Frameworks and Theories of Population-Based Nursing

Why is the use of macroscopic focus and macroscopic theories useful in planning population-based nursing care? 1) Enables population-based nurses to focus on maximizing positive health outcomes for a population 2) Encourages population-based nurses to prioritize the needs of an individual over the needs of a population 3) Provides leverage for population-based nurse leaders to direct funding to individuals with immediate emergency health care needs 4) Supports population-based nurses in advocating for the development of screening programs for rare genetic diseases in a community

1) Enables population-based nurses to focus on maximizing positive health outcomes for a population Rationale: Use of macroscopic focus and theories enables the planning of interventions to maximize positive health outcomes for a population.

Which characteristics describe the Intervention Wheel theoretical model of population-based nursing? Select all that apply. 1) Macroscopic-focused 2) Microscopic-focused 3) Includes 17 population-based nursing interventions 4) Applicable primarily to individual-focused nursing practice 5) Widely used in population-based nursing research and practice

1) Macroscopic-focused Rationale: The Intervention Wheel is a macroscopic-focused population-based theoretical model. 3) Includes 17 population-based nursing interventions Rationale: The Intervention Wheel includes 17 nursing interventions applied at the individual, community, and systems level. 5) Widely used in population-based nursing research and practice Rationale: The Intervention Wheel is widely used as a leading theoretical model in population-based nursing research and practice.

What is the function of theory in population-based nursing practice? Select all that apply. 1) Organize information and guide nursing practice 2) Serve as a diagnostic tool for community health conditions 3) Explain relationships among population-based nursing interventions 4) Ensure that population-based nursing practice follows the nursing process 5) Provide a tested model for thinking about population-based nursing interventions

1) Organize information and guide nursing practice Rationale: In population-based nursing practice, the function of theory is to organize information and guide nursing practice. 3) Explain relationships among population-based nursing interventions Rationale: Theories are abstract statements formulated to predict, explain, or describe the relationships among concepts, constructs, or events. In population-based nursing, theory helps explain and organize relationships among intervention. 5) Provide a tested model for thinking about population-based nursing interventions Rationale: The function of theory in population-based nursing is to provide a tested model for thinking about population-based nursing interventions. Theories are tested and proven reliable models for thinking about a complex subject.

Which interventions are examples of macroscopic-focused population-based nursing activities? Select all that apply. 1) Updating a local flu surveillance program 2) Promoting mammogram screenings for women over 40 3) Providing culturally appropriate one-on-one counseling 4) Spearheading the development of a neighborhood walking trail 5) Lobbying state agencies for funding for free inner-city health clinics

1) Updating a local flu surveillance program Rationale: Macroscopic-focused nursing interventions include community-focused activities such as updating a local flu surveillance program. 2) Promoting mammogram screenings for women over 40 Rationale: Macroscopic-focused nursing interventions include community-focused activities such as promoting mammogram screenings for women over 40. 4) Spearheading the development of a neighborhood walking trail Rationale: Macroscopic-focused nursing interventions include community-focused activities such as spearheading the development of a neighborhood-walking trail. 5) Lobbying state agencies for funding for free inner-city health clinics Rationale: Macroscopic-focused nursing interventions include systems-focused activities such as lobbying state agencies for funding for free inner-city health clinics.

Match the macroscopic-focused theory to its description. 1) Defines public health actions at individual, community, and system levels 2) Highlights personal protective nursing and organized indigenous caregiving 3) Includes the nursing process, prevention levels, and determinants of health a) The dimensions of community health nursing b) Intervention wheel c) Comprehensive multilevel nursing practice model

1) b 2) c 3) a

The community-based nurse is charged with applying macroscopic-focused practice to manage a public health problem. Which interventions should be considered? 1) Modifying a patient's belief system 2) Advocating for policy change at a system level 3) Providing personalized education about health behaviors 4) Examining individual behaviors affecting personal health

2) Advocating for policy change at a system level Rationale: Advocating for policy change at a system level is an intervention characteristic of macroscopic-focused practice (community- and systems-focused).

Which characteristics describe microscopic-focused population-based nursing practice? Select all that apply. 1) Systems-focused 2) Individual-focused 3) Community-focused 4) May involve political action 5) Does not usually involve political action

2) Individual-focused Rationale: Microscopic-focused practice is individual-focused. 5) Does not usually involve political action Rationale: Microscopic-focused practice does not usually involve social or political action.

Downstream interventions include which defining characteristic? 1) Systems-focused actions 2) Individual-focused actions 3) Macroscopic-focused actions 4) Population-focused actions

2) Individual-focused actions Rationale: A defining characteristic of downstream interventions is that they are characterized by individual-focused actions.

Upstream thinking in population-based nursing is a conceptual framework that focuses on which challenge? 1) Managing efficiency in critical care units 2) Modifying factors that contribute to poor health 3) Improving delivery of emergency department care 4) Promoting collaboration among health care providers to manage chronic illnesses

2) Modifying factors that contribute to poor health Rationale: Upstream thinking is a public health conceptual framework that focuses on modifying factors that are precursors to poor health.

Which are examples of upstream interventions in population-based nursing? Select all that apply. 1) Admitting a patient to a critical care unit 2) Organizing walking paths within a neighborhood 3) Training a patient's family member in CPR techniques 4) Lobbying policymakers for water-quality improvement 5) Providing community health education about skin cancer prevention

2) Organizing walking paths within a neighborhood Rationale: Organizing walking paths within a neighborhood helps modify a factor that is a precursor to poor health and is therefore an upstream intervention. 4) Lobbying policymakers for water-quality improvement Rationale: Lobbying policymakers for water-quality improvement helps modify a factor that is a precursor to poor health and is therefore an upstream intervention. 5) Providing community health education about skin cancer prevention Rationale: Providing community health education about skin cancer prevention helps modify a factor that is a precursor to poor health and is therefore an upstream intervention.

In which community-based nursing situation(s) might the application of a microscopic-focused nursing theory be valuable? Select all that apply. 1) Investigating an outbreak of flu in a metropolitan area 2) Teaching an older adult about fall precautions in their home 3) Organizing a coalition building workshop in a local public health office 4) Delegating hygiene care of a wheelchair-bound nursing home resident to an aide 5) Working with school officials to include more healthy options in school lunch menus

2) Teaching an older adult about fall precautions in their home Rationale: Nursing theories that address the health of one individual or family have a microscopic focus and may be useful when planning individual-focused community-based nursing interventions, such as teaching an older adult about fall precautions in their home. 4) Delegating hygiene care of a wheelchair-bound nursing home resident to an aide Rationale: Nursing theories that address the health of one individual or family have a microscopic focus and may be useful when planning individual-focused community-based nursing interventions, such as delegating hygiene care of a wheelchair-bound nursing home resident to an aide.

Which nursing theories have a microscopic focus? Select all that apply. 1) Community-as-partner model 2) The health belief model (HBM) 3) Self-care deficit theory of nursing 4) The dimensions of community health nursing 5) The public health nursing (PHN) practice model

2) The health belief model (HBM) Rationale: The health belief model has a microscopic focus, meaning that it addresses the health of one individual or family. 3) Self-care deficit theory of nursing Rationale: Dorothea Orem's self-care deficit theory of nursing has a microscopic focus.

Conceptual framework definition

A group of concepts that are broadly defined and systematically organized to provide a focus, a rationale, and a tool for the integration and interpretation of information.

'Upstream thinking' definition

A public health conceptual framework that focuses on modifying factors that are precursors to poor health. The idea that modifying or eradicating the source of a problem (upstream) is often more effective than trying to manage the manifestations of a problem (downstream).