FIVS 205 UNIT 1
fourteenth amendment says
"equal protection of the laws" amendment, and figures into many well-known cases about general rights of citizens.
what does autopsy mean?
"look at oneself" or to "see for oneself."
steps of the scientific method:
1. Observation and description of a phenomenon or group of phenomena. 2. Formulation of a hypothesis to explain the phenomena. In physics, the hypothesis often takes the form of a causal mechanism or a mathematical relation. 3. Use of the hypothesis to predict the existence of other phenomena, or to predict quantitatively the results of new observations. 4. The performance of properly performed experimental tests of the predictions by several independent experimenters.
Match the environment with the rate of decomposition (1=fastest rate of decomp, 3=slowest rate of decomp)
1. air 1 week 2. water 2 weeks 3. soil 8 weeks
Bertillonage relied upon how many body measurements?
11
what is the typical rule of rigor mortis?
12-12-12
When was anthropometry officially implemented as an identification system in France?
1883
What year did Dr. Leon Lattes develop a test to determine the blood group of a dried bloodstain?
1915
The Frye standard came about in what year?
1923 a legal standard used to determine the admissibility of an expert witness's scientific testimony.
When was the first statewide medical examiner system officially established?
1939 in maryland
The Daubert standard came about in what year?
1993 a legal precedent used by a trial judge to determine if an expert's scientific testimony is based on scientifically valid reasoning and/or methodology and if the testimony can, therefore, be applied to the trial at hand.
Rule ________ of the federal rules of evidence deals with expert witness testimony.
702
What is an exemplar?
A known standard collected by investigators
Who developed DNA profiling?
Alec John Jeffreys
The word "forensics" actually means
Belonging to, used in, or suitable to cours of judicature; an argument
Sung Tz'u
Compiled the washing away of wrongs
START OF UNIT 2: What is evidence?
Court approved information that the trier of fact is allowed to consider when determining a defendant's guilt or innocence
What is the English translation of the first forensic science textbook, published in 1893?
Criminal Investigation
Victor Balthazard
Developed probability models that showed likelihood that any two people would have the same fingerprints is one in 10^60
Which of these scientists consulted on the Marie Latelle case?
Edmond Locard
Which of the following is not a quality of a coroner?
Elected by popular vote ***Required to have a medical degree Serves a term of two to four years Commonly a member of a particular political party citizenship and residence within the area they wish to serve
This phrase is a simplified version of Locard's Exchange Principle
Every contact leaves a trace
Which of these scientists is responsible for developing the first classification system for fingerprints?
Francis Galton
Which standard was enacted after the court listened to evidence about polygraph tests?
Frye
Dr. ____________'s most famous case was the Valentine's Day Massacre in 1929.
Goddard
associative evidence
Hairs, fibers, blood, bodily fluids, chemicals, glass, paint, bullets, DNA, fingerprints, and imprint evidence. This type of evidence is from an unknown source or origin until a comparison is made to a known standard "exemplar"
Who coined the term "Criminialistics"?
Hans Gross
Which of these is a goal of forensic science, according to your reading?
Help distinguish actual evidence from simple coincidence without ambiguity Allow for certainty and probabilistic considerations Take into account all alternative results and solutions Pursue general impressions to the level of specific details
What would be considered an exigent circumstance?
If a crime occurs on private property, however, then law enforcement officers only have the right to enter that property if there is a court-recognized emergency (known as exigent circumstances). These circumstances can be things like the possibility of someone injured or dead on private property, a reasonable assumption that a dangerous suspect might be on the property, or to stop a crime in progress. T
random sampling
Instead, we choose just a few examples from the full population and hope that those samples represent the population as a whole.
To properly enact the Frye Standard these three questions must be answered in order to meet the Frye standard
Is the scientific theory generally accepted in the scientific community? Is the scientific method used generally accepted in the scientific community? Has the technique been applied correctly?
You illegally search a scene, and find hair and fibers that lead you to a particular car with a murder weapon. During trial, the murder weapon is removed from evidence. Why?
It is fruit of the poisonous tree
The Will West Case is important because:
It proved the Bertillonage method didn't work in all cases
The Culshaw case is important because:
It was the first documented case of matching physical evidence in modern history
START OF UNIT 3: Who first introduced taphonomy? Father of taphonomy
Ivan Antonovich Yefremov
Which famous case caused forensic photography to become a popular technique?
Jack the Ripper ?
Which of these famous figures was the insipiration for Sherlock Holmes?
Joseph Bell
Hans Gross started the journal __________, which is still a major source of primary forensic literature
Kriminologie
Hans Gross started which journal?
Kriminologie
The __________ Institute of Police Science was founded in 1902 as a direct result of the early use of forensic photography.
Lausanne
Which of these is an objective of any crime scene investigation?
Recognition of relevant physical evidence Preservation of relevant physical evidence Collection of relevant physical evidence Interpretation of relevant physical evidence
Which of the following should not be used when naming the immediate cause of death? (Choose all that apply)
Respiratory arrest Failure to thrive Cardiac arrest Multi-organ failure
Which of the following is not a manner of death?
Suicide ***Myocardial infarction Homicide Natural Accidental
Which of these was first drafted by the Supreme Court and then passed by Congress?
The Federal Rules of Evidence
penetrating gunshot wound. perforating gunshot wound near contact wound distant gunshot wound exit wound
This type of wound has an entrance wound and no exit wound. In these cases, the projectile must be recovered from the body for examination. which has both an entrance and exit wound. In these cases, no projectile is recovered from the body (as it has exited through the exit wound). These wound types are associated with the barrel of a weapon being pressed against the flesh (contact) or being very close to the flesh (near contact). do not have any blackening around the entrance wounds, since the gasses and other substances cannot travel very far through the air. A typical distant wound has a circular skin defect and a rim of abraded or scraped skin around the edges exit wounds typically are lacerated. Generally, exit wounds are larger than entrance wounds (although that is not always the case, and depends upon the tissues, bullets, gunshot distance)
How does the court determine the admissibility of evidence?
Through the trial court's application of rules of evidence
According to your reading, what is the primary responsibility of a forensic scientist?
To perform scientific analyses and report the results
"Which of these historical figures helped advance fingerprint, firearms, and hair analysis in Paris? "
Victor Balthazard
Who is the author of the first comprehensive book on hair analysis, The Hair of Man and Animals, published in 1910?
Victor Balthazard and Marcelle Lambert
forensic
__ taphonomy is the use of taphonomic models, approaches, and analyses in forensic contexts to estimate the time since death, reconstruct the circumstances before and after decomposition, and discriminate the products of human behavior from those created by natural processes
How does a forensic pathologist preserve DNA during an autopsy?
a spot of blood is placed on absorbent paper, air dried, and curated in an envelope; and/or several head hairs are removed, containing the bulbs with nuclear DNA, and placed in an envelope for storage.
The ............ is attached to a search warrant, and outlines the probable cause that a person or items being looked for are at a particular location.
affidavit
What is the term used for describing the body cooling (or warming) to ambient temperature?
algor mortis
Mathieu Orfila's favorite substance to study was:
arsenic
What causes the classic green coloration associated with decomposing bodies?
bacterial degradation of hemoglobin
Blunt force trauma
caused by blunt instruments, such as bats, fists, bullets, or other blunt objects. It can be further divided into non-firearm and firearm trauma. Non-firearm trauma tends to be non penetrating in nature, yet can still cause rupture of the tissue if enough force is applied. A wound caused by blunt force trauma is called a laceration and tends to have ragged edges denoting where the tissue broke open due to crushing force.
Sharp force trauma
caused by sharp implements such as axes, knives, and swords 25. The amount of force required for a sharp object to overcome the tensile strength of tissue is significantly less than that required by a blunt object. Sharp objects produce a type of wound called an incision or an incised wound
Alphonse Bertillon
created a systematic method for personal identification known as anthropometry
"When a forensic scientist has completed a written test covering his or her discipline and completes proficiency testing to ensure methods and techniques are sound, that scientist is considered:
credited
....... Analysis is the gathering, display, and summary of information gathered through observation and experiment
data
Dr Leone Lattes
developed a procedure for determining the blood group of a dried bloodstain in 1915
All the possible results of a random experiment are called ................... outcomes.
elementary
A grand jury is empowered to:
empowered to decide if the evidence against a defendant warrants proceeding to the next step, and is tasked with handing down an indictment
steps in an autopsy
external examination opening of the body in situ examination evisceration brain examination of specific organs
Which amendment is known as the "unreasonable search and seizure" amendment?
fourth amendment
What were the scientists responsible for the early discoveries in forensic science considered due to the fact that they worked in many forensic disciplines?
generalists
What is considered the oldest presumptive test for blood?
guaiacum
Which type of mechanical trauma leaves clean wounds, without many rough edges?
incised wounds
______ evidence is a type of evidence whose presence at the scene includes a person as a source.
inculpatory exculpatory excludes a person as a source
According to the court, what is science?
is the knowledge that is generated through the use of the scientific method
A region or geographical area over which law enforcement or a legal entity can exercise authority is known as a:
jurisdiction
The_____is considered the trier of fact in a court case.
jury
What is the term for the settling of blood according to gravity, resulting in a discoloration?
livor mortis
Which of these is immune to outliers?
median
What organs are first affected by autolysis?
pancreas, stomach, liver, small intestine
Forensic pathologists are physicians that have taken specialized training in ___.
pathology
physical evidence
physical objects associated with a crime.
Edmond Locard
protege of the famous french pathologist Andre Lacassagne
reconstruction evidence
provides information about the events, preceding, occurring during, and concurring after the commission of a crime. Things like blood stains or foot prints are very useful in reconstructing what happened and when during the events of a crime
Two products resulting from decarboxylation of amino acids are
putrescine from the amino acid ornithine, cadaverine derived from the amino acid lysine
The process of observing the outcome of a chance event is called a(n):
random experiment
Dr. Karl Landersteiner
realized in 1901 that blood may be grouped into categories based on its physical properties
circumstantial evidence
requires inference from a fact that is directly proven
"According to your reading, what is ethics?
set of rules that govern the conduct of a professional working in a given field
What is the median?
simply the middle point of a set of numbers.
The ............... states that, on average, each data point is a certain amount away from the mean.
standard deviation
Which of these best describes the phrase "contrite fallibilism?"
state of understanding the limits of our knowledge and the ability to acknowledge that we are not infallible as scientists
........ ............ (two words) refers to the science of drawing conclusions from specific data using the laws of probability
statistical inference
What is the key to a good hypothesis?
testability
Probability
the laws of chance, or how likely something is to happen
manner of death vs cause of death
the legal definition of death vs. the disease or injury that initiated a lethal chain of events that ultimately lead to the irreversible shutting down of bodily systems
Statistical inference
the science of drawing conclusions from specific data using the laws of probability (basically, 1+2=3 in this case).
"According to your reading, what is the goal of science, broadly speaking? "
to improve our understanding of the natural world
Mathieu Orfila is considered the father of forensic __________.
toxicology
What was Edmund Locards main interest in forensic science?
trace evidence
direct evidence
type that establishes a fact without the need for further inference.
Joseph Bell
was queen victorias person surgeon when she was in scotlant, emphasized the importance of close observation when making medical diagnoses
Mathieu Orfila
worked on the Lafarge case
Sir Frances Galton
wrote the book Finger Prints in 1892
Hans Gross
wrote the first recognized forensic science textbook
