Foundations of Western Culture14-27

In Candide, Dr Pangloss's philosophy may be best described as________

"All is for the best"

The slogan of the French Revolution was

"Liberty, Equality and Fraternity"

Scientists and Social Darwinists were alarmed by modern society's abundance of mental complaints, which medical people attributed to

"nerves" aggravated by the pace of urban living.

Social Darwinists drew on the ideas of Herbert Spencer, who suggested that

"unfit" human beings should be allowed to perish in the name of progress.

Enlightenment-era scholars used historical and geological discoveries to challenge the authority of

Biblical accounts of the flood.

Which two Catholic powers warred against each other during the Thirty Years' War?

Spain and France.

Who were the Young Turks?

A group of Turkish nationalists who rejected pan-Islamism in favor of celebrating the uniqueness of Turkish culture and took control of the government in Constantinople

The Peasants' War took place in

1525, in the Holy Roman Empire.

Between 1700 and 1750, the population in Britain, France, the Italian states, and eastern Europe grew by about

20 percent.

What percentage of Germany's national budget was devoted to military expenditures in 1910?

45 percent

In the 1840s, factories in England employed

5 percent of the workers.

By the 1780s, the approximate percentage of French men who could read and write was

50 percent.

Which of the following developments was not seen in the industrialized world of the late nineteenth century?

A decline in work intensity and work hours demanded from working people

Which of the following describes the Freikorps?

A roving paramilitary band of students and demobilized soldiers in postwar Germany

Which of the following statements is false?

In 1529, Henry VII asked for a papal dispensation to divorce his wife, Anne Boleyn.

What was the Continental System?

A prohibition against trade between Great Britain and France or France's dependent states and allies

Which of the following reforms was not introduced by Alexander II?

A shift in political power from the nobility to the peasants

In Ireland after the war,

Irish republicans lost the fight for complete independence and saw their country partitioned.

What was the "canton system"?

A system of Prussian military enrollment instituted by Frederick William I

What was mannerism?

A theatrical style of painting exhibiting distorted perspective.

What was positivism?

A theory that the careful study of facts would generate accurate laws of society

What was the Flour War?

A turbulent food riot in France that followed deregulation of the grain trade in 1774

What American dancer took Europe by storm at the turn of the century in one of the first performances of modern dance?

Isadora Duncan

Which disease swept across Europe and Asia in 1830-1832 and again in 1847-1851, devastating urban populations both times?

Cholera

The political parties that evolved from traditional Catholic centrist parties of the pre-World War II era and became influential in postwar politics were the

Christian Democrats.

Who commanded the Portuguese fleet that rounded the Cape of Good Hope and reached India?

Vasco da Gama

In the Petition of Right of 1628, Charles I promised

not to levy taxes without the consent of Parliament.

Which of the following best describes the government of the Dutch Republic?

It was a decentralized, constitutional state headed by an elected officer.

Advocates of which political theory assassinated political leaders and bombed government and commercial buildings at the end of the nineteenth century?

Anarchism

The Little Entente was formed in 1920-1921 by which countries to protect them from German and Russian aggression?

Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, and Romania

In 1938, Hitler demanded autonomy for the Sudetenland, the German-populated border region of

Czechoslovakia.

How did the economic crisis affect the status of the peasantry?

The disparity between prosperous and poor peasants became more sharply divided.

One of the most striking differences between the musical career of Ludwig van Beethoven and that of his predecessor Franz Joseph Haydn was that

Beethoven composed significantly fewer symphonies than Haydn.

What British writer described his experiences among the poor of Paris and London, wrote investigative pieces about the unemployed in the north of England, and published an account of the Spanish Civil War?

George Orwell

Which female French writer dressed like a man, became a socialist, and wrote novels emphasizing romantic love and moral idealism?

George Sand

Who carried out the renovation of Paris?

Georges-Eugène Haussmann

The division of which of the following nations established the border between the Eastern and Western superpowers?

Germany

What country made the greatest use of submarine warfare during World War I?

Germany

Which country had the largest socialist party in Europe after 1890?

Germany

The first and second Moroccan crises were colonial disputes between which two countries?

Germany and France

Which countries comprised the Triple Alliance?

Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy

Hitler's plans included the acquisition of more land for Germany, to give Aryans more

Lebensraum.

Which European country claimed the Congo region of central Africa?

Belgium

Which country gained independence from the Dutch in 1831?

Belgium

Great Britain entered World War I on the side of France and Russia after Germany violated the neutrality of

Belgium.

Thomas Hobbes's book Leviathan argues for which type of governmental authority?

Absolutist

The development of which artistic style involved abstract paintings that ceased to reflect any element of realism?

Abstract expressionism

What Polish writer portrayed Polish exiles as martyrs and formed the Polish Legion to fight for national restoration?

Adam Mickiewicz

Which of the following was not asserted by Sigmund Freud?

Adult gender identity is entirely dependent upon anatomy.

Portuguese traders in West Africa dealt in gold and "pieces," which was their term for

African slaves

Who wrote The Stranger (1942) and The Plague (1947), novels that dissected the evils of a corrupt political order and pondered human responsibility in such situations?

Albert Camus

The protestant military commander who raised a mercenary army and offered its services to the Catholic Holy Roman Emperor was

Albrecht von Wallenstein.

Who among the following was a prime minister of the Russian Provisional Government?

Aleksandr Kerensky

The German military leaders who encouraged William II to build up the nation's naval power were inspired by the naval theorist

Alfred Thayer Mahan.

During World War II,

Allied powers were able to produce more war matériel than Axis powers, especially as the war progressed.

What was the Enlightenment attitude toward slavery?

Although some Enlightenment thinkers denounced slavery as an infringement of natural human rights, others argued that blacks were "naturally inferior."

What distinguished America's industrial development from Germany's?

America's development depended more on the actions of innovative entrepreneurs and less on state promotion of industrial efforts.

Which of the following is true regarding the Soviet Union under Stalin?

An effort to increase the birthrate witnessed the return and enforcement of traditional gender relations, marriages, and attitudes toward sex.

What was a salon?

An informal gathering in a private home, presided over by a socially prominent woman

Who discovered radioactivity in 1896?

Antoine Becquerel

In 1700, approximately how many Africans were exported from Africa to the New World through the slave trade?

Around 36,000

Who was the founder of positivist thought?

Auguste Comte

Which major power stood in the way of Italian independence and unification?

Austria

World War I began with

Austria's declaration of war against Serbia.

Which powers divided up Poland-Lithuania in 1772?

Austria, Prussia, and Russia

Which two major powers sought to expand their influence in the Balkans, raising tensions in south-central Europe?

Austria-Hungary and Russia

All of the following European powers assisted the American colonists except

Austria.

American colonial resistance to British rule was largely driven by

the imposition of new taxes.

Artists from which artistic movement created streamlined office buildings and designed functional objects for everyday use, expressing optimism about the promise of technology?

Bauhaus

German forces invaded Poland in September 1939 and quickly overwhelmed the Polish troops by employing a strategy of

Blitzkrieg.

Descendants of Dutch farmers in southern Africa were known as

Boers.

In 1812, Napoleon fought the Russian army in a gigantic battle at

Borodino.

What country responded to the crisis of the depression by implementing huge tariffs, cutting unemployment insurance benefits, and resisting pump-priming activity on the part of the government as long as possible?

Britain.

Which of the following are essential to Hegel's philosophy of history?

the thesis, the antithesis and the synthesis

What factors sent many businesses into a long-term tailspin beginning in the mid-1870s?

High start-up costs for new businesses and weakening consumer demand

Who was the main architect of the Italian unification movement?

Camillo di Cavour

Who were the Jansenists?

Catholics whose emphasis on God's grace and individual conscience resembled some aspects of Protestantism

In 1829, the duke of Wellington's government passed a law that opened up Parliament and most public offices to

Catholics.

Who published On the Origin of Species in 1859?

Charles Darwin

Which king's increasingly repressive policies sparked another revolution in France in 1830?

Charles X

Independence for Algeria was negotiated by

Charles de Gaulle.

Who starred in the film Modern Times, which presented the inhuman, regimented side of the industrial age with humor and sympathy?

Charlie Chaplin

Among the elite classes, how did attitudes toward children change?

Children were no longer considered miniature adults, and books about and for children became popular.

In 1931, Japan embarked upon an expansionist military policy by invading

China.

Which of the following best describes the trend of urbanization in the eighteenth century?

Cities grew, with an important shift in urbanization from southern Europe to northern Europe.

The major European powers met to decide the fate of post-Napoleonic Europe at the

Congress of Vienna.

Which of the following was not true of precious metals and Spanish colonization in the Americas?

Conquistadores seized gold mines in what is today New Mexico.

__________ was a political doctrine which rejected much of the Enlightenment and French revolution preferring monarchies over republics.

Conservatism

Party politics in Great Britain came to be dominated by the

Conservatives and the Liberals.

In 1961, U.S. president John F. Kennedy launched a secret invasion of which country?

Cuba

__________ wrote The Declaration of the Rights of Woman.

De Gouges

Which of the following established the fundamental principle of order and uniformity in the Universe?

Decartes

Mary Astell based her thoughts about educating women on

Descartes's principles, in which reason took priority over tradition.

Who founded the Society of Jesus?

Ignatius of Loyola.

Why, in Frankenstein, did the monster kill his creator's bride?

Dr. Frankenstein refused to create him a female companion.

Anxious about Balkan instability and Russian aggression, Austria-Hungary formed a defensive alliance with Germany in 1879 that was called the

Dual Alliance.

What British woman cofounded the Women's Social and Political Union, initiated a violent and destructive campaign against men's property, and used confrontational tactics to demonstrate for the right to vote?

Emmeline Pankhurst

"Teddy boys" were found in the 1950s in

England.

Which of the following is true of seventeenth-century colonization?

English, French, and Dutch dominated the commerce of colonies in North American and the Caribbean.

Herder argued that

universal languages represented tyranny

The alliance between Britain and France that began with a secret agreement in 1904 was known as the

Entente Cordiale.

In 1935, Mussolini asserted Italian power by invading

Ethiopia.

Which major feature of the rebellions in the Austrian Empire was a minor part of other national revolutions of 1848?

Ethnic divisions

The Treaty of Rome, in an effort to reduce tariffs among some European nations and to develop common trade policies, established the

European Economic Community (EEC).

Travelers to the Americas or to China often misinterpreted the native societies that they found, but some of them returned with the troubling lesson that

European traditions and beliefs were neither universal nor superior to all others.

Which of the following best describes the marriage and family patterns of seventeenth-century Europe?

Europeans married later and had fewer children.

Which philosophical movement became popular among the cultural elite and university students in the late 1940s?

Existentialism

Which of the following was not involved in total war?

Expanding freedoms of speech and increased democratic participation in government in order to rally public support for the war effort

Who led the first expedition to successfully circumnavigate the globe?

Ferdinand Magellan

Which of the following is true of warfare in the sixteenth century?

Financiers such as the Fugger bank influenced European politics by helping to finance costly wars.

Which two writers were prosecuted for obscenity?

Flaubert and Baudelaire

The person who organized a battlefield nursing service during the Crimean War was

Florence Nightingale.

Which European country colonized the region called Indochina?

France

Italian revolutionaries fought the armies of which two nations?

France and Austria

Which two powers allied to fight against Russia in the Crimean War?

France and Britain

In which countries were women finally given the right to vote after the war?

France and Italy

The two powers that gained the most from the agreement that ended the Thirty Years' War were

France and Sweden.

The main factor in the fall of Napoleon III was

France's defeat in the Franco-Prussian War.

Classicism was originally developed to be a national style of

France.

What pioneering missionary traveled to Asia preaching in India and Japan?

Francis Xavier.

Whose writings suggested that colonized peoples had been "traumatized" by the brutal imposition of outside values and posed the question of how to decolonize one's mind and culture?

Frantz Fanon

Who wrote the novels The Trial and The Castle, which depicted modern life as a vast, impersonal machine?

Franz Kafka

Who developed the practice of scientific management by timing and studying the motions workers used to accomplish tasks?

Frederick Taylor

Which ruler established absolutist rule over Brandenburg-Prussia?

Frederick William

Napoleon worked hardest at restricting which aspect of French liberty?

Freedom of speech and of the press

Who nationalized the Suez Canal in 1956, sparking an attack by Western forces?

Gamal Abdel Nasser

Who invaded southern Italy with a volunteer army, thereby including it in Italian unification?

Giuseppe Garibaldi

Blaise Pascal's wager suggested that people would be better off assuming

God existed.

Which of the following was not a consequence of the constant fighting during the Thirty Years' War?

Government bureaucracies fell apart because there weren't enough people to staff them.

Which country decided not to join the European Economic Community?

Great Britain

Which country had achieved industrial supremacy by the early nineteenth century?

Great Britain

Which countries took the greatest interest in trade with Egypt?

Great Britain and France

Which two European states formed an alliance that successfully challenged Napoleon's domination of the European continent?

Great Britain and Russia

Historians now believe that any distinction made between a "first" and a "second" Industrial Revolution applies mainly to

Great Britain.

Revolutions occurred in 1848 in all of the following regions except

Great Britain.

What painter argued that an artist should "never permit sentiment to overthrow logic" and thus portrayed laborers at backbreaking work?

Gustave Courbet

What monarch was self-described as "the first citizen of a free people"?

Gustavus III of Sweden

Which of the following was NOT an important example of Romanticism?

Hard Times

Who postulated the existence of a new personality type—the homosexual—in the 1890s?

Havelock Ellis

Which of the following best describes Luther's beliefs?

He believed that faith, not good works, would save sinners.

What announcement concerning religion did the Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V, make in 1529, in defiance of the German princes?

He declared the Roman Catholic faith to be the empire's only legitimate religion.

What was Napoleon's opinion of scientific inquiry?

He did everything he could to promote French scientific inquiry, particularly when it showed practical applications.

What was Martin Luther's attitude toward the German peasants who revolted in 1525?

He initially tried to mediate for them but eventually condoned the use of violence against them.

How, in Wordsworth's poem, did the Ancyent Marinere break with nature?

He killed an albatross

Which of the following was not an element of Peter the Great's Westernization program?

He ordered that English be the language of instruction in his new trade schools, because British traders were among the most successful in western Europe.

What did Dr. Frankenstein want most of all?

He wanted to create life.

What role did Jacques-Louis David play in the French Revolution?

He was an artist who planned revolutionary festivals.

All of the following are true of Philip II except

He was uninterested in political events outside the lands over which he had direct rule.

__________ coined the terms "industrial: and industrialist.

Henri/St. Simon

Which of the following is not an example of Queen Elizabeth I's defense of English Protestantism?

Her decision to marry Philip II of Spain.

Who captured the Aztec capital, Tenochtilan, in 1519?

Hernan Cortes

Which of the following is not true about Voltaire?

His work did not achieve any great success until after his death.

Who led a resistance movement in Indochina that forced the French to relinquish their colonial control?

Ho Chi Minh

Which of the following pairs depicted social conditions in their novels?

Honoré de Balzac and Charles Dickens

What was U.S. president Herbert Hoover's initial reaction to the Great Depression?

Hoover believed that the economic problems were temporary and refused to undertake any direct governmental assistance.

Which seventeenth-century author is most associated with the idea of natural law?

Hugo Grotius.

Who led the early Swiss reform movement?

Huldrych Zwingli

Which part of the Austrian Empire negotiated a dual monarchy and relative independence?

Hungary

What impact did Napoleon's victories have in Prussia?

In order to emulate the French, Prussia instituted reforms: serfdom was abolished, and the army was made more efficient.

Which of the following statements best describes the difference between peasants in the western Europe and those in eastern Europe?

In the west, labor shortages gave peasants some leverage to negotiate for more independence, while in the east nobles reinforced their control over the peasantry.

Which of the following was not a setback faced by seventeeth-century Spain?

Indians in the colony of New Spain revolted, attacking Spanish forces stationed there.

Which of the following is not true about romantics?

Their influence was most apparent in architectural designs of the period.

What argument did Jean-Jacques Rousseau make in his book The Social Contract?

Individual moral freedom could be achieved only by learning to subject one's individual interests to the good of the community.

__________ is that art of suggesting something outrageous without saying it explicitly.

Innuendo

All of the following works were written by Martin Luther except

Institutes of the Christian Religion

What were the general trends in reading and publishing during this period?

Interest in reading among the middle classes fueled a sharp increase in publication.

What did the Berlin conference of 1884 and 1885 accomplish?

It banned the sale of alcohol and controlled the sale of arms to native peoples, and it led to the division of the African continent along lines of latitude and longitude.

Which of the following best describes Christian humanism?

It combined a love of classical learning with an emphasis on Christian piety.

What impact did the Civil Code have on women?

It curtailed women's political and economic rights, even revoking some rights they had had under the monarchy.

What was the Truman Doctrine?

It declared the American policy of countering international political crises with economic and military aid.

What did the Act of Supremacy of 1534 promulgate in England?

It made Henry VIII the head of the Church of England.

Which of the following doe NOT apply to Frankenstein?

It may be considered an important example of enlightened thought because of the emphasis on science.

What was the 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas?

It settled disputes between Portugal and Spain by dividing the Atlantic world between them.

How did the French revolutionary government view slavery initially?

It was seen as an insignificant issue and a necessary evil to support the French economy.

Which of the following statements about the Second International is false?

It welcomed the participation of anarchists.

What does the term Risorgimento refer to?

Italian unification

In what country did the movement known as Fascism begin?

Italy

Why was the South African War (or Boer War) significant?

Its costs in terms of money and lives were immense and turned many in Britain against imperialism.

Which non-European country adopted Western architecture, industrialization, and military organization, enabling it to escape Western imperial domination?

Japan

Who won the first victory by a non-European nation over a European great power in the modern age?

Japan

Who was the government minister of Louis XIV who established a mercantilist economic policy?

Jean-Baptiste Colbert

Which of the following best describes how Jews fared in Europe at the turn of the century?

Jews were often prominent in cultural and economic affairs in cities but suffered discrimination and persecution elsewhere.

Which enlightened absolutist had the most success in promoting religious toleration?

Joseph II

The ruler who pushed the principle of religious toleration further than anyone was

Joseph II of Austria.

In the United States, who aroused anti-Communist hysteria and called people to testify on behalf of their political beliefs in an effort to identify and persecute Communist sympathizers?

Joseph McCarthy

Who was censured by the U.S. Senate in 1954 for his assault on freedom and democratic values?

Joseph McCarthy

Who had achieved virtually complete dictatorship in the Soviet Union by the end of the 1920s?

Joseph Stalin

The Land Freedom Army, also known as Mau Mau, achieved independence for

Kenya.

What were collective farms established by Stalin in the Soviet Union called?

Kolkhoz

The superpowers faced off, indirectly, in the early 1950s during the

Korean War.

Who led a successful independence movement in West Africa emphasizing Gandhian methods of passive resistance?

Kwame Nkrumah

Which of the following was the primary cause of rapid urban population growth?

Large-scale emigration from rural areas to cities and towns

__________ is an economic and political doctrine which emphasises free trade and constitutional guarantees of individuals rights such as freedom of speech

Liberalism

Which of the Following was NOT a humanist?

Locke

Who discovered the heating process to make food safe?

Louis Pasteur

Between 1690 and 1740, warfare resulted in all of the following outcomes except

Louis XIV revoked the Edict of Nantes.

War between France, Prussia, and Austria began in 1792 when

Louis XVI declared war on Austria to provoke a crisis that might weaken the Legislative Assembly.

What was the role of religion during Louis XIV's rule?

Louis saw Catholicism as a pillar of his rule and sought to enforce religious conformity.

Who was the leader of the French Popular Front?

Léon Blum

The largest ethnic group in Hungary in the late 1840s was the

Magyars.

What was one of the most important disputes dividing the Estates General?

Their method of voting

Who led the Communist forces that overthrew the Chinese government in 1949?

Mao Zedong

Who among the following was not a victim of the Terror?

Marquis de Lafayette

Which of the following was NOT a utopian socialist?

Marx

Which of the following was not true of the Reformation in England?

Mary Tudor took steps to further the Reformation after she succeeded her half-brother, Edward VI, to the throne.

__________ is the idea that economic forces are at the heart of reality.

Materialism

Who wrote the book Degeneration (1892-1893), in which it was suggested that the overstimulation of modern life was the cause of individual and national deterioration?

Max Nordau

The Committee of Public Safety was dominated by

Maximilien Robespierre.

Who were the Boxers?

Members of a secret Chinese fighting society opposed to Western influences

Which of the following best characterizes the primary consumers of Dutch art?

Merchants, artisans, and shopkeepers

Who developed the essay as a literary form and emphasized the doctrine of skepticism?

Michel de Montaigne

Which of the following was one of the founders of the political theory of anarchism?

Mikhail Bakunin

Who wrote Tartuffe, a play that poked fun at religious hypocrites?

Molière

Which of the following soured civilians toward the war effort?

Mounting inflation caused by wartime shortages

The intervention of what ruler was a key part of Italian unification?

Napoleon III

The factor most responsible for causing the Crimean War was

Napoleon III's aggressive efforts to overcome the containment of France.

Who were the carbonari?

Nationalist secret societies that resisted Napoleon's rule in Italy

In what city's music and skyscrapers did Europeans find potent examples of avant-garde expression that rejected a terrifying past and boldly shaped the future?

New York

Authorities in France felt threatened by Voltaire's popularization of Sir Isaac Newton's discoveries in his Elements of the Philosophy of Newton (1738) because

Newtonianism glorified the human mind and seemed to reduce God to an abstract principle.

In Russia, who used a new political police called the Third Section to spy on potential opponents and stamp out rebelliousness?

Nicholas I

Who first published a book attacking the Ptolemaic account of the movement of the heavens and arguing that the earth revolved around the sun?

Nicolaus Copernicus.

Who became leader of the Soviet Union after Stalin's death, initiating a period of modernization and relative openness in Soviet life known as the thaw?

Nikita Khrushchev

Which of the following best characterizes the artistic movement known as Dada?

Nonsense, incongruity, and alienation

The trials that focused on holding Nazi leaders responsible for atrocities committed during the war—and have shaped notions of human rights and international law ever since—were held at

Nuremberg.

What colonial commodity became more important in the postwar era?

Oil

Who was the main architect of German unification?

Otto von Bismarck

Which of the following artists initiated the style known as cubism?

Pablo Picasso

The final meeting of the Allied leaders—during which it was decided that the Soviets would control eastern Poland, that part of eastern Germany would be given to Poland, and that Germany would be divided into four occupied zones—was held at

Potsdam

How did profits from industry and empire building affect the distinction between aristocrats and the upper middle class?

The distinction between the newly rich and the aristocratic became blurred.

Which of the following best describes a prominent theme of John Milton's epic poem Paradise Lost?

Personal liberty and the human condition

Who were the "indulgents" during the Terror?

Persons who favored a moderation of the Terror

___________ conceived idea that the Medieval period was the "Dark Ages."

Petrarch

__________ were French writers and critics who forged attitudes and championed change and reform in terms of "enlightenment."

Philosophes

Which statement best describes the "republic of letters"?

Philosophes united in a cosmopolitan community that transcended national boundaries and that was dedicated to intellectual pursuits and the ideals of reason, reform, and freedom

__________ means simple, ethical piety in imitation of Christ.

Philosophy Christi

Who wrote the original version of The Marriage of Figaro?

Pierre-Augustin Caron de Beaumarchais

Who coined the phrase "Property is theft"?

Pierre-Joseph Proudhon

Which two eighteenth-century religious revivals among Protestants and Catholics offer evidence that religion was not declining in importance for many people?

Pietism and Jansenism

Which of the following best describes Pietism?

Pietism was a deeply emotional form of Lutheranism that urged intense Bible study.

The constitutional uprising in which country was suppressed by Tsar Nicholas I after it failed to receive support from other European powers?

Poland

The treaties that constituted the Peace of Paris (1919-1920) replaced the Habsburg Empire with three small, internally divided states:

Poland, Czechoslovakia, and the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes.

Which of the following was not a feature of the artistic movement known as romanticism?

Portraits of middle-class families

Which of the following are turn-of-the-century theories that held that there can be no enduring or fundamental social laws because of the ever-changing nature of human experience?

Pragmatism and relativism

During the War of the Austrian Succession, all of the following occurred except

Prussia and Great Britain signed a defensive alliance.

Popular education was woefully underdeveloped throughout most of eastern Europe except in

Prussia.

What was the name of the tsarist prime minister who instituted both a series of land reforms benefiting peasants and repressive measures against revolutionary organizations?

Pyotr Stolypin

What was the dominant and most influential medium for spreading entertainment and information in 1950s Europe?

Radio

Which among the following brought entertainment and information into individuals' private living spaces in the 1920s?

Radio

What was the basis of the new calendar instituted by the National Convention?

Reason and republican principles

Wordsworth's the Rime of Ancyent Marinere is a representative work of

Romanticism

Who wrote the Discourse on Method?

Rene Descartes

Which of the following was NOT a socialist?

Ricardo

Which of the following was not a consequence of famine and disease in the early seventeenth century?

Rich people were disproportionately affected.

What composer wrote a cycle of operas set in a world doomed by the pursuit of power and redeemable only through unselfish love?

Richard Wagner

__________ is the act of singling out someone for witty and merciless criticism.

Ridicule

Which of the following was not a feature of rural European life in the first half of the nineteenth century?

Rising child mortality rates

The British prime minister who helped arrange the post-Napoleonic settlement was

Robert Castlereagh.

The "republic of virtue" was

Robespierre's term for his campaign to instill republicanism in the populace via a program of political reeducation.

What was the main economic problem that created chaos in 1920s Germany?

Runaway inflation

Which country sustained the greatest number of casualties?

Russia

In which three countries did powerful agrarian conservatives frequently block political, social, and economic change?

Russia, Germany, and Austria-Hungary

Murderous attacks motivated by virulent anti-Semitism during the nineteenth century forced large numbers of Jews to flee

Russia.

Which of the following was NOT a Philosophe?

Salutati

Which of the following best characterizes the beliefs of Benedict Spinoza?

Science and mathematics are not irreconcilable with religion.

In what sector of employment did women predominate in the late nineteenth century?

Service

Which of the following statements is true regarding sexuality and family during the 1920s?

Sexuality was addressed more openly, and relationships between young men and women were freer; however, the dominant context for sexuality remained marriage.

Who wrote The Second Sex (1949), which argued that most women not only had become an object or "Other" in society but also passively accepted their male-defined lives?

Simone de Beauvoir

In Ireland, the agenda of those dedicated to fostering Irish culture gained political force with the founding in 1905 of

Sinn Fein.

Who wrote The Advancement of Learning?

Sir Francis Bacon

Who revised the British criminal code and introduced a municipal police force in London?

Sir Robert Peel

__________is the belief that the social owenership of property, unlike the private ownership of property would benefit sociaty as a whole

Socialism

What were the dominant trends in lower-class life during this time?

Some shopkeepers and artisans prospered during a period of rising prices and growing demand, but day laborers and peasants with insufficient land holdings were often forced to migrate to cities or wander the countryside in search of food and work.

In several eastern European countries,

Stalin imposed Communist rule and removed coalition-type governments that included liberals, socialists, and peasant party leaders.

Following World War II, how did Stalin view the West?

Stalin perceived the West to be a menace to the Soviet Union and believed that Churchill and Roosevelt had conspired to allow his country to bear the brunt of Hitler's attack as part of their anti-Communist policy.

The critical defeat of the Germans in which Russian city in 1942-1943 turned the war against the Axis powers?

Stalingrad

The failed German siege of which city was a major turning point of World War II?

Stalingrad

__________ is a liberal arts course of study including grammar, rhetoric, poetry, history, politics and moral philosophy.

Studia humanitas

Which of the following was not proposed by Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points?

Substantial reparations from Germany

Many Christians were scandalized by the alliance between the French king Francis I and

Sultan Seleiman I

Which of the following causes did not inspire the Vendée rebellion?

Support for the sans-culottes

Which country lost the most territory by the terms of the Treaty of Nystad?

Sweden

Who wrote the poems "The Wasteland" and "The Hollow Men," which portrayed postwar life as petty and futile?

T. S. Eliot

What 1941 agreement condemned aggression, reaffirmed the ideal of collective security, and endorsed the right of peoples to choose their governments—all issues that would become focal points for the Allies after the war?

The Atlantic Charter

What British legislation allowed voters to cast their ballot in secret, thereby limiting the influence of landlords and employers on the votes of their workers?

The Ballot Act of 1872

In 1955, which of the following, sponsored by the Indonesian president Sukarno, began working toward a common policy among nonaligned, postcolonial nations for achieving modernization?

The Bandung Convention

Which of the following is not true about pirates in early 1700s?

The British colonial governments tolerated them because they attacked merchants of rival countries.

Why were the number and size of European trading colonies in China limited?

The Chinese government despised Europeans and allowed them to trade in only one location.

Which of the following was not an agricultural development that began in Britain and spread to other countries?

The division of farmland into smaller, more easily managed holdings

Which of the following was not true of the Ottoman Empire in the sixteenth century?

The French king and the Hasburg emperor allied as Catholic monarchs against the Muslim Ottoman Empire.

What was the most important new religious order of sixteenth-century Catholic Europe?

The Jesuits

What was the new assembly established by the National Assembly and endorsed by Louis XVI in the constitution of 1791?

The Legislative Assembly

Who abolished the French monarchy?

The National Convention

What name was applied to the series of economic and social programs instituted by U.S. president Franklin Delano Roosevelt to ease the effects of the Great Depression?

The New Deal

Which Western military alliance was formed in 1949?

The North Atlantic Treaty Organization

European nationalist movements proved most successful against which power?

The Ottoman Turks

What was the name of the treaty that ended the Thirty Years' War?

The Peace of Westphalia.

Which group was responsible for the assassination of Tsar Alexander II in 1881?

The People's Will

In what country did the United States put down an independence movement, killing more than 200,000 natives in the process?

The Philippines

Many of the ideals of the French Revolution were based on

The Roman Republic

Which event forced Charles I to call Parliament into session in 1640?

The Scottish invasion of northern England

Which nation(s) among the following provided assistance to the Spanish republicans in their fight against fascism?

The Soviet Union

Which treaty ended the Seven Years' War and established British dominance in North America?

The Treaty of Paris

In the 1920s, which country was considered as the trendsetter in economic modernization?

The United States

The second Great Awakening began in what part of the world?

The United States

Which two dynasties fought for domination of Europe in the sixteenth century?

The Valois and Habsburg dynasties

Which conflict ended with the Peace of Utrecht (1713-1714)?

The War of the Spanish Succession

Which of the following works does NOT represents Humanism?

The Wealth of Nations

Which of the following was not a consequence of the Crimean War?

The alliance between Russia and Austria was strengthened.

Which battle saw the defeat of the Czechs by the armies of the Habsburg emperor and became a symbol to the Czech desire for self-determination?

The battle of White Mountain.

Which of the following was not a decision made at the Council of Trent?

The clergy and the laity should share authority.

What was Magyarization?

The demand by Hungarian nationalists for greater Hungarian influence in Hungary

What policies and circumstances allowed Japan to escape European rule?

The embrace of Western technology, careful study of Western societies, and government support for reform and innovation

Who was the stadholder of the Dutch Republic?

The executive officer responsible for defense and for representing the state at all ceremonial occasions

Desiderius Erasmus published all of the following works except

The first Black of the Trumpet against the Monstrous Regiment of Women.

What does the term tabula rasa refer to in Locke's theory?

The idea that the human mind is blank at birth and that all knowledge comes from sensory experience

Which of the following was not an accomplishment of the dominant literary style of the mid-nineteenth century?

The idealization of characters and arguments for political utopias

Which of the following best describes the court of Francis I?

The largest court in Europe, it was a focus of royal power and intrigue.

Which of the following is true regarding the League of Nations?

The league attempted to replace secretive power politics with collective security.

What legal entity protected investors from personal responsibility for a business's debts?

The limited liability corporation

Which of the following did not lead to the attack on the Bastille?

The massacre by Louis XVI's troops of members of the National Assembly

Which of the following best describes the place of scientific learning in European culture in 1700?

The public flocked to scientific lectures, and many women as well as men were interested in discussing scientific discoveries.

Which of the following contributed to colonial hostility toward European imperial powers?

The refusal of Western nations to incorporate a declaration of racial equality into the League of Nations charter

Which of the following was not a feature of middle-class and upper-class women's lives in the 1830s and 1840s?

Their fashions became more practical, reflecting their expanding public role.

To whom did the word flapper refer in the 1920s?

The sexually liberated postwar version of the "new woman"

Which statement regarding famines in the 1840s is false?

The threat of starvation saw citizens overcome class differences to face food shortages together.

Which of the following was not accomplished by the Treaty of Versailles?

The treaty confirmed Germany's claims to its colonies and reincorporated Germany into the community of nations.

Sigmund Freud's approach to understanding and treating modern anxieties emphasized the role of which of the following in shaping human behavior?

The unconscious

What were the June Days?

The violent suppression of French workers by the army and the National Guard

How did World War II affect colonial peoples?

The war undermined European domination of colonial peoples, who more and more refused to show deference to their imperial rulers.

Which of the following was a consequence of the Affair of the Placards?

There was a national crackdown on religious dissent in France.

Why did industrialization advance slowly in eastern Europe?

There was limited labor mobility due to the continuing existence of serfdom, and wealthy landlords had little incentive to invest in manufacturing.

Which of the following was not a change in European sexual mores during this period?

There was much greater toleration of homosexuality.

Why were Pierre Bayle's books controversial when they appeared in the late 1600s?

They argued that even religion must be subject to human reason.

Which of the following statements regarding the Anabaptists is false?

They came primarily from the upper classes.

Which statement best expresses the goals of British liberals?

They desired free markets and a limited economic role for government.

What became of the majority of the Caribbean islands' indigenous people?

They died as a result of warfare and disease.

Which of the following is not true about the impressionists?

They increased the realism of their art in response to the growing popularity of the camera and photography.

Which of the following is true regarding the Spartacists?

They were a radical socialist faction that favored direct worker control of institutions.

How were strikes from the 1880s on different from earlier ones?

They were larger and more frequent.

Who were the sans-culottes?

They were ordinary citizens of Paris, mainly skilled artisans and their families.

Which of the following was the course advocated by B. G. Tilak?

Tilak promoted Hindu customs and preached noncompliance with British rule, inspiring violent rebellion against British imperialism.

Which of the following was not one of Columbus's objectives?

To import enslaved Africans

Which battle prevented a French invasion of Britain and was a huge defeat for the French and Spanish navies?

Trafalgar

The idea of a Holy Alliance was proposed by

Tsar Alexander.

What triggered the entry of the United States into World War I on the side of the Allies?

Unrestricted submarine warfare by Germany, which led to the sinking of American ships

All of the following provide evidence for the unpopularity of Communist rule in Russia except

Vladimir Mayakovsky's poetry.

Which battle is considered Napoleon's final defeat?

Waterloo

Who developed the uncertainty principle in physics, the theory that precise formulations of atomic behavior were impossible because scientific observation itself disturbs the natural state of atoms?

Werner Heisenberg

In Turkey, Mustafa Kemal came to power emphasizing

Western dress, the Latin alphabet, and women's rights.

In Russia, nationalism took the form of opposition to

Western ideas.

In the majority of European countries, how did the legal rights of married women change during this period?

Women's rights improved somewhat as states attempted to make marriage more appealing to women in order to counter a declining birthrate.

Who issued the Fourteen Points, a blueprint for a new international order and a nonvindictive peace settlement?

Woodrow Wilson

Widening participation in the political process in western Europe was reflected in the successful parliamentary campaign of the British Liberal politician

William Gladstone.

Who was burned at the stake as a heretic in 1536 for translating the Bible into English?

William Tyndale

What wartime leader rallied the British people through his radio-broadcasted speeches?

Winston Churchill

Which statement best describes socialism and women in the 1830s and 1840s?

Women attempted to broaden socialist politics to include women's rights and issues.

Which of the following is true regarding women during World War I?

Women were divided as to how to respond to the war, but most opted to patriotically support the war effort.

Which of the following was not a significant argument supporting the women's suffrage movement?

Women were superior to men and should take over the administration of politics and society.

The Old Believers were

a Russian religious group who refused to adopt the ways of the Byzantine Orthodox church.

The Ottoman state appeared weak to Western eyes because of

a constantly shifting political and social system that pitted levels of authority against each other.

John Milton wrote all of the following except

a defense of the divine rights of absolutist monarchies.

The Dutch Republic is best described as

a federation of self-governing provinces that thrived on maritime commerce and tolerated religious diversity.

The Schmalkaldic League was

a group of German Protestant princes and cities opposed to Emperor Charles V.

The physiocrats were

a group of economists who urged the French government to deregulate the grain trade and reform taxation.

Tadeusz Kosciuszko was all of the following during his life except

a liberator of the serfs.

The St. Bartholomew's Day massacre was

a massacre of Huguenots in Paris and the provinces by Catholic obs.

All of the following have been cited by historians as contributing to the economic recession at the beginning of the seventeenth century except

a massive population boom throughout Europe between 1550 and 1650.

The Bolshevik Revolution of November 1917 led to

a military takeover by the Bolsheviks after they failed to win elections, followed by civil war.

The Terror refers to

a program instituted by Robespierre whereby political terror was used by the Committee of Public Safety to crush dissent and reorganize French society.

All of the following have been offered as historical explanations for the increase in the slave trade except

a shift from agriculture to manufacturing in the New World.

The National Convention abolished slavery in 1794 because

a slave revolt in St. Domingue and war with Spain in the Caribbean threatened the government with the loss of France's sugar-producing colonies.

An innovation that played an important role in the success of the Portuguese voyages of exploration was the caravel, which was

a small three-masted ship.

Thomas Hobbes argued that rulers derived their power from

a social contract among citizens.

Humanists based their program to reform society on the ideals of_________

ancient Greece and Rome

Baldassare Castiglione's The Courtier describes court culture as

a synthesis of military virtues and literary and artistic cultivation.

The provisional government formed after the February revolution in France did all of the following except

abolish property taxes.

The constitution enacted by a reform-minded Polish parliament in May 1791 did all of the following except

abolish serfdom.

The effects of the depression

added to colonial grievances and discontent.

Which of the following are used by Voltaire in Candide?

all of the above; ridicule, irony, innuendo

Which of the following applies to Voltaire's depiction of El Dorado?

all people were free

The Peace of Augsburg

allowed all princes of the Holy Roman Empire, whether Catholic or Lutheran, to determine the religion of their lands and subjets, but it excluded Calvinists and other dissenting groups.

Under Ottoman rule, Christians in the Balkans were

allowed to retain their faith.

The Dutch population, near starvation after the war, was saved by

an airlift of food supplies from the United States.

The Revolution of 1905 in Russia began with

an attack on peaceful demonstrators by the tsar's troops in St. Petersburg.

Voltaire's Candide is NOT

an story in which all turns out for the best

In 1787, on the eve of the French Revolution, the French monarchy

appeared to be secure in its power and had regained its prestige after its humiliating defeat in the Seven Years' War.

Famine in the 1840s

aroused social and political unrest as citizens blamed government officials for not ensuring fair prices and merchants for reaping benefits from high prices.

The only innovative artistic style to achieve immediate commercial success around the turn of the century was

art nouveau.

Karl Marx

attacked mutualism and anarchism as emotional, wrongheaded, and unscientific.

The Table of Ranks, established by Peter the Great in 1722, was a pivotal element of his reform program because it

based noble status on service to the state, not on birth, which gave the tsar greater control over his nobles and a ready-made bureaucracy and officer corps.

In 1798, the Society of United Irishmen

began a rebellion against British occupying forces timed to coincide with a French invasion, but they were brutally repressed.

The Russian army

believed that its superior numbers would outweigh its poor training and outdated equipment.

Byronic heroes

believed they were superior to the rest of society and viewd others with distain

The American War of Independence was

born of a common Atlantic culture of Enlightenment ideas and a belief in traditional British liberties.

Concentration camps such as Auschwitz-Birkenau were

both work camps established to drive the Nazi war machine and extermination camps developed specifically for the purpose of mass murder.

Louis XIV transformed the French military by doing all of the following except

building the world's strongest navy.

Stalin's primary method of industrialization was a wartime policy called

central economic planning.

The Continential System

called for a boycott on British goods in France

Totalitarianism refers to

centralized systems of government that control society and ensure conformity through a single party and police terror.

Mohandas Gandhi advocated a policy of

civil disobedience.

Which of the following was NOT associated with Romanticism?

classicism

Opera

combined drama, dance, music, and scenery and often explored themes intended to be pleasing to the aristocracy.

The Nazi-Soviet Pact

committed both states to mutual nonaggression and provided for the division of Poland.

The Fabian Society was

committed to a type of socialism based on state planning and reform rather than revolution.

The second and third partitions of Poland, which occurred in 1793 and 1795, respectively,

completely abolished Poland as an independent kingdom.

The slave trade was

condoned by nearly all Protestant and Catholic church authorities.

For politicians to achieve electoral success in postwar western Europe, it was critical that they

connect themselves to the former resistance movements and other Axis opponents.

Which of the following was NOT associated with the French Revolution?

conservatism

The political doctrine that justified the restoration of traditional rulers was

conservatism.

Tsar Alexei expanded his absolutist powers in all of the following ways except for

consulting frequently with the nobles of the Assembly of the Land.

The "cult of the offensive" urged

continuous attacks on the enemy.

European population trends between 1650 and 1750 were dominated by

continuous urban growth, a south-to-north shift, and the massive growth of London.

The enclosure movement changed the social structure of the British countryside because

cottagers and small-scale farmers lost their independence when they lost their land to big landowners, who then employed them as farm laborers and tenant farmers.

The Zollverein was a

customs union that included most German states.

Governments contributed to a longer-lasting, more severe depression by

cutting spending and enacting huge tariffs on imports.

During the Great Depression, the birthrate in many countries

declined.

On the night of August 4, 1789, the National Assembly

decreed the abolition of "the feudal regime," freeing the serfs and ending the special tax privileges of the nobles.

François-René de Chateaubriand's book Genius of Christianity

deemed the Enlightenment's focus on reason as destructive to France and to Christianity.

At the battle of Lepanto in 1571, The Spanish

defeated the Turks and won control of the western Mediterranean.

The Chartists advocated

democratic government, annual elections, secret ballots, and universal manhood suffrage.

Tsar Nicholas II believed strongly in all of the following except

equal treatment under the law for all subjects.

Soldiers in the trenches

developed close bonds with their comrades as well as with opposing troops in order to cope with the terrible conditions on the fronts.

After World War II, governments in both the East and West

developed more comprehensive welfare states.

Some reformers considered drunkenness and the popularity of blood sports such as cockfighting and bearbaiting to be indicative of the lower classes' lack of

discipline.

The revolutionary wars

disrupted international commerce and caused widespread shortages.

The victory of Parliament over Charles I in 1646 led to

division among the victors over the extent of social and religious reform.

Collectivization of agriculture in the Soviet Union

dramatically worsened the lives of the peasantry and led to the rapid decline of agricultural production.

Under King Frederick William I, Prussia became a formidable military power by

drawing on all the resources of the state to support and maintain the army.

According the Adam Smith's The Wealth of Nations

each person should be "free to pursue his interests in his own way"

In the eighteenth century, the ranks of the middle class grew steadily as a result of

economic expansion.

The Parliament of 1640 did all of the following except

eliminate the Anglican prayer book.

Methodism

emphasized conservative views but fostered a sense of democratic community.

A paradox of imperialism was that

empire was supposed to bring great riches, but according to some critics, its costs exceeded its profits.

The "new paternalism" of the Napoleonic state saw

employer-employee relations regulated and workers' organizations prohibited.

All of the following resulted from the revolutions of 1848 except the

end of aristocratic dominance.

The Civil Code of 1804

ensured equal treatment under the law to all men, but limited the rights of women

The Directory government exported the Revolution by

establishing satellite "sister republics" in areas where their armies were successful.

In the early eighteenth century, Sir Robert Walpole increased the role of Parliament in the British government by

establishing the system in which the leader of the dominant parliamentary party guided legislation through the House of Commons.

The Civil Code of 1804 did all of the following except

expand workers' rights.

Women's role in the civilian workforce

expanded as women took over jobs traditionally unavailable to them in order to replace the working men sent to the front.

Under Charles XII, Sweden

expanded until its army was defeated at the battle of Poltava.

The German states

experienced an artistic and intellectual revival influenced by anti-French nationalism.

After its war with Mexico, the United States was politically polarized by the question of whether to

extend slavery into new western territories.

The Polish constitution

extended equal rights to all ethnicities and religions.

Liberalism did NOT

favor the working class

Within the Atlantic world, slave revolts were

feared but uncommon.

All of the following aided the early rise of Nazism except

financial assistance from Mussolini.

The French Revolution began with a(n)

fiscal crisis caused by a mounting deficit.

The Treaty of Nanking

forced an expanded British opium trade on the Chinese.

Conservative figures put the battlefield toll of dead and wounded for the war at no less than

forty million.

During the eighteenth century, wars were

fought by professional armies according to more cautious and calculating strategies.

Robert Owen was best known for

founding model socialist communities.

Louis XIV sought to reform the nobility and bring them under his control by

gathering them at court, where they replaced violent disputes with court ritual.

The National Assembly did not

give the king the power to veto any law he disapproved of.

Outside of England and the Dutch Republic, the essential staple of most European's diets was

grain.

After midcentury, Great Britain, France, and Russia changed their colonial policies in all of the following ways except for

granting more independence to colonized peoples.

France and Britain responded to Hitler's annexation of Czechoslovakia by

guaranteeing military support to Poland, Romania, Greece, and Turkey in the event of a Nazi invasion.

Napoleon

had a personal and highly centralized military command.

In 1895, Irish playwright Oscar Wilde was sent to prison for

having sexual affairs with young men.

All of the following are true of Gustavus Adolphus except

he fought mainly against other Protestants.

In 1918, the German military

helped create a civilian government and tricked inexperienced politicians into taking blame for defeat in the war.

Which of the following illustrates Voltaire's use of ridicule?

his treatment of Pangloss

Marx and Darwin both argued that

humans are locked in a evolutionary struggle based on competition

Eighteenth-century Spain was

in decline economically and culturally.

World War I

increased social mobility, provided new economic opportunities for women, and sparked tendencies toward social leveling.

Imperialism was usually characterized by

indirect forms of economic exploitation and political rule.

Deists were

individuals who believed in God but rejected the idea that such a being took a role in earthly affairs.

The policies of war communism did all of the following except

introduce democratic procedures into the army to increase support among workers for the Bolsheviks.

When French armies occupied an area, they

introduced the laws of the French Republic, such as the abolition of seigneurial dues.

Sweden attempted to deal with the population problem by

introducing a family allowance to ease financial burdens on parents.

Johan Gutenberg_______.

is credited with developing the movable type printing press.

Philology_________.

is the study of language in its historical context

All of the following statements about the French Popular Front are true except

it enjoyed widespread support among the upper classes, who preferred the Popular Front to fascism.

The extensive use of the intendant system was important because

it gave Louis more direct power and influence in the various regions of the state.

Women

joined demonstrations, wrote petitions and tracts, and organized political clubs.

Which of the following made Frankenstein's creation a monster?

lack of nurturing

Georges Boulanger

led an abortive coup against the Third Republic.

The religious revival that began in the late 1700s

led to an increase in global missionary activity.

Historically, Liberalism stood for

limits on state intervention in private life.

As part of the post-Napoleonic settlement, France

lost all the territory it had gained since 1790.

In the eighteenth century, the Dutch Republic

lost its status as a great power in European politics.

After his restoration, Louis XVIII

made concessions that included maintaining the Napoleonic Code.

The death rates among missionaries, adventurers, traders, and bureaucrats in Africa plummeted after medicinal quinine was developed for use in the treatment of

malaria.

The Taiping was a

mass movement in China that sought the expulsion of foreigners and land reform.

As the middle class became more literate,

men read newspapers, novels, and religious tracts in coffeehouses while women read at home.

Adam Smith rejected

mercantilism.

The Spanish and Portuguese were more tolerant of intermarriage between Europeans and native Americans than were the British or French; such tolerance led to

mestizos composing over a quarter of the population in Spanish colonies.

Leopold I's priorities as the absolutist ruler of the Austrian Hapsburg Empire and as Holy Roman Emperor were to

modernize the army and reduce the independence of various ethnic provinces.

Competitive team sports developed in relationship to

nationalism.

The new artistic and architectural style featuring an emphasis on ancient Greek and Roman styles was called

neoclassicism.

In the early eighteenth century, the "consumer revolution" occurred because

new foreign goods such as calico and tea were available in greater quantities just as a growing European population emerged with enough disposable income to buy them.

By the 1890s, many activists for women's rights had come to focus on the goal of

obtaining women's right to vote.

France's Fourth Republic collapsed in 1958 because

of its failures in the Algerian war.

In the New World, Christianity

often blended with native practices and identities.

During the war, propaganda

on both sides employed stereotypical depictions of wartime enemies to promote racial thinking.

Voltaire's Philosophical Dictionary in 1764 attacked most of the claims of

organized Christianity, both Catholic and Protestant.

The Rump Parliament did all of the following except

outlaw Puritanism.

In Great Britain, the Factory Act of 1833

outlawed the employment of children under the age of nine in the textile industry.

In 1931, Spanish revolutionaries

overthrew the monarchy and set up a republic.

The Edict of Nantes was significant because it

pacified a religious minority too large to ignore-the Huguenots-by giving them legal protection.

During food riots,

participants forced the sale of grain or flour at what they believed was a "just" price.

Elites attempted to reform popular culture in all of the following ways except

participating in "charivaris," "skimmingtons," "rough music," and "shivarees."

Some of the strongest resistance to Communist attempts to change everyday life and culture came from

peasants and fervent Muslims.

Which of the following was a conclusion of Locke's An Essay on Human Understanding?

personality is the product of personal experience

The word soviets refers to

political councils organized by discontented workers during the Russian Revolution of 1905.

"Jingoism" refers to

political sloganeering with nationalistic overtones.

Rococo painting is best described as

portraits and pastoral paintings that often depicted sensually intimate scenes.

Many philosophers and social thinkers at the end of the nineteenth century rejected the century-old belief that objective study of facts would generate enduring social laws, a theory known as

positivism.

The notion that the careful study of fact about human life could generate accurate laws of society which could, in turn help the formulation of policy and legislation is__________.

positivism.

All of the following products were part of the consumer revolution of the early eighteenth century except

potatoes.

Voltaire's Letters Concerning the English Nation

praised England for its scientific learning and toleration of Protestant religious dissent.

The Protestant reformer John Calvin developed the doctrine of

predestination.

The Corn Laws

prevented the import of low-cost grain into Britain.

Pierre-Joseph Proudhon

proposed organizing society around natural groupings of male artisans in workshops.

During the Great Depression,

prosperity did continue in some regions and economic sectors.

In Britain, the general strike of union miners in 1926

provoked unprecedented middle-class resistance and failed to help the unions.

Cromwell faced growing opposition in the 1650s because he

raised taxes and gave himself too much power.

Europe's primary economic interest in sub-Saharan Africa was gaining access to

raw materials.

Artists' responses to midcentury political and social issues affected the literary and artistic style known as

realism.

The American colonists

received assistance from several European powers and the support of enlightened public opinion in Europe.

After the war, women

received the right to vote in most of the west, with the exception of France and Italy.

Frederick William of Hohenzollern transformed Brandenburg-Prussia into an effective absolutist state primarily by

recruiting the aristocracy and the peasantry into a large, powerful, and well-equipped military system.

The plays of William Shakespeare

reflected the concerns of the age, namely the nature of power and the crisis of authority.

Napoleon did all of the following to achieve and maintain social control except

rely on a steady stream of mass executions.

The postwar government of Germany was a

republic.

The Vienna settlement

required the cooperation of the major powers and guaranteed recognition of smaller states.

Ferdinand VII of Spain generated resistance from many when, after being restored to the throne in 1814, he

restored the prerevolutionary nobility, church, and monarchy.

The "September massacres" occurred when

revolutionary mobs panicked at the approach of Prussian troops on Paris and massacred eleven hundred inmates of French prisons.

All of the following were features of urban life except

rising life expectancy.

The novels of Sir Walter Scott and Alessandro Manzoni both served to promote

romantic nationalism.

The dominant artistic movement of the 1830s and 1840s was

romanticism.

During the latter third of the eighteenth century, trade

saw limited growth as trade barriers and tariffs increased across most of western Europe.

The Glorious Revolution

saw the triumph of constitutionalism in England with the institution of a Bill of Rights.

In its 1954 decision in Brown v. Board of Education, the U.S. Supreme Court declared that

segregated education was unconstitutional.

The poet and philosopher Margaret Cavendish attacked the use of telescopes and microscopes because

she believed it exalted masculine prowess and undermined Christian free will.

The Paris Commune was sparked by the

siege of Paris at the end of the Franco-Prussian War.

The artwork of Henri Matisse was designed to

soothe.

The artistic style known as expressionism

sought to portray the anguish of modern life and humankind's inner reality.

Albert Einstein's special theory of relativity argued that

space and time vary according to the vantage point of the observer, but the speed of light is constant.

Religious leaders during this period

spurred many to recommit to activism and attempted to fight secularization and dictatorship.

In seventeenth-century Europe, population levels

stagnated or declined in most places, particularly in central Europe.

The lycées were

state-run secondary schools for boys.

The economic recession of the seventeenth century caused the

states of northwestern Europe to become stronger and those in the south to decline.

In the years leading up to World War I, Germany was

strong economically and weak diplomatically.

Stalin's efforts at industrialization

succeeded in making the Soviet Union a leading industrial nation but also had great social costs.

The Enabling Act, passed in Germany in 1933,

suspended the constitution and virtually ended democratic government.

All of the following ere features of the growth of state authority except

taxes decreased because the Thirty Years' War had proved so lucrative for the victorious powers.

In the Leviathan Hobbes argued that

that absolute rule alone could prevent society from falling into a "state of nature" in which lifew was brutish and short

Laissez-faire refers to an economic theory

that argues that governments should leave individual enterprises free from excessive interference.

At the time of the Thirty Years' War, the Holy Roman Empire was under the rule of

the Austrian Habsburgs.

One-third of all European immigrants in the second half of the nineteenth century came from

the British Isles.

The civil war in Spain was won by

the Falangists.

In 1923, in response to the failure of Germany to make coal payments to France and Belgium,

the French and the Belgians sent troops to occupy the resource-rich Ruhr basin in Germany.

The Dutch lost ground to the French and the English in the New World because

the French and the English emphasized the establishment of settler colonies.

The United States provided massive economic aid to Europe via

the Marshall Plan.

The term Volksgemeinschaft refers to

the Nazi goal of a "people's community" of racially pure Germans.

A permanent peace was finally established between the Valois and the Habsburgs with the signing of

the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis.

Of all the combatants in World War II, the only two countries to remain powerful in 1945 were

the United States and the Soviet Union.

The French army was at its weakest point in 1793 for all of the following reasons except

the army was relatively undermanned.

Cartel and trust both refer to

the banding together of firms in the same industry to control prices and competition.

The doctrine of predestination is best described as

the belief that God had ordained everyone to salvation or damnation before the creation of the world.

All of the following presented challenges in the decolonization process except

the continued deference of colonized peoples to the intimidating power the West still had.

The "tennis court oath" was an oath taken by

the deputies of the newly declared National Assembly that they would not disband before achieving constitutional reform.

Montesquieu's Spirit of the Laws argued against

the divine right of monarchs.

The most dramatic of Tsar Alexander II's Great Reforms was

the emancipation of the serfs.

Across Europe, aristocrats often enjoyed all of the following privileges except

the exclusive right to bear arms.

The Directory was

the executive body headed by five directors that followed the Terror.

Some scientists in the eighteenth century changed their views about women's biology, conceding that

the female egg, and not just the male sperm, contained vital elements for creation of a fetus, a doctrine known as ovism.

All of the following threatened native Americans in the English colonies except

the formation of alliances among native tribes.

Bismarck's Kulturkampf exemplified

the hostility exhibited by some nationalists toward religious loyalties.

All of the following were factors that contributed to the French fiscal crisis except

the inability of the government to secure loans from private sources.

The Jesuits were

the major Catholic teaching order and missionary network.

Liberal economics was based on which combination of concepts?

the market and private property

In general, Tsar Alexei promoted

the opening of Russia to Western influences.

Which of the following does NOT apply to Voltaire's depiction of El Dorado?

the people of the city valued gold

The Thermidorian Reaction

the period in which the Convention turned against Robespierre and his regime of Terror.

America was urged to "take up the white man's burden" by

the poet Rudyard Kipling.

Christian Dior's "new look" of the 1940s emphasized

the restoration of the nineteenth-century female silhouette.

All of the following were reforms of the French National Assembly that sparked the June Days of 1848 except

the restriction of voting rights.

The months before the Estates General met were characterized by all of the following except

the swearing of the "tennis court oath" by members of the Third Estate.

Mitteleuropa refers to

the territorial aspirations of German statesmen who envisioned central Europe, the Balkans, and Turkey under their control.

Secularization could best be described as

the trend toward making religion a matter of private conscience rather than public policy.

The war went worse for Russia primarily because

the tsar failed to unite the bureaucracy and his people in a single-minded war effort.

Freemasonry was marked by all of the following except

the unwillingness of the aristocracy to join.

The phrase "best circles" refers to

the upper level of society composed of aristocrats and the wealthiest or best educated.

The Italian government's policy of trasformismo involved

the use of bribes, public works programs, and other benefits to localities to influence members of the Italian parliament.

The art of Maria Sybilla Merian provides a good example of

the way in which art and science could intersect.

The principal challenge faced by religiously motivated reformerswas that

the working classes seemed to be uninterested in religious practice.

The Dreyfus Affair involved

the wrongful conviction of a Jewish officer in the French military for treason.

Pierre-Joseph Proudhon defined property as

theft.

Although François Boucher's paintings and George Frideric Handel's oratorios are distinctly different cultural art forms, one common aspect that links the two men is that

they appealed to the middle class through their emphasis on emotion.

The economic crisis affected women in all of the following ways except

they married earlier in hopes of escaping the effects of the economic recession.

The French Academy of Science refused to admit Marie Curie as a member because

they refused to believe that a woman was capable of doing the work credited to her.

The Ottomans pursued state consolidation

through a combination of settlement and military control.

Poland's rebellion against Russian rule in 1863 was put down

through military force and promises of reform to the peasantry.

The Indian Rebellion of 1857 was the result of the British

tightening their control of India and eroding local Indian autonomy.

The Royal Society of London's mission was

to "scrutinize the whole of Nature."

Napoleon's basic approach to war was

to concentrate his forces and crush his enemies in a lightning campaign characterized by a single decisive battle and relentless pursuit.

England's Catholic church hierarchy had William Tyndale burned at the stake after he

translated the Bible into English.

Henry IV did all of the following except

undermine the financial stability of the monarchy through overspending.

Relative to their fellow subjects back in England, American colonists were

undertaxed.

Jeremy Bentham's name for his brand of liberalism was

utilitarianism.

The Treaty of Amiens in 1802

was a short-lived truce between Napoleon and Great Britain.

The appeasement of Germany in 1938

was based on the democratic powers' belief that Germany had legitimate grievances.

The Provisional Government of Russia (1917)

was composed of moderate aristocrats and middle-class politicians.

Poland-Lithuania

was weakened by the power of the nobles and twenty years of civil war and invasion.

One likely reason that Scotland, parts of Switzerland, and the Scandinavian countries more successfully promoted education and literacy than countries such as France is that they

were all Protestant countries that emphasized the importance of personally reading the Bible, which Catholic countries such as France did not do.

In the sixteenth century, magic and science

were closely linked, and many leading scientists also dabbled in alchemy and astrology.

Nineteenth-century women

were generally encouraged to participate in individual sports and exercise to better prepare them for the rigors of motherhood.

In general, the colonies in British North America

were left to themselves and developed their own representative governments.

Enlightenment ideas and absolutism

were often combined by "enlightened despots" who introduced Enlightenment reforms while maintaining their absolutist powers.

The reforms introduced by enlightened absolutists

were often successfully resisted by groups such as the nobility that felt threatened by innovation.

The Jews in Poland-Lithuania

were persecuted during the Deluge, and tens of thousands were killed.

Under Louis XIV, the arts

were treated as a branch of government and were used to glorify the king.

During the Great Depression, gender relations

were unsettled because men were often unable to find work to support their families and low-paying jobs for women became families' main source of income.

Hitler first became chancellor of Germany in 1933

when the German president, at the urging of social elites, offered Hitler the position.

The National Assembly granted the right to vote to

white men who possessed a certain amount of wealth.

Olympe de Gouges, in her Declaration of the Rights of Women of 1791, argued that

women should have new political and social rights as well as new social and economic responsibilities.

The phrase "new women" referred to

women who took advantage of modern trends to live more independent, public, and assertive lives than had been traditionally available to them.

The majority of service workers in the emerging white-collar sector were

women.

In his Persian Letters (1721), Montesquieu struck a chord with some European women when he had the wife of one of his Persian travelers

write a suicide note to her husband in which she proclaimed that her mind had always been free and independent.

The term nihilist was applied to

young nobles who repudiated traditional behavior and values.

Who produced a series of novels set in industrializing France that explored social degeneration?

Émile Zola