

underestimate their contribution to a team effort.

Although related to other fields, social psychology is distinct in that its emphasis is on

understanding the immediate situational factors that influence human behavior.

Automatic thinking is

unintentional and involuntary

automatic thinking is

unintentional and involuntary

People enhance their self-esteem in all of the following ways except

upward social comparison

When Gallup (1977) placed different species of animals in front of a mirror, it was only the great apes who

used their reflection in the mirror to groom themselves

Research on motivational biases suggests that if you are a people person, you will

value social skills more in leaders than if you are task-oriented

Attitudes are best understood as

varying in strength along both positive and negative dimensions.

April was born and raised in an eastern culture. she is more likely than people raised in Western cultures to

view relationships as an important part of her self-concept.

Deception is most likely to be detected by attending to which channel of communication (according to the textbook)?

voice pitch

Deception is most likely to be detected by attending to which channel of communication?

voice pitch

Research by Zebrowitz and her colleagues on facial appearance has shown that people who have baby-faced features tend to be perceived as

warm

Research by zebrowitz and her colleagues on facial appearance has shown that people who have baby-faced features tend to be perceived as

warm

research by zebrowitz and her colleagues on facial appearance has shown that people who have baby-faced features tend to be perceived as

warm

People most often and easily differentiate each other based on which of the following two dimensions

warm vs cold

People most often and easily differentiate each other based on which of the following two dimensions?

warm vs. cold

In research by Pryor and Merluzzi (1985), the script for a first date

was more easily recalled and organized by participants with extensive dating experience

Research on attractiveness and helping indicates that

we are more likely to help attractive people than unattractive people

research on attractiveness and helping indicates that....

we are more likely to help attractive people than unattractive people

One of the reasons that we are not very successful at detecting deception is because

we fail to attend to the nonverbal cues that actually signal deception

The belief that physically attarctive individuals also possess desirable personality characteristics is called the

what-is-beautiful-is-good stereotype

the belief that physically attractive individuals also possess desirable personality characteristics is called the...

what-is-beautiful-is-good-stereotype

Research suggest that negative moods tent to enhance helping

when helping is thought to improve a negative mood

Lindy is trying to decide whether or not Marisa's behavior is dispositional. If Lindy relies on correspondent inference theory, she would consider all of the following factors except

whether Marisa knew she was being observed during the behavior.

Vera thinks that having pets increases psychological functioning and well-being. to test this, one group of randomly selected nursing home residents is each given a pet while the second group is not. over two months their overall level of psychological functioning is evaluated on a daily basis, what is the independent variable in this study?

whether or not the residents received a pet

Physical appearance is extremely important to Adirana. when enters a beauty contest, she beats all but one of the other contestents and finishes in second place. however, the one contestant that beats her is her neighbor and arch-rival, Lisa. Research by Tesler (1988) suggests that adriana

will avoid future contact with Lisa in order to avoid further threats to her self-esteem

Physical appearance is extremely important to Adriana. When she enters a beauty contest, she beasts all but one of the other contestants and finishes in second place. However, the one contestant that beat her is her neighbor and arch-rival, Lisa. Research by Tesser suggests that Adriana

will avoid future contact with Lisa in order to avoid further threats to her self-esteem.

Schachter (1959) examined the preferences of participants who were expecting to receive a series of painful electric shocks. he found that these participants preferred to wait in a room

with participants who were also expecting shocks

According to theories regarding self-perception of emotions, what would be the likely effect of sitting at your desk slumped over in the chair with a bowed head

you would be likely to feel dejected

According to the social brain hypothesis, what would be an accurate prediction?

Human beings were not capable of complex social behavior prior to the evolutionary development of certain brain structures.

group

a set of individuals who interact over time and have shared fate, goals, or identity. Groups can be very different from the sum of their parts.

Roles

beneficial to a group if they are clear, but can create stress if they are unclear.

Three people in the same place at the same time who are working on a common activity but not interacting with one another are best described as a

FInalized Social Psychology quizlet for quiz and test 1

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