fitness assessment.
Specifically know and understand the standard error of estimate (SEE)
based on the normal curve. 67% probability that the actual value is within the predicted value plus or minus 1 SEE. 95% probability that the actual value is within the predicted value plus of minus 2 SEE.
Understand the relationship between the cardiovascular, respiratory, and muscular systems and how they collectively determine a person's functional capacity.**
can have an exaggerated cardiovascular and respiratory response when using smaller muscle groups but having a very low power output. Can have a very large power output with large muscle groups with a low CV and respiratory response.
Know the recommendation for aerobic activity for healthy adults aged 18-65. Be able to define moderate and vigorous activity.**
moderate-intensity aerobic physical activity for a minimum of 30 min on five days each week or vigorous-intensity aerobic activity for a minimum of 20 min on three days each week. Moderate intensity noticeable accelerates the heart. Vigorous intensity causes rapid breathing and substantial increase in heart rate.
systolic blood pressure
the highest pressure in the arteries due to the ejection of blood from the heart into the aorta.
Diastolic blood pressure
the lowerst pressure in the arteries occurring during the relaxation phase of the heart.
Understand the concept of MET-Minutes and how to compute MET-minutes. Know the number of MET-Minutes that would meet the recommendations in #1.***
450-750 Met*minutes a week.
High HDL
> or = 60 mg * dL
Know the positive and negative risk factors for coronary heart disease (Table 2.1) and the specific threshold values associated with each risk factor.***
Age, family history, cigarette smoking, sedentary lifestyle, obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, prediabetes are positive risk factors. Having high HDL cholesterol is a negative risk factor.
Obesity
BMI > or = to 30 or waist girth > 102 cm for men and > 88 cm in women
Know reasonable and expected values for VO2 and VO2max and how values differ relative to gender, age, and fitness level.
CHART
Be able to identify and define the 5 components of health-related fitness
Cardiorespiratory Fitness, Body composition, flexibility, muscular strength, muscular endurance
Be able to identify 5 reasons to measure each component of health-related fitness.
Educate individuals about current status, individualize exercise program, evaluate effectiveness of exercise program, motivation, risk stratification
Chapter 7. Cardiorespiratory Fitness Measurement
Estimation from Field and Submaximal Exercise Tests; Testing; plus content from previous courses
Know the recommendation for muscle-strengthening activity for healthy adults aged 18-65. **
It is recommended that 8-10 exercises be performed on two or more nonconsecutive days each week using the major muscle groups. To maximize strength development, a resistance (weight) should be used that allows 8-12 repetitions of each exercise resulting in volitional fatigue
Know the expected range of heart rates for rest and exercise. Know how to estimate maximal heart rates with the Karvonen equation and the Tanaka equation. Know the SEE for estimating maximal heart rate.***
Karvonen= 220-age. Tanaka= [208-(.7*age)]. SEE is 10-12 bpm.
Dyslipidemia
LDL cholesterol >or = 130 or HDL cholesterol <40 or on lipid lowering medication.
Be able to categorize individuals according to ACSM Risk Stratification Guidelines.**
Low Risk-Asymptomatic and meet no more than one risk factor threshold. Moderate Risk-Those who meet the threshold for 2 or more risk factors. High Risk- Individuals with any signs/symptoms of CV or pulmonary disease or renal disease or diabetes
Age
Men >or= to 45 yr. women >or= to 55 yr
Know the recommendations for improving cardiorespiratory fitness or functional capacity in apparently healthy adults.**
Moderate intensity aerobic exercise (3-6 Mets, brisk walking, 50% HRR) for minimum of 30 min, 5 days per week• OR, vigorous intensity aerobic exercise (>6 Mets, jogging, 70% HRR) for minimum of 20 min, 3 days per week.• Any combination that accumulates 450-750 Met.min per week - 500-1000 kcals for 70 kg person - 7.2-14.2 kcal.kg-1 • Strength training
Know the classification of blood pressure for resting adults. Know the expected increase in blood pressure during exercise.**
Optimal -Systolic is < 120 mmHg, Diastolic is < 80 mmHg Hypertension-Stage 1: 140-159/90-99, Stage 2: ≥160/≥100. Systolic increases linearly until approaching maximal at which time it begins to plateau. Increases approx. 10-15 mmHg per Met, per 150 - 300 kgm.min-1, or per 25-50 watts. Diastolic does not significantly change
Know the major signs and symptoms suggestive of cardiovascular and pulmonary disease (Table 2.2) and specifically understand the nature of angina pectoris.**
Pain/discomfort in the chest, neck, jaw, arms or other areas that may result from ischemia. Shortness of breath at rest or with mild exertion, dizziness or syncope, orthopnea or paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, ankle edema, palpitations or tachycardia, intermittent claudication, known heart murmur, unusual fatigue or shortness of breath with usual activities.
3. 1. Know the major conclusions of the U.S. Surgeon General's report on Physical Activity and Health.*
People of all ages, both male and female, benefit from regular physical activity. Significant health benefits can be obtained by including a moderate amount of physical activity on most, if not all, days of the week. Through a modest increase in daily activity, most Americans can improve their health and quality of life. Additional health benefits can be gained through greater amounts of physical activity. People who can maintain a regular regimen of activity that is of longer duration or of more vigorous intensity are likely to derive greater benefit. Physical activity reduces the risk of premature mortality in general, and of coronary heart dis- ease, hypertension, colon cancer, and diabetes mellitus in particular. Physical activity also im- proves mental health and is important for the health of muscles, bones, and joints. Morethan60percentofAmericanadultsarenot regularly physically active. In fact, 25 percent of all adults are not active at all. Nearly half of American youths 12-21 years of age are not vigorously active on a regular basis. More- over, physical activity declines dramatically dur- ing adolescence. Daily enrollment in physical education classes has declined among high school students from 42 percent in 1991 to 25 percent in 1995. Research on understanding and promoting physi- cal activity is at an early stage, but some interven- tions to promote physical activity through schools, worksites, and health care settings have been evaluated and found to be successful.
Be able to describe the three types of relationships between physical activity and health outcomes (Figure 2).**
Some health benefits occur greatest with low to moderate levels, some health benefits are achieved at high levels of physical activity, and some increase as physical activity increases.
Be able to define the following
VOB2B , VOB2Bmax***: is a measure of the volume of oxygen that is used by your body to convert the energy from the food you eat into the energy molecules, called adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Stroke volume
amount of blood pumped out with one beat of the heart
Cigarette smoking
current cigarette smoker or those who quit within the previous 6 months or exposure to environmental tobacco smoke.
Avo2 difference
difference in oxygen content between the arterial and venous blood.
Pulse pressure
difference in systolic and diastolic pressure it is the driving force that propels the blood in the arteries.
Be able to discuss/identify criteria used to select tests to measure the components of health-related fitness.
ease of test administration, ease of normative data comparison, validity and reliability of test results.
Be able to differentiate between exercise and physical activity.
exercise is structured, planned activities designed to promote or enhance overall physical fitness. Physical activity is any bodily movement regardless of intensity, that is not designed specifically to enhance physical fitness.
correlation coefficient (r)
expresses relationship between two variables. Correlations range from -1.0 to +1.0. negative correlations means as one variable increase the other decreases or vice versa. Positive correlation means as one variable increases the other increases or vice versa. The closer the correlation is to 1.0 the better the relationship.
3. Know the primary characteristics of aerobic activities (ie. What makes an activity a good aerobic activity?).***
extended period of time, breathing controls oxygen that gets to the muscles.
know why and when to measure phase 5.***
for adults with normal blood pressure, the 5th phase is used for diastolic blood pressure. For children and adults with very low diastolic bp, 4th phase is used.
Cardiac output
heart rate times stroke volume
Prediabetes
impaired fasting glucose= fasting plasma glucose > or= 100 mg and < or = 125 mg or impaired glucose tolerance
Be able to identify the benefits of regular physical activity as listed in Box 1.1.**
improvement in cardiovascular and respiratory function, reduction in cardiovascular disease risk factors, decreased morbidity and mortality, decreased anxiety and depression, improved cognitive function
Know the pre-test standardizations.*
instructed to wear comfortable clothing, avoid tobacco and caffeine 3 h prior to test, avoid alcohol 12 h prior to test, consume plenty of fluids, avoid strenuous exercise for 24 h before test, obtain enough sleep the night before. Informed consent process completed. Performance instructions to the test reviewed. Client understand they can quit the test at any time and is responsible for telling the test administrator of any and all symptoms that develop. Explanation of RPE if used.
7. Be able to determine power output on a bicycle ergometer and be able to express power in both kgmP.PminP-1P and watts.***
kg x rpm x 6= kgm* min. kg x rpm= watts.
Family history
myocardial infarction, coronary revascularization or sudden death before 55 yr in father or other male first degree relative or before 65 yr in mother or other female first degree relative.
Sedentary lifestyle
not participatin gin at least 30 minutes of moderate intensity, physical activity on at least 3 days of the week for at least 3 months
Heart rate
number of ventricular contractions per minute
Heart rate
number of ventricular contractions per minute. Usually the same as pulse rate
Know the general indications for stopping an exercise test in low-risk adults (Box 7.3).*
onsent of angina or angina like symptoms, drop in SBP of 10 mmhg or more with an increase in work rate or if sbp decreases below the value obtained in the same position prior to testing, excessive rise in blood pressure, SBP > 250 and or diastolic > 115, shortness of breath, wheezing, leg cramps, or claudication, light headedness, confusion, ataxia, pallor, cyanosis, nausea, or coldd and clammy s kin, failure of hr to increase with increased intensity, noticeable change in heart rhythm by palpation or auscultation, subject requests to stop, physical or verbal manifestations of sever fatigue, failure of the testing equipment
Know the 3 reasons for measuring cardiorespiratory fitness.*
reflects the functional capabilities of the heart, blood vessels, lungs, and skeletal muscles to perform work. One of the berst indicators of the collective health and function of the entire body. CRF is the ability to perform large muscle, dynamic, moderate to high intensity exercise for prolonged periods.
Be able to define and give examples of criterion-referenced standards and normative data (norms).
set of scores that would be desirable to achieve (criterion). Normative is based on percentile rankings.
Be able to identify and/or describe the equipment necessary to measure blood pressure using the ascultatory method.*
sphygmomanometer, blood pressure cuff, stethoscope.
Hypertension
systolic blod pressure > or = 140 mmHg and or diastolic > or = 90 mmHg confimed by measurements on at least two separate occasion or on antihypertensive medication
Understand the physiologic concept of blood pressure.***
the force exerted by the blood on the walls of the arteries and veins as the blood is pumped around the circulation.
Understand why preliminary health screening is necessary prior to administering a fitness assessment or beginning an exercise program.
to identify those with medical contraindications, those who need medical clearance, those who need medical supervision, and those with other health/ medical concerns like musculoskeletal issues.