FIS 201 Exam 2 - Emailed Study Guide

list the tasks that anthropologists perform (in order).

1. Visual Detection 2. ground penetrating radar 3. cadaver dogs 4. metal detector 5.gound penetrometer

what % of alleles do siblings share?

50%

What are the two complementary strands in DNA?

A pairs T and G pairs C

what happens in the third step (control area) of immunoassays?

A second immobile antibody grabs the first and releases a dye

what is the presumptive test for urine

ALS and odor

How many DNA samples does CODIS have?

About 25 million

what are the nucleotides in DNA?

Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine

What happens in the first step of immunoassays?

Antibodies are exposed to antigens and dye

Who discovered PCR?

Kary Mullis

What test is known as McPhail's reagent? What is it used for?

Leucomalachite green, used for blood.

What is a locus?

Location of a gene on a chromosome

what test would confirm the identification of human blood?

OBT1/ Ouchterlony test

what detects saliva?

Phadebas, starch-iodine

what color does the Kastle-Meyer test turn when positive?

Pink

What is this a picture of?

STR electropherogram

What does PCR?

Technique to exponentially copy DNA fragments

what are the characteristics of a female's pelvis?

U-shaped subpubic angle, round inlet, and wide sciatic notch

what are the characteristics of a male's pelvis

V-shaped subpubic angle, narrow inlet, and sciatic notch

What is surface tension?

a measure of how hard it is to break the surface of a liquid

What is Hemastix? what color does it turn?

a pad is touched to a moistened stain, if blood is detected, it turns green-ish

what are immunoassays?

a procedure for detecting or measuring specific proteins or other substances through their properties as antigens or antibodies.

what is a void pattern? when does it occur?

absence of blood, can happen with impact spatter or backspatter

what presumptive tests are used to identify semen?

acid-phosphate (brentamine), specific antigen (P30)

What is a microvariant?

an allele with an incomplete repeat

what happens in the second step (test area) of immunoassays?

an immobile antibody reacts with the antigen- the antibody is complex and releases a dye

what is this from?

arterial spurt

where would you preform a presumptive test?

at the scene

What creates false positives for Hemoglobin tests?

bleach, copper, iron, plant fluids, air

what is impact spatter/ forward spatter?

blood displaced by energetic impact or force

what is an arterial spurt?

blood exiting the body under pressure from a breached artery

What is a castoff pattern?

blood is released or thrown from a blood-bearing object in motion

what is expirated blood?

blood that is blown out of the nose, mouth, or a wound as a result of air pressure or air flow, which is the propelling force

what are immunoassay presumptive tests used for?

blood, semen, saliva, urine

what insects are associated with the first step of decomposition?

blow flies, flesh flies, and house flies

what fly is this?

blow fly

what color does brentamine turn semen?

blue

what beetle is this?

carrion beetle

what is this?

castoff pattern

how does surface tension affect bloodstains?

causes it to settle into a sphere shape

what beetle is this?

checkered beetle

what insects are associated with the second stage of decomposition?

cheese flies, scuttle fly, rove beetles, carrion beetles, checkered beetles

what fly is this?

cheese skippers

what is the first phase of impact? (with blood)

contact/ collaspe

what bones are most important to identifying species? (proper names)

cranium (skull) pelvis scapula (shoulder blade) femur (thigh bone) humerus (upper arm)

What does DNA stand for?

deoxyribonucleic acid

what is the third phase of impact? (with blood)

dispersion

what is the second phase of impact? (with blood)

displacement

what are the 4 stages of insect life?

egg, larvae, pupa, adult

what do the Teichmann and Takayama Tests do?

form hemochromogen crystals by reacting to the iron

What are alleles?

genes with the same function, but different sequence. (heterozygote, homozygote)

what happens during the confirmatory test for semen?

heads turn red, tails turn red

what fly is this?

house fly

how can you tell if a bone is damaged perimortem?

if there are signs of healing

what is this a picture of?

impact spatter

where would you perform a confirmatory test?

in the lab

what is myasis?

insects inhabiting living tissues (requires filthy conditions)

how does DNA evidence get preserved?

keep in a cold and dry environment

How does CODIS work?

keeps track of everyone's DNA.

what are the characteristics of a male's skull?

large mastoid processes and brow ridges

what is a saturation stain?

large volume of absorbed blood

what is being observed and measured when STRs are being identified during electrophoresis?

microvariants

why is fingerprint analysis so reliable?

no two people have identical genomes

what is at each locus?

one allele from mom and one allele from dad

what bone features help us identify race?

orbital shape cheekbone shape nasal bone shape prognathism

How are bite marks analyzed?

overlays and casts to compare the marks to dentition (odontometrics)

What does the Kastle Meyer Blood test rely on?

peroxide reacting to the iron from Hemaglobin

What is the area of convergence?

point of origin

what is the fourth phase of impact? (with blood)

retraction

what type of beetle is this?

rove beetle

what is this a picture of?

satellite spatter

what type of beetle is this?

skin beetle

what insects are associated with the decay stage of decomposition?

skin beetles

what is satellite spatter?

small droplets of blood broken from main drop

what are the characteristics of a female's skull?

small mastoid processes and smooth, more vertical frontal bone

how can insects like a person to a place?

some insects are only in certain places.

what are the tooth characteristics used for human identification?

spacing, gap (diastema), cusps

what is directionality?

tails point away from the origin, because they form last

what are the two confirmatory tests for blood?

teichmann and takayama tests

What is prognathism?

tendency of the jaw to jolt forward

what is a confirmatory test?

test or tests which positively identify the material

what is a presumptive test?

test which indicates the presence of a compound of interest.

what makes an anthropologist different from other specialists?

they specialize in archaeology and physical anthropology

why use mitochondrial DNA or Y-STRs instead of Nuclear DNA

to determine if people are related

what is DNA?

unique sequence of molecules

how does electrophoresis separate DNA

using restriction enzymes to break DNA into smaller segments so they can load into porous gels. DNA fragments move towards the positively charged cathode

what is this an example of?

void pattern

when is mitochondrial DNA useful?

when there is little nuclear DNA available, or family relationship is useful

DNA can be found on any nucleated cell. What are some examples of nucleated cells?

white blood cells, bone barrow, hair roots, spermatoza

when are Y-STRs useful?

with mixed profiles or family information is useful