FIS 201 Exam 2 - Emailed Study Guide
list the tasks that anthropologists perform (in order).
1. Visual Detection 2. ground penetrating radar 3. cadaver dogs 4. metal detector 5.gound penetrometer
what % of alleles do siblings share?
50%
What are the two complementary strands in DNA?
A pairs T and G pairs C
what happens in the third step (control area) of immunoassays?
A second immobile antibody grabs the first and releases a dye
what is the presumptive test for urine
ALS and odor
How many DNA samples does CODIS have?
About 25 million
what are the nucleotides in DNA?
Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine
What happens in the first step of immunoassays?
Antibodies are exposed to antigens and dye
Who discovered PCR?
Kary Mullis
What test is known as McPhail's reagent? What is it used for?
Leucomalachite green, used for blood.
What is a locus?
Location of a gene on a chromosome
what test would confirm the identification of human blood?
OBT1/ Ouchterlony test
what detects saliva?
Phadebas, starch-iodine
what color does the Kastle-Meyer test turn when positive?
Pink
What is this a picture of?
STR electropherogram
What does PCR?
Technique to exponentially copy DNA fragments
what are the characteristics of a female's pelvis?
U-shaped subpubic angle, round inlet, and wide sciatic notch
what are the characteristics of a male's pelvis
V-shaped subpubic angle, narrow inlet, and sciatic notch
What is surface tension?
a measure of how hard it is to break the surface of a liquid
What is Hemastix? what color does it turn?
a pad is touched to a moistened stain, if blood is detected, it turns green-ish
what are immunoassays?
a procedure for detecting or measuring specific proteins or other substances through their properties as antigens or antibodies.
what is a void pattern? when does it occur?
absence of blood, can happen with impact spatter or backspatter
what presumptive tests are used to identify semen?
acid-phosphate (brentamine), specific antigen (P30)
What is a microvariant?
an allele with an incomplete repeat
what happens in the second step (test area) of immunoassays?
an immobile antibody reacts with the antigen- the antibody is complex and releases a dye
what is this from?
arterial spurt
where would you preform a presumptive test?
at the scene
What creates false positives for Hemoglobin tests?
bleach, copper, iron, plant fluids, air
what is impact spatter/ forward spatter?
blood displaced by energetic impact or force
what is an arterial spurt?
blood exiting the body under pressure from a breached artery
What is a castoff pattern?
blood is released or thrown from a blood-bearing object in motion
what is expirated blood?
blood that is blown out of the nose, mouth, or a wound as a result of air pressure or air flow, which is the propelling force
what are immunoassay presumptive tests used for?
blood, semen, saliva, urine
what insects are associated with the first step of decomposition?
blow flies, flesh flies, and house flies
what fly is this?
blow fly
what color does brentamine turn semen?
blue
what beetle is this?
carrion beetle
what is this?
castoff pattern
how does surface tension affect bloodstains?
causes it to settle into a sphere shape
what beetle is this?
checkered beetle
what insects are associated with the second stage of decomposition?
cheese flies, scuttle fly, rove beetles, carrion beetles, checkered beetles
what fly is this?
cheese skippers
what is the first phase of impact? (with blood)
contact/ collaspe
what bones are most important to identifying species? (proper names)
cranium (skull) pelvis scapula (shoulder blade) femur (thigh bone) humerus (upper arm)
What does DNA stand for?
deoxyribonucleic acid
what is the third phase of impact? (with blood)
dispersion
what is the second phase of impact? (with blood)
displacement
what are the 4 stages of insect life?
egg, larvae, pupa, adult
what do the Teichmann and Takayama Tests do?
form hemochromogen crystals by reacting to the iron
What are alleles?
genes with the same function, but different sequence. (heterozygote, homozygote)
what happens during the confirmatory test for semen?
heads turn red, tails turn red
what fly is this?
house fly
how can you tell if a bone is damaged perimortem?
if there are signs of healing
what is this a picture of?
impact spatter
where would you perform a confirmatory test?
in the lab
what is myasis?
insects inhabiting living tissues (requires filthy conditions)
how does DNA evidence get preserved?
keep in a cold and dry environment
How does CODIS work?
keeps track of everyone's DNA.
what are the characteristics of a male's skull?
large mastoid processes and brow ridges
what is a saturation stain?
large volume of absorbed blood
what is being observed and measured when STRs are being identified during electrophoresis?
microvariants
why is fingerprint analysis so reliable?
no two people have identical genomes
what is at each locus?
one allele from mom and one allele from dad
what bone features help us identify race?
orbital shape cheekbone shape nasal bone shape prognathism
How are bite marks analyzed?
overlays and casts to compare the marks to dentition (odontometrics)
What does the Kastle Meyer Blood test rely on?
peroxide reacting to the iron from Hemaglobin
What is the area of convergence?
point of origin
what is the fourth phase of impact? (with blood)
retraction
what type of beetle is this?
rove beetle
what is this a picture of?
satellite spatter
what type of beetle is this?
skin beetle
what insects are associated with the decay stage of decomposition?
skin beetles
what is satellite spatter?
small droplets of blood broken from main drop
what are the characteristics of a female's skull?
small mastoid processes and smooth, more vertical frontal bone
how can insects like a person to a place?
some insects are only in certain places.
what are the tooth characteristics used for human identification?
spacing, gap (diastema), cusps
what is directionality?
tails point away from the origin, because they form last
what are the two confirmatory tests for blood?
teichmann and takayama tests
What is prognathism?
tendency of the jaw to jolt forward
what is a confirmatory test?
test or tests which positively identify the material
what is a presumptive test?
test which indicates the presence of a compound of interest.
what makes an anthropologist different from other specialists?
they specialize in archaeology and physical anthropology
why use mitochondrial DNA or Y-STRs instead of Nuclear DNA
to determine if people are related
what is DNA?
unique sequence of molecules
how does electrophoresis separate DNA
using restriction enzymes to break DNA into smaller segments so they can load into porous gels. DNA fragments move towards the positively charged cathode
what is this an example of?
void pattern
when is mitochondrial DNA useful?
when there is little nuclear DNA available, or family relationship is useful
DNA can be found on any nucleated cell. What are some examples of nucleated cells?
white blood cells, bone barrow, hair roots, spermatoza
when are Y-STRs useful?
with mixed profiles or family information is useful