Frsc 202 Final Exam

What is considered an individual characteristics of the impression evidence and tool marks?

- the wear/tear on an object - marks left by the object

Characteristics of flesh flies

-dull; grey -3 black stripes -used for PMI

Characteristics of house flies

-dull; grey -NOT used for PMI -multiple stripes -attracted to poop

Characteristics of blow flies

-shiny; green -many varieties -used for PMI -attracted to freshly dead bodies

At what Blood Alcohol Content (BAC) do you begin to experience a decrease in inhibitions:

0.03%

Which percentage of DNA is forensically relevant and individualizing?

0.1%

body eliminates how many drinks per hour?

1 drink per hour; alcohol accumulates if you drink more than 1 drink per hour

Late changes after death:

1) Algor mortis 2) Livor mortis 3) Rigor mortis

Order of Autopsy

1) As-is photos 2) x-rays 3) external exam 4) internal exam 5) histology 6) chemistry

What is the significance of physical evidence?

1) Association with victim/suspect 2) can help identify suspect/victim

types of decomposition:

1) Autolysis 2) putrefaction

Samples taken at Autopsy:

1) Blood 2) Vitreous humor 3) urine 4) bile 5) liver

Additional Examinations/Considerations in firearms analysis

1) Blood, tissue, and hair presence 2) must prevent contamination of the firearm surface 3) Analysis on human skin

two main species of flies used to estimate PMI:

1) Blow Flies (Calliphoridae) 2) Flesh Flies (Sarcophagidae)

Early changes after death:

1) Cessation of respiration 2) Cessation of circulation 3) Skin pallor 3) Muscle relaxation 4) Eye changes (cornea, retina) 5) Blood coagulation and fluidity

Issues with drug testing:

1) Chain of custody 2) adulteration 3) cut-off concentration

Soft tool marks:

1) Chains 2) Door Jambs 3) Window frames 4) Safes 5) Human bone 6) Padlocks 7) Doorknobs 8) bolts

Why is the "CSI effect" so unrealistic?

1) Characters are both investigators and scientists 2) shows create bias 3) Timeframe for lab analysis is inaccurate; process is shorter on tv than real life

3D Collaborations

1) Collaboration between artist, forensic anthropologist, and scanned photograph of actual remains to utilize stock photos of facial features and to generate a model 2) used when we don't know the victims identity 3) results in clay or plaster sculpture

Natural fibers examples:

1) Cotton-plant 2) Wool-sheep 3) Linen-flax plant 4) Silk-silkworm 5) Cashmere-goat 6) Mohair-rabbit 7) Asbestos-mineral

what are the components of crime scene reconstruction?

1) Crime scene and its evidence 2) forensic lab tests 3) logic and reasoning 4) experience

How does the "CSI effect" affect the jury?

1) Demand for physical evidence is on the rise 2) There are high expectations for technological capabilities 3) Greater public awareness 4) Increased demand for education (FEPAC)

Applications of Forensic Entomology:

1) Estimation of PMI 2) determination of death location 3) criminal misuse 4) scene characterization 5) abuse of young and elderly 6) DNA analysis 7) toxicology specimens

Lamp Classifications:

1) Filament configuration 2) Base arrangement 3) Bulb shape and diameter 4) volts and watts

Types of Impression evidence:

1) Fingerprints 2) Tire tracks 3) Footprints 4) Firing pin impressions

Three major disciplines of forensic toxicology:

1) Forensic Drug testing 2) Human performance testing 3) postmortem forensic toxicology

how to determine distance?

1) Gunshot residue is expelled from the barrel under high velocity 2) as distance from the muzzle to the target and pattern size increase, pattern density decreases until no pattern residues reach the target

Who are the essential officials at a scene?

1) Law enforcement 2) firemen 3) EMS 4) Social/Child protective services agent 5) medical examiner 6) detectives 7) district/state attorney

Parts of Lab Schema

1) Macroscopic 2) Microscopic 3) Presumptive 4) Confirmation

types of fibers:

1) Natural 2) Synthetic 3) Semi-Synthetic

Synthetic fibers examples:

1) Nylon 2) polyester 3) olefin 4) acetate 5) acrylic 6) spandex

Flaws of Eyewitness testimony (lay witnesses)

1) Perceptual Errors 2) Timing 3) Influences on memory 4) relationships 5) interview techniques

4 major components of blood:

1) Plasma 2) Platelets 3) Leucocytes 4) Erythrocytes

European Ancestry includes:

1) Rounder cranial vault 2) taller forehead 3) oblong eye orbits 4) flatter cheekbones 5) narrow nasal aperture 6) pinched in nasal bones

Types of searches:

1) Searches with a warrant 2) Warrantless searches for the purpose of finding evidence 3) Warrantless searches for purposes other than finding evidence

Rule 102 of Federal Code and Rules: (purpose of evidence)

1) Secure fairness 2) avoid delay and expense 3) ascertain the truth

Types of Cases Analyzed in Forensic Biology:

1) Sexual Assaults 2) Death investigations 3) assaults 4) property crimes 5) criminal paternity/maternity 6) poaching

Evidence needed for prosecution of homicide by poison

1) Specific intent-motive 2) access of suspect to a supply of poison 3) opportunity to administer poison

Primary identification

1) Tertiary + Secondary unique medical features, odontology, fingerprints, DNA

Who is included in Law enforcement?

1) The first officer at the scene 2) crime scene manager 3) crime scene investigative unit 4) detectives 5) Patrol officers

filaments become distorted/stretched by:

1) amount of shock 2) filament age 3) size of filament 4) temperature at which the filament operates

Analysis on human skin during a firearms analysis..

1) blood spatter may indicate hands near the muzzle/wound near the time of entry 2) GSR retention times 3) Locard's exchange

characteristics of a cold fracture

1) bright luster 2) even spacing 3) irregular ends 4) could not have been lighted

Characteristics of a Normal Lamp:

1) bright luster of filament 2) evenly spaced coils 3) clear glass 4) bright base 5) longitudinal draw lines

Characteristics of an Aged lamp:

1) bright luster of filament 2) evenly spaced coils 3) rough, pitted filament 4) possible downward sag 5) possible darkened glass 6) possible discolored base

Before any act can be treated as a crime under law, it must be:

1) clearly defined and designated as an offense 2) must be established prior to the act in a source of law

what do external exams examine?

1) clothing 2) personal effects 3) trace evidence 4) PERK (rape test) 5) head to toe exam

Filament separation: filament fracture occurs with..

1) cold shock 2) normal brittle fraction without impact but weakened due to age

2D reconstruction

1) collaboration between artists and anthropologist based on skull and antemortem photographs 2) placement of tissue depth markers at anthropologically significant landmarks 3) used when we don't know the victims identity 4) results in drawings on paper that are edited and manipulated in a computer program to create 2D facial approximations

Indoor crime scene sketching includes:

1) creating a baseline using a tape measure or along a wall 2) measure down the baseline to a spot parallel with the evidence 3) use a builders square to measure from the baseline to the center of mass of the evidence

Post Mortem tissue changes

1) decomposition 2) skeletonization 3) mummification 4) adipocere

Characteristics of DNA

1) determines all aspect of physical makeup 2) same in almost every cell 3) stable over time and within the body 4) located in all cells EXCEPT for red blood cells

Friction ridges:

1) develop on fetus during pre-birth 2) persistent during life except for permanent scarring 3) details are unique and never repeated 4) overall patterns may vary within limits, which allow for classification

examination of individual stains within the pattern

1) distribution 2) size 3) shape 4) directionality 5) angle of impact

Duties of the First Officer

1) do not destroy or change anything at the scene 2) protect the crime scene

Characteristics of Nuclear DNA

1) double helix 2) 46 chromosomes 3) 1 copy per cell

Characteristics of Mitochondrial DNA

1) double helix 2) one ring 3) multiple copies in each mitochondria 4) multiple mitochondria in each cell

Presumptive identification

1) drivers license 2) clothing 3) tattoo 4) birth marks

Traits of Presumptive Tests

1) easy 2) quick 3) low detection limits 4) done at crime scenes and lab 5) not very specific (false positives can occur) 6) they can require additional testing

investigative applications

1) establish the position of a victim 2) corroborate a suspect statement 3) refute a suspect statement 4) establish an order of events 5) dispute accuracy of a "self-defense" plea 6) determine the events that took place after actions that created the bloodstains

Federal Rules of evidence:

1) evidence must be probative (must prove something) 2) evidence must be material (must address an issue that is relevant to this particular crime)

two basic bloodstain analyses

1) examination of overall stain pattern 2) examination of individual stains within the pattern

What influences a verdict?

1) expectation of evidence 2) unrealistic confidence 3) unrealistic expectations of technology 4) increased caseload 5) misunderstanding the evidence

Lamp abnormalities

1) filament deformation 2) broken filament 3) broken glass 4) filament oxidation

ways of filament separation:

1) filament fracture 2) filament burnout 3) does not carry a current

Evidence Analysis (use for presumptive tests) includes:

1) finding out where the stain is located - visual examination - screening tests - collection/preservation of evidence 2) finding out what the stain is - body fluid detection - body fluid identification 3) species identification - is it human? 4) finding out what the genetic profile is

Positive identification

1) fingerprints 2) DNA 3) medical records 4) dental records 5) x-rays

teeth and bones are resistant to:

1) fire 2) severe decomposition 3) exposure to elements

What do x-rays examine?

1) fire-arms related 2) stabbings 3) pediatrics-assess for old breaks 4) cervical trauma

Real "CSI" includes:

1) first responders 2) scene security 3) preliminary scene survey 4) Documentation 5) Scene search 6) Evidence collection 7) Final scene survey

Skeletons identify:

1) gender 2) stature 3) ancestry 4) age 5) trauma (antemortem, perimortem, postmortem)

characteristics of a loose filament in the bulb

1) glass envelope is intact 2) ARC mark is on the bulb 3) Surface pitted 4) deformation 5) "on" at the time of impact

Filament deformation

1) glass unbroken 2) both filaments lighted 3) similar amount of distortion/stretching

African Ancestry includes:

1) globular skull 2) rounder orbits 3) flat cheek bones 4) wider inter-orbital distance 5) wider nasal aperture 6) slightly protruding upper jaw

What is the role of a forensic scientist?

1) help determine if a crime has been committed 2) Supply reports of evidence findings to authorities 3) Act as an expert witness (evaluate evidence and offer an opinion of significance) 4) Can act for either the prosecution or defense

You can apply reconstruction to:

1) historical figures 2) facial recognition 3) identification

the type of test you use to identify depends on:

1) how much of a sample you have 2) whether or not the analysis will be destructive

What is involved in crime scene reconstruction?

1) how the criminal act occurred 2) using the end result to look at the past

Individual Characteristics examples:

1) human hair with skin tag still attached 2) a men's shoe size 11, nike brand tennis shoe with wear patterns that suggest a narrow foot and low arch 3) yellow #2 pencil with used eraser, bite marks, and used lead 4) 2001 toyota camry LE with the grill smashed in and paint smudge marks are present

What is the utility of DNA at a crime scene?

1) identify suspects, crime, catastrophe victims, endangered/protected species (poachers) 2) exonerate wrongly accused 3) establish paternity and familial relationships 4) detect bacterial and other organism-based polutants to air, food, water and soil

What do ethics do?

1) imply a written document 2) Addresses behaviors not addressed morally 3) draws upon influences outside of moral principle (through science and law)

Forensic Drug testing guarantees:

1) informed policy 2) worker privacy 3) confirmation

Squatting alterations:

1) knees 2) toes 3) hips

Problems associated with identifying poisonings:

1) lack of suspicion-sometimes who poisons is the caretaker; victims are usually children, elderly, chronically ill 2) rarely any symptom of poisoning that can't be equally caused by a disease-diabetic given an overdose of insulin; arsenic poisoning looks like Guillian-Barre syndrome

What are things that are examined during firearm analysis?

1) land impressions 2) lands 3) grooves 4) twists 5) rifling

types of witnesses for testimonial evidence:

1) lay witness 2) expert witness

Problems associated with time of death:

1) life insurance policies 2) implicating or excluding suspects 3) time of assault vs. time of death 4) always an estimate

DNA is used to determine..

1) lineage 2) heritage

Information that comes from Physical evidence:

1) linkage (Locard's Principle) 2) Identification of suspects/victims 3) Corpus Deliciti 4) Modus Operandi

examination of the overall stain pattern:

1) location 2) type 3) size 4) shape

reconstruction of the scene in bloodstain analysis includes:

1) location and/or movement of the victim or assailant 2) point of impact 3) sequence of death 4) type of instrument

Fingerprint classifications:

1) loop 2) whorl 3) arch

Facial reconstruction process:

1) markers to show depth are applied to the skull based on studies and data 2) Strips of clay are added according to depths to fill around markers 3) features are rounded 4) lips are shaped based on data 5) smoothing, nose, cheeks, brow bone, etc. are shaped based on data reflecting information consistent with members of the same ethnic groups

Dental alterations:

1) mastication changes 2) trade related 3) chipping or grooves

Asian Ancestry inclues:

1) native american 2) hispanic 3) round, short vault 4) rounder orbits 5) flared cheekbones, sunken in 6) wide inter-orbital distances 7) narrow nasal aperture 8) edge-on-edge bite

There are 5 Manners of death

1) natural 2) accident 3) suicide 4) homicide 5) undetermined

Documentation

1) notes (written or audio) 2) videography (orientation) 3) Photography 4) Sketching

two types of DNA is each cell:

1) nuclear 2) mitchondrial

A collaborative effort requires:

1) objectivity 2) physical evidence 3) objective assessment of witness/victim/offender statements 4) logic

obligations to the consumer

1) objectivity 2) technical competence 3) reliable results 4) comprehensive review of relevant issues

Warrantless searches (finding evidence)

1) officer has probable cause 2) emergency: there is a threat to someone's life or safety, there is destruction or removal of evidence, suspect escaped 3) a crime is committed in "plain view"

characteristics of broken glass

1) oxidation of filament 2) white tungsten oxides 3) glass adhering to hot filaments 4) Molten glass particles

Reasons to do DNA analysis:

1) paternity testing 2) historical investigations 3) Microbial identification 4) Mass disasters 5) Military DNA "dog tags"

The Scientific Method includes

1) peer review 2) independent verification

Types of evidence

1) physical 2) testimonial

Reasons for drug testing:

1) pre-employment 2) post-accident 3) random 4) reasonable suspicion 5) treatment follow-up

Crime Scene processing includes

1) preliminary scene survey 2) documentation 3) scene search 4) evidence collection, packaging, and documentation 5) final scene survey

how to handle controlled substances

1) proper evidence handling 2) chain of custody 3) documentation 4) analytical techniques 5) deductive reasoning

What can physical evidence do?

1) prove that a crime was committed or establish the key elements of the crime 2) link a suspect with the victim or with the crime scene 3) establish the identity of persons associated with a crime 4) exonerate the innocent 5) corroborate the victim's testimony 6) compel a suspect to confess 7) is more reliable than eyewitnesses to a crime

death certificate purposes:

1) provide information for mortality stats to assess the nations health 2) systematically catalogue causes of disease and death 3) develop priorities for funding and programs that involve public health and safety

Bodies cool by:

1) radiation 2) convection 3) direct transfer 4) any factor that influences heat loss will affect the rate 5) careful consideration of the scene-clothing, victim size, and activity have to be considered when estimating the cooling rate

Typical evidence received at crime labs:

1) rape kits 2) bones 3) fetal tissues 4) fingerprints 5) clothing 6) blood swabs 7) feces 8) masks 9) gloves

more alterations include:

1) repetitive movement 2) arthritis 3) fractures 4) infections/tumors/disorders

Superimposition

1) requires knowledge of victims identity 2) involves a lay-over of a photo of individual and x-ray of skull 3) anatomical match can result in a "match" of a victim with bones

Hard tool marks:

1) screwdrivers 2) wire cutters 3) hammers 4) pliers 5) bolt cutters 6) crowbars 7) saw 8) knife

Warrantless searches (not finding evidence)

1) search incident to the arrest (SITA) 2) inventory search

Examples of "Touch Evidence"

1) soda cans/bottles 2) duct tape 3) ligatures 4) postage stamps 5) cigarette butts 6) weapons 7) food

two components of sperm:

1) solid portion - sperm - non-sperm male cells 2) liquid portion - water - flavins - acid phosphatase - P-30 - etc.

fluid dynamics:

1) specific gravity 2) viscosity 3) surface tension

Blow fly life cycle:

1) starts as an egg (1 day) 2) 3 stages of larva (6 days) 3) puparium (7 days) 4) hatches into an adult fly (30 days)

Fingerprints are affected by:

1) temperature 2) exposure to light 3) humidity

what are the two important factors in entomology?

1) temperature of the air and/or shaded area around the scene 2) species-different species of insects around the body can tell whether or not its been moved

Presumptive testing process for blood is..

1) test to see if blood is present by using chemical to determine a substance reaction. 2) if a reaction takes place, then the test will be positive, but still doesn't mean that it is definitely blood (could be rust)

Other types of analyses that are performed during firearms analysis

1) testing the firearm to determine if they function properly 2) examine the clothing and other items to try to determine the muzzle-to-target distance 3) determine the caliber and manufacturer of the ammunition components 4) determine the manufacturer of the firearm

What an affidavit must establish:

1) the presence of probable cause 2) the item(s) being searched for are connected with criminal activity 3) the item(s) can be found in the place that the police desire to search 4) information regarding the existence of these facts come from a reliable source

Challenges to Locard's Principle:

1) transfer is so small that it can be undetectable 2) the rate of loss of the material after the transfer is too great

different categories of death

1) unattended death (natural setting? was it seen by anyone?) 2) homicides 3) suicides 4) deaths in custody 5) accidental deaths 6) motor vehicle deaths 7) accident/suicide 8) hit and run

When to order an autopsy?

1) under suspicion of foul play 2) public health concern 3) unattended by a physician (less than 24 hrs) 4) when requested by the family sometimes for religious observation

Standard Operation Procedures (SOPs) are put into place to:

1) unify lab employees decision making procedures 2) remove personal ethics from the workplace decision making process 3) unify employee and employer definitions of workplace tasks 4) create a governing document to which employees can refer when faced with an ethical dilema in the workplace

Three main areas in forensic entomology

1) urban-different bugs from different areas 2) stored product-bugs found in candy/snacks 3) medicocriminal/medicolegal

What does CODIS do?

1) used to link serial crimes and unsolved cases with repeat offenders 2) creates a databank that can be used to search DNA profiles obtained from crime scene evidence

Three conditions for the admissibility of Scientific Evidence:

1) validity of scientific theory 2) validity of technique applying it 3) proper application of the technique

textile fibers are..

1) very common in environments 2) easily shed 3) easily transferred, either singularly or in a series of events 4) can be left behind from a specific act or use (rope, blanket, carpet) and can lead to a source 5) come in a huge variety of colors and hues making a fiber more unique

Fingerprint processing:

1) visual examination 2) enhancement or visualization 3) photography 4) lifting or collection of object

Preliminary scene survey

1) walk through with first responder 2) look at the evidence present (transitional, conditional, trace) 3) team effort between officials (duties, specialties)

Narrow methods used to determine range of death:

1) what degree of rigor the body is in, location of livor, and algor 2) entomological activity 3) whether or not the sun was shining on the victim or the AC was blowing

Broad methods used to determine time of death/range of death:

1) whether or not the morning paper was read or if it is piled up 2) whether or not there were phone calls made, received, or answered 3) whether or not there are messages on the machine 4) what type of meal was consumed last 5) what was the state of dress

Autopsy Procedure:

1) y-incision 2) head and skull are opened 3) organs are removed 4) brain is observed

What happens at the crime scene investigation?

1. Preliminary evidence processing 2. documentation 3. evidence handling and packaging 4. physical evidence goes to the forensic lab

What are the issues with organization of the crime labs?

1. rapid growth 2. no planning/coordination 3. influences 4. supreme court decisions 5. new technologies

how much alcohol is in one mixed-drink?

1.5 fluid ounces (44 mL) of 80 proof liquor (vodka, gin, scotch, bourbon, brandy, or rum)

Percentage

1/2 the proof amount

how much alcohol is in one beer or wine cooler?

12 fluid ounces (355 mL)

non-coding is repeated

13 times at 13 different loci

Which has more alcohol? a) 5 oz beer b) 16 oz beer c) 80% 1.5 oz distilled spirit

16 oz beer

Proof amount

2 times the percentage amount

if a person has been killed on a hot summer day (90 or 80 degrees with humidity), how long will it take for a body to be reduced to skeleton via insects?

3-4 days

how much alcohol is in one glass of wine?

5 fluid ounces (148 mL)

You are asked to investigate a crime scene and notice 7 distinct cast-off stains on the ceiling. How many times was the victim hit?

7+1 = 8 times the victim was hit

percentage of evidence tested in crimes labs that is drug related:

75%

Locard's Exchange Principle

An individual can not enter a location or come in contact with something without bringing something to it or taking something away

What is physical evidence?

Any evidence that has size, shape, and dimension

Forensic Anthropology

Applying skeletal identification to matter involving the public and the law

Individual Charactertistics

Characteristics that identify an item or a person; they are a single source

Class Characteristics

Characteristics that place an object in a group of similar objects; helps narrow search

Ninhydrin

Chemical test for fingerprints; prints are sprayed on latent prints and then are heated to visualize

Which flies are usually found in tropical and sunny climates?

Chrysomya rufifacies

Which flies are usually found in warm and sunny climates?

Cochliomyia Macellaria Phaenicia sericata Lucilia illustris

What is the goal of forensic science?

Crime scene reconstruction; to determine the actions surrounding the commission of a crime

DNA was first called..

DNA fingerprints; now we refer to the process of individualizing DNA to a specific person as a DNA profile

Species identification is a..

DNA-based analysis

Livor Mortis

Discoloration of the body; begins at death or very soon after death

Tache Noir (eyes)

Drying of the conjunctivae; not hemorrhage

true or false: There currently exists a completely accurate formula for calculating the rate at which a body cools after death

FALSE

True or False: If an act is considered offensive and destructive, but no law exists that makes it illegal, it is possible to create a law and then charge and prosecute the person for the crime

False

True or False: The federal government provides oversight to all crime labs in the US through the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)

False

True or False: The people on a scene collecting evidence are forensic scientists

False

What is the CSI effect?

Forensic science as a part of pop culture; how it is depicted on tv shows and how that affects the jury decisions

Tardieu's spots

Gravity causes capillaries in a small area to rupture, resulting in circular areas of skim hemorrhage 4-5 mm or larger

Grey flies with multiple stripes NOT used in the estimation of the post mortem interval are:

House flies (musca domestica)

Who made information on forensic entomology accessible to the public?

Jean Pierre Megnin

XY sex chromosome means..

MALE

What are impression evidence and tool marks?

Marks left behind when a harder surface impacts a softened surface

Who created the first systematic observations of insect successions on human cadavers?

Mateu Orfila

Who is considered the Father of Modern Toxicology?

Mateu Orfila

drugs that are synthetic

Methamphetamine, PCP

in a crime scene, what are flies attracted to first?

Natural orify -eyes -ears -nose -mouth

Boundaries of the scene: Level 1

Overall scene security for restriction of general public

Which flies are usually found in cool and shaded climates?

Phormia regina Calliphora vicina

PMI stands for..

Post Mortem Interval

Phenolphthalein-tetrymethylbenzidine (PTMB)

Presumptive tests to see if blood is present; based on the peroxidase-like activity of hemoglobin which oxidizes the color indicator

Boundaries of the scene: Level 2

Restriction to official business

Maggots go through three stages during their life cycles. These stages can be identified using what physical feature?

Spiracular slits

SOP stands for..

Standard Operating Procedure

Boundaries of the scene: Level 3

Target area; HIGHEST SECURITY

What is forensic science?

The application of forensic science to criminal and civil laws that are enforced by police agencies in a criminal justice systems

Locard's Principle

Whenever 2 objects come in contact with each other, a transfer of material will occur. Therefore evidence can be used to associate people, places, and objects

maternity tests cannot be performed by using..

Y-STR

contact: swipe

a bloody object comes in contact with a non-bloody surface with motion

contact: transfer

a bloody object comes into contact with a non-bloody surface

Frisk is..

a brief inspection of outer clothing for weapons only

Daubert is...

a broad set of criteria laid out by the supreme court opinion in the case for the admissibility of scientific evidence, with the judge as the "gatekeeper" responsible for applying those criteria

What is DNA?

a chemical substance found in our bodies

Neutral magistrate

a civil officer with power to administer and enforce law (judge)

Blood, tissue, and hair presence in a firearms analysis can indicate..

a close range shot

Crime scene investigation:

a complex process that includes the initial response; evaluation, processing, and documentation of the scene; and preservation of the evidence

Corpus deliciti

a crime must have been proven to have occurred before a person can be convicted of committing that crime

Chain of custody

a document that shows where a piece of evidence has been stored, who has been in contact with it, and what tests were performed on it

"double" peak means..

a female sample

Law is...

a formal means of social control that involves the use of rules that are interpreted and are enforceable by the courts of a political community

In order to be deformed WITH separation..

a lamp has to be ON at the time and the ends end up tapered

Preventing contamination of a firearm surface can include..

a muzzle wrap to preserve the residue in a barrel

contact: wipe

a non-bloody object travels through an existing bloodstain

Modus Operandi

a particular way or method of doing something, especially one that is characteristic or well-established

bloodstain pattern

a pattern of dried blood on a surface resulting from an event that caused blood to exit the body and/or be broken into particles and distributed by force

Medical examiner (forensic pathologist)

a physician who specializes in the investigation of sudden, unexpected, violent deaths

Seizure is..

a show of police authority to which a person submits either voluntarily or by force

Cutis Anserina (goosebumps)

a spasm of the erector pilae muscles due to rigor mortis

Affidavit

a sworn statement

falling/dripping

a volume of blood that separates from a blood source and fall due to gravity

illicit drug characteristics

abused drugs controlled substances seized drugs

Positive reconstructive identification

actual identification of an individual's remains

Adulteration

adding products to the urine to help purify it

heterozygote

alleles differ and can be differentiated from one another

rule of blood:

always settles at the lowest point of the body

A crime is..

an act committed or omitted in violation of a law forbidding or commanding and for which, upon conviction, a sentence of death, imprisonment, or fine, or both is authorized

Crime Scene scanning is:

an additional tool, NOT a replacement, for traditional documentation; some systems can provide measurements

cut-off level/concentation

an amount of drug present in a body below which the lab will report a negative result

Coroner

an elected official in a geographical jurisdiction 1) official duty is to make inquiry into deaths in certain categories and to assign the cause and manner of death 2) does not require a medical degree 10 states

Actively growing hair makes up 80% of the hair on our bodies in which phase?

anagen phase

forensic entomology is based on:

analysis of insects sequentially colonizing a corpse as decomposition progresses and on the developmental stages of their offspring

Forensic toxicology

analyzes drugs/toxins and biologicals; application of toxicology to matter of the law; study of averse effects of drugs and chemicals on the body and their application to law

Forensic chemistry

analyzes traces of evidence left behind and drug analysis

Behavioral analysis: Prospective profile

analyzing an overlaid population in an attempt to predict who within a group has elevated potential prior to an event (example: screening ALL passengers boarding airplanes)

Licit Drugs

any natural or synthetic substance that is administered to produce specific physiological or psychological effects

Who are the consumers?

anyone requesting forensic evidence

Controlled substances:

are regulated by government; produce specific effects (physiological and psychological); have a potential for abuse

void areas

areas around cast-offs that are NOT bloody

On scene body temperature should be taken from the..

armpit NOT the cavities

the selection of participants for post-conviction appeal is..

based on DNA testing only; reviewed by staff

as angle of the impact decreases from 90 degrees to 10 degrees, shape of the bloodstain..

becomes more elongated

Forensic Drug testing

began because of the government issuing drugs to soldiers in pain and because they became addicted they began limiting use and doing more drug testing

decomp/putrefaction stage 3:

bloating of the body crepitus (grating, crackling, popping sounds) in many areas of loose skin (scrotum, penis, eyelids) 36-48 hours normal conditions 60-72 hours generalized distribution

Phenolphthalein tests for..

blood

arterial spurt/gush

blood exits the body under pressure from a breached artery

cast-off

blood is projected from a blood bearing object as a result of motion

aspirated/expirated

blood is projected from a live person as a result of a cough

impact splatter

blood receives an impact resulting in a random distribution of a smaller drops

Decomp/putrefaction stage 1:

blue-green discoloration of the skin of the abdomen 24-36 hours after death less time = less color

homozygote

both alleles are the same length

Class Characteristics of firearms

caliber rifling breech marks firing pin impressions extractor marks ejector marks

Macroscopic evidence

can be seen with the unaided eye

Behavioral analysis: Retrospective profile

case specific attempt to define a personality and behavioral characteristics after the fact

unpredictable

changes that occur randomly or unexpectedly

predictable

changes that occur with regularity

Cyanoacrylate

chemical enhancement for fingerprints; the prints are fumed with the cyanoacrylate and then powdered to visualize

Kastle-meyer

chemical reactions with hemoglobin to confirm the presence of blood

Cyanoacrylate (superglue)

chemical test used to find fingerprints; prints are fumed with superglue and then prints are powdered to visualize

metabolite

chemically related substance that has been chemically changed from the parent drug; detectable through changes in the human body

saliva

clear liquid secreted in mouth to begin the digestive process; water, mucus, proteins, salts, and enzymes

Tertiary identification:

clothing, body location, personal effects

stimulant examples:

cocaine (coke, blow, crack) lidocaine procaine methamphetamine (speed, ice) amphetamine ecstacy (MDMA-methlykebedioxymethamphetmine)

Profile

combination of types obtained for multiple loci; determined by comparing samples to standards

Combined DNA Index System (CODIS)

combined DNA index system; DNA databank software program that operates on local, state, and national level

What is necessary in a bullet and cartridge comparison?

comparison microscope; used to determine interchangeable barrels, rust, and stria from bullet

semen

comprised of fluid and sperm cells

Asphyxia

condition that arises when the body is deprived on oxygen causes unconsciousness, death, or suffocation

Latent fingerpints:

consist of a mixture of natural secretions

Algor mortis:

cooling of the body based on: 1) activity 2) illness 3) decomposition 4) infection 5) absorption of heat body temperature is a narrow range NOT a fixed temperature

Surface pitting

corrosion of a point/small area of a metal surface that takes place in the form of cavaties

scientific method for fingerprinting: evaluation

cyclical procedure of evaluation

National Integrated Ballistic Information Network (NIBIN)

database with primarily images of cartridge cases used to try to associate evidence cases with test-fired cases from seized weapons or cases collected from shooting incidents where the gun involved is not known

Circumstantial reconstructive identification

deceased individual's skeletal remains fit a biological profile

California Association of Criminalists

defined forensic science as a profession and serves as a model for a specific code for forensic scientists to follow

symbol for proof is a

degree mark

exemplar

dental records must be available for comparison for a skull

DNA

deoxyribonucleic acid; molecules carrying the body's genetic information

Land impressions are..

depressed helical grooves in a bullet left by the lands inside the barrel from which it fired

Serology

detection and/or identification of body fluids on the evidence

DNA analysis

determination of the DNA profile from the body fluid

scientific method for fingerprinting: comparison

determine agreement and discrepancies

non-coding

determining number of repeats for different loci

Hair analysis associated with drug testing..

differentiates between internally ingested and externally deposited drugs by determining the presence of metabolites

cherry red discoloration:

discoloration due to carbon monoxide

Pink discoloration:

discoloration due to cyanide or cold

Brown discoloration

discoloration due to nitrates

Dilution

drinking a big gulp before you take a drug test

Schedule 2 drugs:

drug has a current accepted medical use and a high potential for abuse (cocaine, morphine, methamphetamine)

schedule 4 drugs:

drug has a current accepted medical use and a low potential for abuse (xanax, valium)

schedule 3 drugs:

drug has a current accepted medical use and a medium potential for abuse (opium, tylenol with codeine)

schedule 5 drugs:

drug has an accepted medical use and lowest potential for abuse (ibuprofen, penicillin)

Schedule 1 drugs:

drug has no current accepted medical use and a high potential for abuse (heroin, lsd)

stimulant

drug that ELEVATES a person's mood and causes euphoria

depressant

drug that relieves anxiety, nervousness, and restlessness

how are pupae used for toxicology testing?

drugs can get deposited into the skin/puparial casing of the larvae and can be analyzed in the same manner as hair example: cocaine makes maggots move around faster and longer before casing

how are individual characteristics of a firearm produced?

either produced incidental to manufacture OR caused by the use, corrosion, or damage

an expert witness...

elaborate on what the lay witnesses say and are allowed to base opinions on what the witnesses experiences (Hearsay)

illumination occurs in a filament lamp when..

electricity passes through a coiled wire

blood cast onto a surface at an angle has an..

elliptical shape (elongated)

How to determine a range a death:

establish a window by asking the questions: 1) when could death have occurred? 2) when was the body found? 3) when was the deceased last known to be alive?

Scientific method for fingerprinting: Analysis

evaluate levels 1, 2, and 3 minutia

scientific method for fingerprinting: verification

everything done by a 2nd examiner

Associative evidence

evidence that forms a link between two things: a person and the crime scene or a weapon and a person example: hairs and fibers

Filament separation: burnout occurs by..

excessive stretching

What are house flies (musca domestica) attracted to?

excrement

feces

excretion product of the digestive system

Reason for most of the Innocence Project being wrongly imprisoned:

eyewitness misidentification

Probable cause is..

facts and circumstances that would make a reasonably cautious police officer believe that a crime is, was, or might be committed

Patterns of human decomposition: grave wax

fatty substance of waxy consistency into which dead animal tissues (like a corpse) are sometimes converted when kept from air under certain favoring conditions of temperature

minutiae

features of the friction ridge skin patterns on fingertips that make the overall pattern individual

Semi-Synthetic fiber examples/definition:

fiber that is made from a naturally occurring substance 1) Rayon-wood pulp

patterns of human decomposition: Mummification

ficare = to make dehydration of organs and tissues; drying/shriveling of the body; requires a hot/cold dry environment

Normal burnout

filament breaks apart

Most common source of illumination

filament lamp

Automated Fingerprint Identification System (AFIS)

fingerprint scanner; narrows down identity matches but DOES NOT identify match to an individual (the scientist/fingerprint examiner always does that)

transitory

fleeting, random

Latent prints:

friction ridge impression that are not visible to the unaided eye; they consist of a mixture of natural secretions

larger blood drops travel..

further

putrefaction

gas formation green discoloration of abdomen marbling along blood vessels loss of hair and nails usually evident when the time since death is beyond 24 hours

level 1: fingerprinting detail

general ridge flow and pattern configuratoin

DNA extraction: entomology

gut content of insects can be extracted for DNA analysis

drugs that are derived from naturally occurring substances

heroine, made from morphine LSD, made from lysergic acid

short peaks mean..

heterozygous samples

What are wear patterns in an athletic shoe?

highlight objects, imbedded objects, materials, highlighted

tall peaks mean..

homozygous samples

entomotoxicology

how insects can be used as an alternative source for toxicological testing

Manner of death:

how the cause of death arose

five Manners of death:

how the cause of death arose 1) natural 2) accident 3) suicide 4) homicide 5) undetermined

The genetic profile is determined by..

human specific DNA analysis

What does the code of ethics do?

imply a relationship between the scientist and the consumer

Patent fingerprints:

impressions of friction ridges visible in oil, blood, ink, and mud

Patent prints:

impressions of friction ridges which are visible to the unaided eye in media, such as oil, blood ink, and mud

the size of a sample needed to perform DNA analysis has decreased as technology has...

improved

the 6th amendment indicates that..

in all criminal prosecutions the accused shall enjoy the right to have assistance to council for defense

the diameter of the bloodstains increases as the height..

increases

filament surface pitting

indicates the age of bulbs

DNA evidence can..

individualize blood to a particular person

Cause of death

injury or disease responsible for the lethal sequence of events

in a crime scene, media is found:

inside level 1, but outside levels 2 and 3

If a crime scene is defined as the follows: -level 1: overall scene security -level 2: restriction to official business -level 3: target area; highest security where would you expect to find the police command center?

inside level 2, but still outside level 3

Cadaveric Spasm

instantaneous rigor; sudden death; medicolegal importance important because it can occur while grasping a weapon, grasping evidence, and can help determine position

Issue with facial reconstruction:

interpretation

Search Warrants are..

issued by a magistrate to authorize an officer to conduct a search of certain premises on the basis of information supplied to them in the form of an affidavit

Rigor Mortis interpretation is unreliable because:

it is affected by: 1) illness 2) temperature 3) activity before death 4) Physical conditions where the body is placed/found 5) may be poorly formed in the young or the old

relational evidence

items physically placed in the scene

Female skulls have a..

less prominent brow bone and smaller mastoid processes

Illicit drugs

licit drugs that are abused; naturally occurring or semi-synthetic substances that have pleasurable psychoactive effects that are abused

urine

liquid produced in kidneys and excreted by kidneys containing metabolic waste from blood; contains biological waste products

a flesh fly lays a/an:

live maggot

environmental factors that influence decomposition

location clothing humidity temperature

low velocity impact splatter:

looks more like a blob

decomp/putrefaction stage 4:

loosening of hair and nails and shredding of skin of hands and feet "glove and sock" occurs within 4-7 days

Licit drug characteristics

manufactured to have specific, reproducible, and predictable effects

decomp/putrefaction stage 2:

marbling or green-black discoloration that follows a vascular distribution progresses to dark purple-black coloration of the skin

Hallucinogens

marijuana LSD-lysergic acid diethylamide PCP-phenyl cyclohexyl piperidine Mescaline-peyote cactus psilocybin-psilocybe mushrooms methcthinone- khat GHB-gamma hydroxybutyrate

drugs that are naturally occurring substances

marijuana cocaine morphine

What are individual characteristics of a firearm?

marks produced by random imperfections or irregularities of tool surfaces; they are unique to that tool and distinguish it from others

Gunshot residue (GSR) are..

materials created by firing of a firearm that are dispersed by the force of the expanding gases

Mitochondrial DNA is used to trace..

maternity; located in tail of the sperm which drops off once implanted on the egg (no mito from the father)

A lay witness..

may testify to ONLY what they observed and CANNOT give an opinion on what happened

which type of DNA is more prominent?

mitochondrial (more likely present)

What are ethics?

moral principles that govern a person's or group's behavior

Male skulls have a..

more prominent brow bone and larger mastoid processes

Manner of death: Accident

motor vehicle accidents; industrial accidents; accidental poisonings; drug overdose

When bacteria, fungi, and insect decomposers are excluded from a body, in a dry environment, what will occur?

mummification

Distance range: close/intermediate

muzzle is close enough to detect a pattern of residues

Distance range: Distant

muzzle is far enough away that no patterns or residues are detected

Distance range: Contact

muzzle of weapon is touching the target

classifications of controlled substances

narcotics hallucinogens depressants stimulants steroids designer drugs

Male skeletons have a..

narrow pelvis

What are the least accurate features?

nasal bridge and ears

the 5th amendment indicates that..

no personal shall be compelled in any criminal case to be witness against himself

Search Patterns means

once fragile items are removed, a systematic approach to the scene must be conducted

Variability in STR regions can be use to determine..

one DNA profile from another

functional

operating condition of items

chromosomes

organized genetic material found in the cell nucleus -23 pairs -46 total

Media at a crime scene is kept...

outside the crime scene boundaries

What is a characteristic or indicator of an abnormal tail lamp?

oxidized filament

Not a First Responding task:

packaging evidence

fingerprint identification depends on:

pattern matching points of minutiae

metabolites

patterns of drug use are visible in hair testing due to the presence of metabolites

poaching

people who are hunting particular species outside of the season

Opiates

percocet fentanyl heroin-morphine codeine Oxycontin Methadon

Crime scene photography takes place..

photos are taken outside with distance and close up views of all access points, in the four corners of the room, along with distance/close up shots of the evidence

Secondary identification

physical features, anthropology, body modifications, non-unique medical features

relational

physically placed items in the scene

Loci

plural of locus

Probable cause (arrest)

police officer with probable cause believes this person is probably responsible

Probable cause (search)

police officer with probable cause has seizable items of evidence are at a particular location at the moment

Acid Phosphate test

presumptive test used to find sperm

Amido Black

presumptive test used to identify fingerprints

autolysis

process after death by which digestive enzymes within the body cells break down carbs and proteins

quantitation:

process of determining how much DNA you have

Amplification:

process of producing multiple copies of the DNA in order to characterize it

Analysis & Interpretation:

process of quantitatively and qualitatively comparing DNA evidence samples to known DNA profiles

extraction:

process of releasing the DNA from the cell

Separation:

process of separating amplified DNA product to permit subsequent identification

Forensic Short Tandem Repeat (STR) Analysis

products of PCR (copying) process are analyzed using Capillary Electrophoresis (CE)

Maintaining the integrity of the investigation is done by..

proper documentations: written documents, diagrams, sketches, photography and chain of custody being done properly

Microbial identifications

provide information that tests toxic poisonous microbes like ricin, anthrax, tulurinia

Search is..

prying into hidden places by the police where a person holds a reasonable expectation of privacy; action by a government official that invades a person's reasonable expectation of privacy

What kind of science is toxicology?

quantitative; based on the dose amount

high velocity impact splatter:

randomly distributed smaller drops

Skeletonization

removal of soft tissue done by flies, beetles, and animals

microscopic evidence

requires visualization techniques or enhancements to be seen

Friction ridge rule:

ridge arrangement on every hand and foot of every person is different

level 3: fingerprinting detail

ridge detail, including pores

level 2: fingerprinting detail

ridge endings, bifurcations, dots, and combinations

Acid Phosphatase tests for..

semen

acid phosphate is an enzyme only present in..

semen

the death certificate

serves as legal proof that a specific person has died-NOT legal proof as to the CAUSE of death

Petechial Hemorrhage (Blood bursts)

small red/purple spot on skin caused by a broken capillary blood vessel; sign of asphyxia 1 mm or smaller

medium velocity impact splatter:

smaller drops, slightly distributed

Patterns of human decomposition: Saponification

soapy; hydrolysis of fat tissues, grave wax formation; requires a moist, anaerobic environment, and a minimum of 3 months

alcohol level 0.1-0.5 is

sober

Evidence is..

species of proof legally presented in a court of law through witnesses, records, documents, and objects for the purpose of inducing belief in the minds of the court and jury on the issues of the case

as blood travels through the air, it does so in the shape of a...

sphere

Conjunctivae

squishy part of the eyeball

Testimonial evidence is..

statements given by competent witnesses

Rigor Mortis

stiffening of the body; heat accelerates the process and cold de-accelerates the process

the database for understanding interactions between drugs and insects is..

still being developed

dependence

strong psychological craving that does NOT lead to withdrawal symptoms if the drug is removed

Physical Anthropology

study of human biology

Anthropology

study of humans

Cultural Anthropology

study of social behavior

Fluorescein

substance that undergoes fluorescence and a short light wave is used to induce fluorescence; includes a thickening agent that allows it to cling to vertical surfaces

Substitution

substituting something else as urine for the drug test

What are flesh flies (sarcophagidae) attracted to?

summer and shade

What does physical evidence do?

support something or show that something is the case

Friction ridges

swellings on the fingertips that begin at 6.5 weeks shape of the volar pad and resulting ridge patterns are due to genetics, physical influences, and stresses in the womb 10-13 weeks: ridge patterns begin to develop; volar pads reduce in size until their boundaries and surrounding skin merge

Short Tandem Repeats (STRs)

technology used to evaluate specific loci within nuclear DNA

Drug testing in hair

tests for internal drug use

Sodium Rhodizonate Test

tests for the presence of lead residue and detection of bullet holes

Modified Griess test

tests for the presence of nitrates

Confirmatory Tests

tests that are more specific to individual body fluid and are used to "confirm" that a specific body fluid is present microscopic identification uses chemicals to help visualize

Analytical Chemistry

tests what is the substance present and how much of the substance is present

cold fracture indicates:

that the light was OFF at the time of impact

Competency

the ability to do something successfully or efficiently

exoneration

the action of officially absolving someone from blame; vindication; to be released

Dynamic area

the area in which the majority of the physical evidence associated with the crime is obtained provides investigators with a starting point to piece together and circumstances of what happened

Frye is...

the basic standard enunciated by the supreme court in 1929 for admissibility of new scientific or technical evidence which places emphasis on general acceptance in the appropriate scientific community

as velocity of the forces increases..

the blood drop gets smaller

Twist is..

the direction in which the lands and grooves spiral down the inside of a handgun or rifle barrel

Blood stain pattern analysis involves:

the examination of bloodstains observed at a scene in order to reconstruct the conditions at the time that blood was shed

Rifling is..

the helical grooves cut or impressed in to the barrel of a hand-gun or rifle to cause the exiting projectile to spin

Firearms analysis is..

the identification of fired bullets, cartridge casings, or other ammunition components as having been fired from a specific weapon

Firing pin impression is..

the impression left by the firing pin on the primer cup portion of a cartridge after it has been struck (fired)

Cause of death:

the injury or disease responsible for the lethal sequence of events

Caliber is..

the inside diameter of a gun barrel, in hundredths of an inch or millimeters

When an expert witness takes the stand and gives testimony, credibility is determined by..

the jury

filament deformation indicates:

the light was ON at the time of impact

locus

the location of a gene or DNA marker in a non-coding region on a chromosome

Luminol

the most sensitive chemical test that is capable of presumptively detecting bloodstains diluted up to 300,000 times; when it reacts with blood, it emits light and must be observed in complete darkness

Firing pins are..

the pin or rod in the firing mechanism of a firearm that strikes the cartridge primer to fire the cartridge

Credibility

the quality of being trusted and believed in

Osteology

the scientific study of bones

Primer is..

the shock-sensitive portion of the cartridge that provides the initial spark or flame that causes the cartridge to fire

Grooves are..

the spiraling DEPRESSED areas inside the barrel of a handgun or rifle

Lands are..

the spiraling RAISED areas between the grooves inside the barrel of a handgun or rifle

Toxicology

the study of adverse effects of chemicals on man

Ballistics is..

the study of an object in flight; study of the bullet as it travels down the barrel, the path through the air, and the path through its target

Anthropometry/Bertillonage

the study of human body measurements to be used for classification and measurement

What is forensic anthropology?

the study of human evolution as revealed by the skeleton or by the evolutionary patterns in DNA; use of osteology to assess age, sex, stature, ancestry, trauma, or foul play and disease

forensic entomology

the study of insects and their arthropod relatives that interact with legal matters

Forensic odontology

the study of physiology, anatomy, and pathology of teeth; application of methods and techniques of dental identification in forensics use of teeth and bite marks for identification

The first officer at the scene is key because..

the success of the criminal investigation and resolution of a case hinges on the first officer

in event of anti-mortem trauma, flies are attracted to: (if something traumatic happens-like assault)

they are attracted to wounds (to lay eggs) and/or genitalia-attracted to certain hormones that are given off

What do impression evidence and tool marks look like?

they are gouges, cuts, impressions, or abrasions

why are friction ridges useful?

they are permanent and unique to every person

how are larvae used for toxicology testing?

they can be ground up and analyzed like any postmortem tissue from the body DO NOT PLACE IN PRESERVATIVE FLUID

What do impression evidence and tool marks do?

they identify a mark to a specific tool 1) classify type of tool 2) classify tire manufacturer 3) classify brand of shoe

What do the bands on chromosomes identify?

they identify where different characteristics are located

DNA is degraded by:

time heat exposure to air light moisture chemical treatments (luminol)

Drug/toxicology testing can help determine..

time since death estimations and how they need to be adjusted

blood

tissue composed of several cell types in a plasma matrix of 99% water

Contamination

to make impure or unclean by contact or mixture (done in samples for drug testing)

The purpose of the 5th Amendment is..

to make sure the right exists for a person already charged with a crime and for any person who could be prosecuted in the future. requires miranda rights be recited upon arrest

what is the objective of a forensic toxicologist?

to qualitatively and quanitatively identify poisonous substances in humans and then to interpret the results to understand the episode of intoxication

The purpose of the 6th Amendment is..

to require that a person has the right to be assisted by a counsel of their own choosing at trial or to be assigned by the court

The purpose of the 4th Amendment is..

to require that the determination of probable cause be drawn by a neutral magistrate

what is the standard number of points of minutiae for identifying two fingerprints as having come from the same person?

trick question..a standard does not exist

True or False: Firearms analysis is the same as impression analysis

true

True or False: Most DNA in people is identical

true

True or False: all arrests are seizures, not all seizures are arrests

true

True or false: a crime is a public offense

true

true or false: bugs eventually travel away from crime scene

true

true or false: if there are any dissimilarities, stop the analysis

true

true or false: maggots can survive in wet environment

true

true or false: maggots darken as they turn into flies

true

true or false: crime scene reconstruction is the same thing as the scientific method

true; it is a frame-by-frame, sequential analysis; if something is unexplained or contradictory then you stop and reassess

true or false: There is currently no single accurate marker of the time of death

true; the only accurate method of determining the time of death is to be there when it happens, even then there is a small margin of error

filament is made of..

tungsten

Manner of death: Natural

undermedication; noncompliance

other biological fluids:

urine saliva feces vaginal fluid more minor fluids

biometrics

use of measurements of portions of complex patterns from the human body to build a database that can be used to "verify" the "identity" of persons within that database

Imunology

used to identify species; see slide for picture of test

Red/purple discoloration:

usual discoloration of dead body

the filament lamp light bulb is a..

vacuum or contains an inert gas; it is very thick in order to withstand heat

allele

variant forms of genetic information (DNA) at a single locus

American Academy of Forensic Science

was created to unite a group of professionals. It is more general to allow for flexibility to reflect changing obligations of the profession

drug addiction: compulsion

when someone continues the behavior despite its adverse consequences

drug addiction: denial

when someone denies the adverse consequences-forget what is bad about it

drug addiction: craving

when someone's desire to engage in the behavior dominates their thoughts

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

where DNA is copied (no testing involved) and multiplies the good part we want to analyze (STRs)

Female skeletons have a..

wider pelvis

Class Characteristics examples:

yellow #2 pencil nike brand tennis shoe human hair fragment 2001 toyota camry LE

Curtilage is..

your house and the stuff around your house associated with daily living