Food & Human Environment Ch's 1, 2, 3 (Exam 1)

These foods are staples in a daily diet, usually complex carbohydrates like rice and beans

Core foods

Immediate concerns when making eating choices

Cost is the first, taste, convenience, self expression, well being, variety

These are staples- things you have to have at every meal.

Cultural superfoods

Passed from generation to generation through language and socialization.

Enculturation

Consumer Food Choice Model

Explains factors that influence individual decisions within a predetermined food sphere.

Having good tasting foods, adding flavor/way a food is prepared

Flavor principles

Ways foods are traditionally prepared and seasoned

Flavor principles

The ways in which humans use food. How food is selected, obtained, distributed. Who is involved in preparing, serving, eating.

Food habits, or food culture or foodways.

The american paradox

Food terminology for describing a culture: melting pot, stew, tossed salad. available and affordable foods from throughout the world. Need for consistency and conservatism. In many ways, american cooking adapts to current and emerging food trends- the california sushi roll, tofu lasagna. ethnic foods adapted to america's varied tastes- less spice, less seasoning, more protein to the ratios of starch and vegetables

Food _______ vary culturally.

Functions. Foods are classified by food group in the United States.

Significance of herbs and spices

Improves palatability: able to eat it/liking how it tastes. Preserves meat, provides familiarity as part of the omnivore's dilemma/paradox. classifies foods culturally.

What constitutes a meal?

Order in which foods are served, person who prepares the meal, culturally specific preparation rules, people who eat the meal (who eats first, where they eat), portion size

Foods reserved for or forbidden to a specific group

Physiologic group foods. ex- pregnant women

Adaptation to a new majority society

acculturation

Characteristics of healing

addresses the experience of illness; alleviates the infirmities of the sick patient even when disease is not evident. responds to the personal, familial, and social issues surrounding sickness.

treatments may fall into one of three broad categories

administration of therapeutic substances, application of physical forces or devices, magico-religious interventions

clients using traditional health practices are generally seeking to _______ difficulties experienced in illness

alleviate. Understandable, fleixible, and convenient treatment. warm and caring provider. some unconventional therapies are effective. should be accepted as complementary to biomedicine.

_____________ are the fastest growing race or ethnic group

asians

Fully merging into a new culture

assimilation

______ to knowledge sharing and understanding can prevent successful communication

barriers. ex: pain or stress

Meal patterns and meal cycles

based upon dining on at least one meal each day in every culture. Reveal clues about: complex social relations, significance of certain events in a society- like a holiday of special occasion. Decoded by first noting what types of food constitute a meal within a culture, compared to a snack. Ex- asians must include rice to be a meal.

Culturally specific health practices differ particularly in those ___________ passed on within families

beliefs. ex; dressing warmly, taking a daily dose of cod liver oil, wearing a natural amulet such as garlic cloves, wearing holy medals

Complementary cultures

bicultural

The conventional system of healthcare in the US

biomedicine. based on scientific findings and treat disease using latest technologies. a cultural subdivision of the american majority worldview. health care goes beyond biomedicine- home remedies, popular therapies, and complementary and alternative medicine (CAM)

Choice of ______ often depends on the patient's view of the illness in cases when the sickness is not life threatening.

care. home remedies are usually first treatment. therapies may be determined by the patient alone or in consultation with family members. professional advice may be sought if remedies are ineffective. many americans seek unconventional treatments.

The omnivore's paradox refers to the need to experiment yet be ______________. Attraction to new foods, preference for familiar foods.

cautious

this theory- misalignments of the spine interfere with the nervous system

chiropractic

When sickness occurs, a person must make _________ regarding ________.

choices, healing. biomedical care is warranted for serious injury.

during onset of sickness, physical or behavioral _________ make a person aware that a problem exists.

complaints. except in emergencies, an individual usually seeks confirmation of illness first from family or friends. in many cultures, a mother or grandmother is the medical expert within a family

_________ and _________ established between health care providers and patients can contribute to overall health outcome

confidence and caring

the enduring popularity of traditional health beliefs and practices is ________ with cultural beliefs

consistent. Humans value what validates their beliefs and discount anything that differs. people give disproportionate authority to persons they like and respect.

verbal messages are most useful for communicating ________, nonverbal messages convey ________ information.

content, relationship

components of the message

content, relationship between the speaker and the receiver

the abstract nature of language means it can be correctly interpreted only within ____________

context

Other factors in consumer food choice model

convenience- fast food meals in urban societies. self expression- individual chooses to follow/ignore convention: ethnicity, religious affiliation, and regional association. self-identity- vegetarian, gourmet, etc. advertising promises- food provided pleasure. physical and spiritual well being- age, gender, body image, and state of health. variety- psychological basis for trying new foods.

the tendency for health care providers to enforce their beliefs, practices, and values upon clients

cultural imposition

____________ determines how a person defines health, recognizes illness, and seeks treatment.

culture

abnormalities or malfunctioning of body organs and systems

disease

cultural outlook

each cultural group has a unique outlook on life, based on a common understanding and ranking of values.

Folk illnesses

each culture recognizes different disorders. folk illnesses or culture bound syndromes are certain symptoms, complaints, and behavioral changes associated with specific conditions. example- soul loss experienced by some asians, latinos (susto or espanto). diet related folk illnesses are common

Food can be used to signify ________ social standing.

economic. status foods are used for social interaction, many societies regulate commensalism as a means of establishing class relationships. Men, women, children, servants (order of eating)

when power distance is small, people are seen as ______

equals. common for individual to question instructions

Social identity with shared patterns

ethnicity. Intraethnic variation exists within a culture.

Using one's own values to evaluate the behaviors of others

ethnocentric

Assumes all cultural values have equal validity

ethnorelativism

with larger power difference, the provider is seen as the ________

expert. authority is rarely questioned

Each ethnic, religious, or regional group has its own culturally based _________ habits

food

____________ is any substance that provides the nutrients necessary to maintain life and growth when ingested.

food

Classifying food habits according to nutritional impact in counseling

food use with positive health consequences that should be encouraged. neutral food behaviors with neither adverse nor beneficial effects on nutritional status. Food habits unclassified due to insufficient culturally specific information. food behaviors with demonstrable harmful effects on health that should be repatterned.

__________ choice is influenced by self-identity

food. food likes or dislikes of someone else are accepted and internalized as personal preferences. Food as self-identity is evident in dining out experiences- can show socioeconomic status.

lower context countries

german, german swiss, scandanavian, US, english, canadian

Nearly all people identify a _____ diet, sufficient _____, and ______ as necessary to preserving health.

good diet, sufficient rest, and cleanliness. defining these aspects varies within a culture. in the US, average intakes are reported for energy, carbohydrates, and protein. some cultures would find these irrelevant to health.

this body part is considered sacred in certain cultures and offends the person if touched

head

a state of complete physical, mental, and social well being, not merely an absence of disease or informity

health

this type of context the individual is defined by group association; oneness with the group is desired

high

communication style relays the meaning of the message in the context

high context

indirect communication is preferred like body or facial expression in these types of cultures

high context

members of this culture exhibit great discomfort with what is unknown and different- countries with central rule, complex laws regulate individual action on group's behalf

high uncertainty avoidance cultures

________ context cultures place great emphasis on nonverbal communication

high. body language reveals more about what a person is thinking and feeling than words

polychronistic societies are often found in _______ context cultures

high. multitasking

individuality is _________; confidentiality is _________

honored, mandatory

Components of biomedical worldview

human equality- all patients deserve equal access to care. youthfulness is valued, future oriented, degree of formality/degree of directness, focus on physiological characteristics; mind/body not viewed holistically

person's perceptions of and reactions to a physical or psychological condition

illness

causes of disease as identified in a biomedical culture

immediate causes- bacterial/viral infection. underlying causes- nutritional deficiency. ultimate causes- hereditary disposition.

noncompliance issues can resulted from _______ communication in health care

ineffective

basic competencies needed by practitioners

information transfer- the verbal and nonverbal ability to convey object messages, relationship development and maintenance- the ability to create rapport, establish trust, and demonstrate empathy and respect. compliance gaining- the ability to obtain client cooperation

intercultural communication skills are needed when:

interacting with diverse cultural groups, traveling to another country. intercultural communication encompasses language and context in which words are interpreted, including gestures, posture, spatial relationships, concepts of time, status of persons, individual's role within a group, and setting.

higher context countries

japanese, chinese

Motivations behind change

lack of available native ingredients, convenience, and cost

most providers rely on ________ to inform and guide patients in the treatment and lifestyle changes.

language

Cycles in which meals occur

largest meal at noontime or evening, number of meals per day. Feasting or fasting periods: special foods or ingredients for celebrations, partial or total fasting on a regular cycle

Culturally based food habits are often the ______ practice changed in acculturation

last

Health in some cultures is ________ dependent on symptoms than on the ability to accomplish _________ responsibilities

less, daily

Food availability

local ecological considerations, geographical features, indigenous vegetation, native animal population, human manipulation of the resources, seasonal variations, climatic events, political, economic, and social management of food at the local level

health care situations are usually what context?

low

this type of context, individual is typically separate from the group; self realization is an important goal

low

In this context culture, communication is usually explicit, straightforward, and unambiguous

low context

communication style in which actual words are the message is _______

low context

members of this culture are curious about the unknown and different

low or weaker uncertainty avoidance- includes canada, denmark, great britain, hong kong, netherlands, US

____________ of the body is based on the premise that internal body function improves with adjustments to its physical structure.

manipulations

the term for consecutive or concurrent use of multiple health care systems

medical pluralism. use of healers in some groups increases with education and income level. medical pluralism is widespread in the US.

biomedical _______ and ______ prescriptions are two of the most common types of therapeutics

medication, diet. Other examples include over the counter meds, health food preparations, prepackaged diet meals, vitamin and mineral supplements, herbal preparations

individual healing practices developed out of religious ritual include:

meditation- a contemplative process of focused relaxation yoga- the control of breathing and use of systematic body poses to restrain functions of the mind and promote mind-body unity visualization or guided imagery, induced relaxation and targeted willing away of health problems

the speaker must be

mindful of his or her own communication behaviors, sensitive to misinterpretations that may result from the behaviors

low context cultures correlate with ____________ societies

monochronistic. one task at a time

Food habits are often identified as the ________ __________ way in which a person can maintain health

most important. food is necessary for strength, energy, and mental acuity. general dietary guidelines for health usually include the concepts of balance and moderation. Aspects of the yin yang diet theory are found in many other Asian nations

practitioner is ____________ to understand what is said by the client and to provide the client with need information

obligated

medicine- blood and lymph flow, as well as nerve function, improves through musculoskeletal manipulation

osteopathic

Campinha- Bacote model of competence

outlines a process for cultural competency in health care. involves steps from cultural awareness, cultural knowledge, cultural skill, cultural encounter, and cultural desire. Future health care trends- move toward cultural competence to guide communities in healthy lifestyle changes, to serve hard to reach places, and to effect change in the health care system.

These foods are eaten sporadically, upon individual preference, usually the first foods to go when adjusting

peripheral foods

Health attributes

physical attributes, harmony within the context of marriage ,family, and community. perceptions of weight, health, and beauty differ worldwide. societal pressure for thinness in the US. Historically, thinness has been associated with a poor diet and disease.

Factors impacting poor health status

poverty, ethnicity, low education, intercultural nutrition. study of food habits applied in determining nutritional status and implementing dietary change; example 24 hour dietary intake record. pitfalls to culturally sensitive nutrition applications- stereotypical assumptions.

Directed hostility toward a person of a different cultural group

prejudice

Food variability

preparing for cooking, cooking, preserving, seasoning

____________ of food is often associated with health

quantity. in the middle east, a poor appetite is sometimes regarded as an illness in itself. specific foods are sometimes identified with improved strength or vitality; milk for strong bones, carrots for eyesight. some cultures believe that fresh foods prepared at home are healthiest.

individual may seem indifferent in terminal illness due to belief in ____________

reincarnation. one's belief in faith healing may contradict health care recommendations. One may believe preservation of life is mandated; denial of sustaining care is murderous.

difference between risk avoidance and uncertainty avoidance

risks that involve change and difference are difficult for people with strong uncertainty avoidance

Widely eaten but less frequently- don't eat these foods every day. Ex- chicken or lettuce

secondary foods

the entire disease-illness process

sickness

Most people are comfortable conversing with those who are culturally _______ to themselves.

similar.

this body part may be considered the most offensive, dirtiest, and lowest part of the body and should not be seen

soles of feet

each person defines his or her own ______= the surrounding area reserved for the individual

space

intercultural communication is most successful when _____ preferences are flexible

spatial

many cultures include natural, __________, and supernatural dimensions of health

spiritual

___________ skills of a sacred healer or those with spiritual calling may be sought.

spiritual. faith healers- cajun traieurs of louisiana, sympathy healers of the pennsylvania dutch, neng among the hmong, mexican curanderos, medicine men among native americans

Components to cultural competency that underlie effective care

CRASH: C-consider culture R- show respect A- assess/affirm intracultural differences S- be sensitive to issues that may come up H- demonstrate humility and apologize if needed

five ways misunderstandings may occur

1. a provider can never fully know a client's thoughts, attitudes, and emotions 2. client's verbal and nonverbal signals may be ambiguous- ex: pain and stoic/religious cultures 3. meaning may be lost due to cultural context 4. provider's state of mind may include bias 5. there may be no correlation between provider's interpretation and client's signals

spiritual healing practices fall into two divisions

1. those taken by the individual 2. those taken on behalf of the individual by a sacred healer in western religious traditions, God has power over life and death. in eastern religions, health is determined mostly by correct conduct

One in ____ people in the US are first or second generation ethnic groups. In 2007, 75 different _________ groups were reported.

5, latin american

The ____________ is as diverse as its population.

American diet

___________ feed. Humans ______, not feed.

Animals feed, humans eat. We gather and hunt, cultivate plants, raise livestock, cook, share food, use utensils, and have manners- complex rules we've created to follow while we eat.

These foods symbolize health, beauty, well being

Body image foods

Symbolic use of food

Bread as an example of symbolism- relationship, for example, the staff of life; breaking bread with friends, a Christian sacrament of communion. Association- dark bread versus white bread according to class, a person with money: has a lot of "bread." Convention: weddings, superstitions.

_________ __________ is the most significant sociodemographic factor in predicting selection.

Income level. In poorer societies, price is more important than taste. In wealthier societies, food choices change. Local dietary domain affects prices.

Edible or Inedible?

Inedible foods are poisonous or considered taboo. Edible by animals, but not by me: Rodents in the United states or corn in france. Edible by humans, but not by my kind: dog meat. Edible by humans, but not by me: preference, expense, or health reasons. Edible by me.

Diet may establish that a person is or is not a _________ of a certain cultural group.

Member. Etiquette is another expression of group membership.

Diversity in the US Population

Not all in the US enjoy equal health. Disparities are found in mortality rates, chronic disease incidence, access to care

We have caution to new food from an innate instinct but we are curious about it, yet most likely to fall back on foods we are familiar with because we're scared.

Omnivore's paradox. We consume/digest wide selection of plants and animals, adapt easily almost all earthly environments, eat a variety of items- no single food provides all nutrition for survival. Require to be flexible yet cautious to avoid harmful foods.

Foods eaten define who ________ ________, culturally speaking, and conversely, who one is not.

One is. Religious beliefs, ethnic behaviors. Foods with cultural ties are often introduced during childhood. comfort foods.

Expensive or rare items

Prestige foods

Food most associated with ethnic identity are the most __________ to acculturation.

Resistant. Unpopular traditional foods often first to go.

These foods have association through color or form, like the walnut looking like a brain and being eaten to improve brain health

Sympathetic magic foods

Food preparation methods and seasoning _________ feeding into eating

Transform

What is culture?

Values, beliefs, attitudes, and practices accepted by members of a group or community.

On an individual level, eating choices made by....?

What is obtainable, what is acceptable, what is preferable. Dietary domain determined by availability, what a person considers edible versus inedible

Food functions change with _________ growth in a culture

structural

We have a predisposition or inborn preference for flavors from ________ and _______

sugars, fats

Tongue has receptors for:

sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami (savory)

Food selection is primarily motivated by ____________

taste. then color, aroma, flavor, texture

customs about these things vary tremendously among cultures

touching, gestures, eye contact, and spatial relationships

successful face to face interactions entail

understanding cultural communication expectations, being familiar with the distinctive style of the other person

rules regarding eye contact

usually complex, vary according to issues such as social status, gender, and distance apart. native americans find direct eye contact rude. but middle easterners assess a person's reaction by the minute motions of the eyes and pupils

communication action chain

when response is not as expected, communication can break down; relationship can deteriorate. interpersonal relationships are based on personal communication preferences. group interactions commonly depend on cultural or social norms.