Frsc 202 Final Exam
What is considered an individual characteristics of the impression evidence and tool marks?
- the wear/tear on an object - marks left by the object
Characteristics of flesh flies
-dull; grey -3 black stripes -used for PMI
Characteristics of house flies
-dull; grey -NOT used for PMI -multiple stripes -attracted to poop
Characteristics of blow flies
-shiny; green -many varieties -used for PMI -attracted to freshly dead bodies
At what Blood Alcohol Content (BAC) do you begin to experience a decrease in inhibitions:
0.03%
Which percentage of DNA is forensically relevant and individualizing?
0.1%
body eliminates how many drinks per hour?
1 drink per hour; alcohol accumulates if you drink more than 1 drink per hour
Late changes after death:
1) Algor mortis 2) Livor mortis 3) Rigor mortis
Order of Autopsy
1) As-is photos 2) x-rays 3) external exam 4) internal exam 5) histology 6) chemistry
What is the significance of physical evidence?
1) Association with victim/suspect 2) can help identify suspect/victim
types of decomposition:
1) Autolysis 2) putrefaction
Samples taken at Autopsy:
1) Blood 2) Vitreous humor 3) urine 4) bile 5) liver
Additional Examinations/Considerations in firearms analysis
1) Blood, tissue, and hair presence 2) must prevent contamination of the firearm surface 3) Analysis on human skin
two main species of flies used to estimate PMI:
1) Blow Flies (Calliphoridae) 2) Flesh Flies (Sarcophagidae)
Early changes after death:
1) Cessation of respiration 2) Cessation of circulation 3) Skin pallor 3) Muscle relaxation 4) Eye changes (cornea, retina) 5) Blood coagulation and fluidity
Issues with drug testing:
1) Chain of custody 2) adulteration 3) cut-off concentration
Soft tool marks:
1) Chains 2) Door Jambs 3) Window frames 4) Safes 5) Human bone 6) Padlocks 7) Doorknobs 8) bolts
Why is the "CSI effect" so unrealistic?
1) Characters are both investigators and scientists 2) shows create bias 3) Timeframe for lab analysis is inaccurate; process is shorter on tv than real life
3D Collaborations
1) Collaboration between artist, forensic anthropologist, and scanned photograph of actual remains to utilize stock photos of facial features and to generate a model 2) used when we don't know the victims identity 3) results in clay or plaster sculpture
Natural fibers examples:
1) Cotton-plant 2) Wool-sheep 3) Linen-flax plant 4) Silk-silkworm 5) Cashmere-goat 6) Mohair-rabbit 7) Asbestos-mineral
what are the components of crime scene reconstruction?
1) Crime scene and its evidence 2) forensic lab tests 3) logic and reasoning 4) experience
How does the "CSI effect" affect the jury?
1) Demand for physical evidence is on the rise 2) There are high expectations for technological capabilities 3) Greater public awareness 4) Increased demand for education (FEPAC)
Applications of Forensic Entomology:
1) Estimation of PMI 2) determination of death location 3) criminal misuse 4) scene characterization 5) abuse of young and elderly 6) DNA analysis 7) toxicology specimens
Lamp Classifications:
1) Filament configuration 2) Base arrangement 3) Bulb shape and diameter 4) volts and watts
Types of Impression evidence:
1) Fingerprints 2) Tire tracks 3) Footprints 4) Firing pin impressions
Three major disciplines of forensic toxicology:
1) Forensic Drug testing 2) Human performance testing 3) postmortem forensic toxicology
how to determine distance?
1) Gunshot residue is expelled from the barrel under high velocity 2) as distance from the muzzle to the target and pattern size increase, pattern density decreases until no pattern residues reach the target
Who are the essential officials at a scene?
1) Law enforcement 2) firemen 3) EMS 4) Social/Child protective services agent 5) medical examiner 6) detectives 7) district/state attorney
Parts of Lab Schema
1) Macroscopic 2) Microscopic 3) Presumptive 4) Confirmation
types of fibers:
1) Natural 2) Synthetic 3) Semi-Synthetic
Synthetic fibers examples:
1) Nylon 2) polyester 3) olefin 4) acetate 5) acrylic 6) spandex
Flaws of Eyewitness testimony (lay witnesses)
1) Perceptual Errors 2) Timing 3) Influences on memory 4) relationships 5) interview techniques
4 major components of blood:
1) Plasma 2) Platelets 3) Leucocytes 4) Erythrocytes
European Ancestry includes:
1) Rounder cranial vault 2) taller forehead 3) oblong eye orbits 4) flatter cheekbones 5) narrow nasal aperture 6) pinched in nasal bones
Types of searches:
1) Searches with a warrant 2) Warrantless searches for the purpose of finding evidence 3) Warrantless searches for purposes other than finding evidence
Rule 102 of Federal Code and Rules: (purpose of evidence)
1) Secure fairness 2) avoid delay and expense 3) ascertain the truth
Types of Cases Analyzed in Forensic Biology:
1) Sexual Assaults 2) Death investigations 3) assaults 4) property crimes 5) criminal paternity/maternity 6) poaching
Evidence needed for prosecution of homicide by poison
1) Specific intent-motive 2) access of suspect to a supply of poison 3) opportunity to administer poison
Primary identification
1) Tertiary + Secondary unique medical features, odontology, fingerprints, DNA
Who is included in Law enforcement?
1) The first officer at the scene 2) crime scene manager 3) crime scene investigative unit 4) detectives 5) Patrol officers
filaments become distorted/stretched by:
1) amount of shock 2) filament age 3) size of filament 4) temperature at which the filament operates
Analysis on human skin during a firearms analysis..
1) blood spatter may indicate hands near the muzzle/wound near the time of entry 2) GSR retention times 3) Locard's exchange
characteristics of a cold fracture
1) bright luster 2) even spacing 3) irregular ends 4) could not have been lighted
Characteristics of a Normal Lamp:
1) bright luster of filament 2) evenly spaced coils 3) clear glass 4) bright base 5) longitudinal draw lines
Characteristics of an Aged lamp:
1) bright luster of filament 2) evenly spaced coils 3) rough, pitted filament 4) possible downward sag 5) possible darkened glass 6) possible discolored base
Before any act can be treated as a crime under law, it must be:
1) clearly defined and designated as an offense 2) must be established prior to the act in a source of law
what do external exams examine?
1) clothing 2) personal effects 3) trace evidence 4) PERK (rape test) 5) head to toe exam
Filament separation: filament fracture occurs with..
1) cold shock 2) normal brittle fraction without impact but weakened due to age
2D reconstruction
1) collaboration between artists and anthropologist based on skull and antemortem photographs 2) placement of tissue depth markers at anthropologically significant landmarks 3) used when we don't know the victims identity 4) results in drawings on paper that are edited and manipulated in a computer program to create 2D facial approximations
Indoor crime scene sketching includes:
1) creating a baseline using a tape measure or along a wall 2) measure down the baseline to a spot parallel with the evidence 3) use a builders square to measure from the baseline to the center of mass of the evidence
Post Mortem tissue changes
1) decomposition 2) skeletonization 3) mummification 4) adipocere
Characteristics of DNA
1) determines all aspect of physical makeup 2) same in almost every cell 3) stable over time and within the body 4) located in all cells EXCEPT for red blood cells
Friction ridges:
1) develop on fetus during pre-birth 2) persistent during life except for permanent scarring 3) details are unique and never repeated 4) overall patterns may vary within limits, which allow for classification
examination of individual stains within the pattern
1) distribution 2) size 3) shape 4) directionality 5) angle of impact
Duties of the First Officer
1) do not destroy or change anything at the scene 2) protect the crime scene
Characteristics of Nuclear DNA
1) double helix 2) 46 chromosomes 3) 1 copy per cell
Characteristics of Mitochondrial DNA
1) double helix 2) one ring 3) multiple copies in each mitochondria 4) multiple mitochondria in each cell
Presumptive identification
1) drivers license 2) clothing 3) tattoo 4) birth marks
Traits of Presumptive Tests
1) easy 2) quick 3) low detection limits 4) done at crime scenes and lab 5) not very specific (false positives can occur) 6) they can require additional testing
investigative applications
1) establish the position of a victim 2) corroborate a suspect statement 3) refute a suspect statement 4) establish an order of events 5) dispute accuracy of a "self-defense" plea 6) determine the events that took place after actions that created the bloodstains
Federal Rules of evidence:
1) evidence must be probative (must prove something) 2) evidence must be material (must address an issue that is relevant to this particular crime)
two basic bloodstain analyses
1) examination of overall stain pattern 2) examination of individual stains within the pattern
What influences a verdict?
1) expectation of evidence 2) unrealistic confidence 3) unrealistic expectations of technology 4) increased caseload 5) misunderstanding the evidence
Lamp abnormalities
1) filament deformation 2) broken filament 3) broken glass 4) filament oxidation
ways of filament separation:
1) filament fracture 2) filament burnout 3) does not carry a current
Evidence Analysis (use for presumptive tests) includes:
1) finding out where the stain is located - visual examination - screening tests - collection/preservation of evidence 2) finding out what the stain is - body fluid detection - body fluid identification 3) species identification - is it human? 4) finding out what the genetic profile is
Positive identification
1) fingerprints 2) DNA 3) medical records 4) dental records 5) x-rays
teeth and bones are resistant to:
1) fire 2) severe decomposition 3) exposure to elements
What do x-rays examine?
1) fire-arms related 2) stabbings 3) pediatrics-assess for old breaks 4) cervical trauma
Real "CSI" includes:
1) first responders 2) scene security 3) preliminary scene survey 4) Documentation 5) Scene search 6) Evidence collection 7) Final scene survey
Skeletons identify:
1) gender 2) stature 3) ancestry 4) age 5) trauma (antemortem, perimortem, postmortem)
characteristics of a loose filament in the bulb
1) glass envelope is intact 2) ARC mark is on the bulb 3) Surface pitted 4) deformation 5) "on" at the time of impact
Filament deformation
1) glass unbroken 2) both filaments lighted 3) similar amount of distortion/stretching
African Ancestry includes:
1) globular skull 2) rounder orbits 3) flat cheek bones 4) wider inter-orbital distance 5) wider nasal aperture 6) slightly protruding upper jaw
What is the role of a forensic scientist?
1) help determine if a crime has been committed 2) Supply reports of evidence findings to authorities 3) Act as an expert witness (evaluate evidence and offer an opinion of significance) 4) Can act for either the prosecution or defense
You can apply reconstruction to:
1) historical figures 2) facial recognition 3) identification
the type of test you use to identify depends on:
1) how much of a sample you have 2) whether or not the analysis will be destructive
What is involved in crime scene reconstruction?
1) how the criminal act occurred 2) using the end result to look at the past
Individual Characteristics examples:
1) human hair with skin tag still attached 2) a men's shoe size 11, nike brand tennis shoe with wear patterns that suggest a narrow foot and low arch 3) yellow #2 pencil with used eraser, bite marks, and used lead 4) 2001 toyota camry LE with the grill smashed in and paint smudge marks are present
What is the utility of DNA at a crime scene?
1) identify suspects, crime, catastrophe victims, endangered/protected species (poachers) 2) exonerate wrongly accused 3) establish paternity and familial relationships 4) detect bacterial and other organism-based polutants to air, food, water and soil
What do ethics do?
1) imply a written document 2) Addresses behaviors not addressed morally 3) draws upon influences outside of moral principle (through science and law)
Forensic Drug testing guarantees:
1) informed policy 2) worker privacy 3) confirmation
Squatting alterations:
1) knees 2) toes 3) hips
Problems associated with identifying poisonings:
1) lack of suspicion-sometimes who poisons is the caretaker; victims are usually children, elderly, chronically ill 2) rarely any symptom of poisoning that can't be equally caused by a disease-diabetic given an overdose of insulin; arsenic poisoning looks like Guillian-Barre syndrome
What are things that are examined during firearm analysis?
1) land impressions 2) lands 3) grooves 4) twists 5) rifling
types of witnesses for testimonial evidence:
1) lay witness 2) expert witness
Problems associated with time of death:
1) life insurance policies 2) implicating or excluding suspects 3) time of assault vs. time of death 4) always an estimate
DNA is used to determine..
1) lineage 2) heritage
Information that comes from Physical evidence:
1) linkage (Locard's Principle) 2) Identification of suspects/victims 3) Corpus Deliciti 4) Modus Operandi
examination of the overall stain pattern:
1) location 2) type 3) size 4) shape
reconstruction of the scene in bloodstain analysis includes:
1) location and/or movement of the victim or assailant 2) point of impact 3) sequence of death 4) type of instrument
Fingerprint classifications:
1) loop 2) whorl 3) arch
Facial reconstruction process:
1) markers to show depth are applied to the skull based on studies and data 2) Strips of clay are added according to depths to fill around markers 3) features are rounded 4) lips are shaped based on data 5) smoothing, nose, cheeks, brow bone, etc. are shaped based on data reflecting information consistent with members of the same ethnic groups
Dental alterations:
1) mastication changes 2) trade related 3) chipping or grooves
Asian Ancestry inclues:
1) native american 2) hispanic 3) round, short vault 4) rounder orbits 5) flared cheekbones, sunken in 6) wide inter-orbital distances 7) narrow nasal aperture 8) edge-on-edge bite
There are 5 Manners of death
1) natural 2) accident 3) suicide 4) homicide 5) undetermined
Documentation
1) notes (written or audio) 2) videography (orientation) 3) Photography 4) Sketching
two types of DNA is each cell:
1) nuclear 2) mitchondrial
A collaborative effort requires:
1) objectivity 2) physical evidence 3) objective assessment of witness/victim/offender statements 4) logic
obligations to the consumer
1) objectivity 2) technical competence 3) reliable results 4) comprehensive review of relevant issues
Warrantless searches (finding evidence)
1) officer has probable cause 2) emergency: there is a threat to someone's life or safety, there is destruction or removal of evidence, suspect escaped 3) a crime is committed in "plain view"
characteristics of broken glass
1) oxidation of filament 2) white tungsten oxides 3) glass adhering to hot filaments 4) Molten glass particles
Reasons to do DNA analysis:
1) paternity testing 2) historical investigations 3) Microbial identification 4) Mass disasters 5) Military DNA "dog tags"
The Scientific Method includes
1) peer review 2) independent verification
Types of evidence
1) physical 2) testimonial
Reasons for drug testing:
1) pre-employment 2) post-accident 3) random 4) reasonable suspicion 5) treatment follow-up
Crime Scene processing includes
1) preliminary scene survey 2) documentation 3) scene search 4) evidence collection, packaging, and documentation 5) final scene survey
how to handle controlled substances
1) proper evidence handling 2) chain of custody 3) documentation 4) analytical techniques 5) deductive reasoning
What can physical evidence do?
1) prove that a crime was committed or establish the key elements of the crime 2) link a suspect with the victim or with the crime scene 3) establish the identity of persons associated with a crime 4) exonerate the innocent 5) corroborate the victim's testimony 6) compel a suspect to confess 7) is more reliable than eyewitnesses to a crime
death certificate purposes:
1) provide information for mortality stats to assess the nations health 2) systematically catalogue causes of disease and death 3) develop priorities for funding and programs that involve public health and safety
Bodies cool by:
1) radiation 2) convection 3) direct transfer 4) any factor that influences heat loss will affect the rate 5) careful consideration of the scene-clothing, victim size, and activity have to be considered when estimating the cooling rate
Typical evidence received at crime labs:
1) rape kits 2) bones 3) fetal tissues 4) fingerprints 5) clothing 6) blood swabs 7) feces 8) masks 9) gloves
more alterations include:
1) repetitive movement 2) arthritis 3) fractures 4) infections/tumors/disorders
Superimposition
1) requires knowledge of victims identity 2) involves a lay-over of a photo of individual and x-ray of skull 3) anatomical match can result in a "match" of a victim with bones
Hard tool marks:
1) screwdrivers 2) wire cutters 3) hammers 4) pliers 5) bolt cutters 6) crowbars 7) saw 8) knife
Warrantless searches (not finding evidence)
1) search incident to the arrest (SITA) 2) inventory search
Examples of "Touch Evidence"
1) soda cans/bottles 2) duct tape 3) ligatures 4) postage stamps 5) cigarette butts 6) weapons 7) food
two components of sperm:
1) solid portion - sperm - non-sperm male cells 2) liquid portion - water - flavins - acid phosphatase - P-30 - etc.
fluid dynamics:
1) specific gravity 2) viscosity 3) surface tension
Blow fly life cycle:
1) starts as an egg (1 day) 2) 3 stages of larva (6 days) 3) puparium (7 days) 4) hatches into an adult fly (30 days)
Fingerprints are affected by:
1) temperature 2) exposure to light 3) humidity
what are the two important factors in entomology?
1) temperature of the air and/or shaded area around the scene 2) species-different species of insects around the body can tell whether or not its been moved
Presumptive testing process for blood is..
1) test to see if blood is present by using chemical to determine a substance reaction. 2) if a reaction takes place, then the test will be positive, but still doesn't mean that it is definitely blood (could be rust)
Other types of analyses that are performed during firearms analysis
1) testing the firearm to determine if they function properly 2) examine the clothing and other items to try to determine the muzzle-to-target distance 3) determine the caliber and manufacturer of the ammunition components 4) determine the manufacturer of the firearm
What an affidavit must establish:
1) the presence of probable cause 2) the item(s) being searched for are connected with criminal activity 3) the item(s) can be found in the place that the police desire to search 4) information regarding the existence of these facts come from a reliable source
Challenges to Locard's Principle:
1) transfer is so small that it can be undetectable 2) the rate of loss of the material after the transfer is too great
different categories of death
1) unattended death (natural setting? was it seen by anyone?) 2) homicides 3) suicides 4) deaths in custody 5) accidental deaths 6) motor vehicle deaths 7) accident/suicide 8) hit and run
When to order an autopsy?
1) under suspicion of foul play 2) public health concern 3) unattended by a physician (less than 24 hrs) 4) when requested by the family sometimes for religious observation
Standard Operation Procedures (SOPs) are put into place to:
1) unify lab employees decision making procedures 2) remove personal ethics from the workplace decision making process 3) unify employee and employer definitions of workplace tasks 4) create a governing document to which employees can refer when faced with an ethical dilema in the workplace
Three main areas in forensic entomology
1) urban-different bugs from different areas 2) stored product-bugs found in candy/snacks 3) medicocriminal/medicolegal
What does CODIS do?
1) used to link serial crimes and unsolved cases with repeat offenders 2) creates a databank that can be used to search DNA profiles obtained from crime scene evidence
Three conditions for the admissibility of Scientific Evidence:
1) validity of scientific theory 2) validity of technique applying it 3) proper application of the technique
textile fibers are..
1) very common in environments 2) easily shed 3) easily transferred, either singularly or in a series of events 4) can be left behind from a specific act or use (rope, blanket, carpet) and can lead to a source 5) come in a huge variety of colors and hues making a fiber more unique
Fingerprint processing:
1) visual examination 2) enhancement or visualization 3) photography 4) lifting or collection of object
Preliminary scene survey
1) walk through with first responder 2) look at the evidence present (transitional, conditional, trace) 3) team effort between officials (duties, specialties)
Narrow methods used to determine range of death:
1) what degree of rigor the body is in, location of livor, and algor 2) entomological activity 3) whether or not the sun was shining on the victim or the AC was blowing
Broad methods used to determine time of death/range of death:
1) whether or not the morning paper was read or if it is piled up 2) whether or not there were phone calls made, received, or answered 3) whether or not there are messages on the machine 4) what type of meal was consumed last 5) what was the state of dress
Autopsy Procedure:
1) y-incision 2) head and skull are opened 3) organs are removed 4) brain is observed
What happens at the crime scene investigation?
1. Preliminary evidence processing 2. documentation 3. evidence handling and packaging 4. physical evidence goes to the forensic lab
What are the issues with organization of the crime labs?
1. rapid growth 2. no planning/coordination 3. influences 4. supreme court decisions 5. new technologies
how much alcohol is in one mixed-drink?
1.5 fluid ounces (44 mL) of 80 proof liquor (vodka, gin, scotch, bourbon, brandy, or rum)
Percentage
1/2 the proof amount
how much alcohol is in one beer or wine cooler?
12 fluid ounces (355 mL)
non-coding is repeated
13 times at 13 different loci
Which has more alcohol? a) 5 oz beer b) 16 oz beer c) 80% 1.5 oz distilled spirit
16 oz beer
Proof amount
2 times the percentage amount
if a person has been killed on a hot summer day (90 or 80 degrees with humidity), how long will it take for a body to be reduced to skeleton via insects?
3-4 days
how much alcohol is in one glass of wine?
5 fluid ounces (148 mL)
You are asked to investigate a crime scene and notice 7 distinct cast-off stains on the ceiling. How many times was the victim hit?
7+1 = 8 times the victim was hit
percentage of evidence tested in crimes labs that is drug related:
75%
Locard's Exchange Principle
An individual can not enter a location or come in contact with something without bringing something to it or taking something away
What is physical evidence?
Any evidence that has size, shape, and dimension
Forensic Anthropology
Applying skeletal identification to matter involving the public and the law
Individual Charactertistics
Characteristics that identify an item or a person; they are a single source
Class Characteristics
Characteristics that place an object in a group of similar objects; helps narrow search
Ninhydrin
Chemical test for fingerprints; prints are sprayed on latent prints and then are heated to visualize
Which flies are usually found in tropical and sunny climates?
Chrysomya rufifacies
Which flies are usually found in warm and sunny climates?
Cochliomyia Macellaria Phaenicia sericata Lucilia illustris
What is the goal of forensic science?
Crime scene reconstruction; to determine the actions surrounding the commission of a crime
DNA was first called..
DNA fingerprints; now we refer to the process of individualizing DNA to a specific person as a DNA profile
Species identification is a..
DNA-based analysis
Livor Mortis
Discoloration of the body; begins at death or very soon after death
Tache Noir (eyes)
Drying of the conjunctivae; not hemorrhage
true or false: There currently exists a completely accurate formula for calculating the rate at which a body cools after death
FALSE
True or False: If an act is considered offensive and destructive, but no law exists that makes it illegal, it is possible to create a law and then charge and prosecute the person for the crime
False
True or False: The federal government provides oversight to all crime labs in the US through the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)
False
True or False: The people on a scene collecting evidence are forensic scientists
False
What is the CSI effect?
Forensic science as a part of pop culture; how it is depicted on tv shows and how that affects the jury decisions
Tardieu's spots
Gravity causes capillaries in a small area to rupture, resulting in circular areas of skim hemorrhage 4-5 mm or larger
Grey flies with multiple stripes NOT used in the estimation of the post mortem interval are:
House flies (musca domestica)
Who made information on forensic entomology accessible to the public?
Jean Pierre Megnin
XY sex chromosome means..
MALE
What are impression evidence and tool marks?
Marks left behind when a harder surface impacts a softened surface
Who created the first systematic observations of insect successions on human cadavers?
Mateu Orfila
Who is considered the Father of Modern Toxicology?
Mateu Orfila
drugs that are synthetic
Methamphetamine, PCP
in a crime scene, what are flies attracted to first?
Natural orify -eyes -ears -nose -mouth
Boundaries of the scene: Level 1
Overall scene security for restriction of general public
Which flies are usually found in cool and shaded climates?
Phormia regina Calliphora vicina
PMI stands for..
Post Mortem Interval
Phenolphthalein-tetrymethylbenzidine (PTMB)
Presumptive tests to see if blood is present; based on the peroxidase-like activity of hemoglobin which oxidizes the color indicator
Boundaries of the scene: Level 2
Restriction to official business
Maggots go through three stages during their life cycles. These stages can be identified using what physical feature?
Spiracular slits
SOP stands for..
Standard Operating Procedure
Boundaries of the scene: Level 3
Target area; HIGHEST SECURITY
What is forensic science?
The application of forensic science to criminal and civil laws that are enforced by police agencies in a criminal justice systems
Locard's Principle
Whenever 2 objects come in contact with each other, a transfer of material will occur. Therefore evidence can be used to associate people, places, and objects
maternity tests cannot be performed by using..
Y-STR
contact: swipe
a bloody object comes in contact with a non-bloody surface with motion
contact: transfer
a bloody object comes into contact with a non-bloody surface
Frisk is..
a brief inspection of outer clothing for weapons only
Daubert is...
a broad set of criteria laid out by the supreme court opinion in the case for the admissibility of scientific evidence, with the judge as the "gatekeeper" responsible for applying those criteria
What is DNA?
a chemical substance found in our bodies
Neutral magistrate
a civil officer with power to administer and enforce law (judge)
Blood, tissue, and hair presence in a firearms analysis can indicate..
a close range shot
Crime scene investigation:
a complex process that includes the initial response; evaluation, processing, and documentation of the scene; and preservation of the evidence
Corpus deliciti
a crime must have been proven to have occurred before a person can be convicted of committing that crime
Chain of custody
a document that shows where a piece of evidence has been stored, who has been in contact with it, and what tests were performed on it
"double" peak means..
a female sample
Law is...
a formal means of social control that involves the use of rules that are interpreted and are enforceable by the courts of a political community
In order to be deformed WITH separation..
a lamp has to be ON at the time and the ends end up tapered
Preventing contamination of a firearm surface can include..
a muzzle wrap to preserve the residue in a barrel
contact: wipe
a non-bloody object travels through an existing bloodstain
Modus Operandi
a particular way or method of doing something, especially one that is characteristic or well-established
bloodstain pattern
a pattern of dried blood on a surface resulting from an event that caused blood to exit the body and/or be broken into particles and distributed by force
Medical examiner (forensic pathologist)
a physician who specializes in the investigation of sudden, unexpected, violent deaths
Seizure is..
a show of police authority to which a person submits either voluntarily or by force
Cutis Anserina (goosebumps)
a spasm of the erector pilae muscles due to rigor mortis
Affidavit
a sworn statement
falling/dripping
a volume of blood that separates from a blood source and fall due to gravity
illicit drug characteristics
abused drugs controlled substances seized drugs
Positive reconstructive identification
actual identification of an individual's remains
Adulteration
adding products to the urine to help purify it
heterozygote
alleles differ and can be differentiated from one another
rule of blood:
always settles at the lowest point of the body
A crime is..
an act committed or omitted in violation of a law forbidding or commanding and for which, upon conviction, a sentence of death, imprisonment, or fine, or both is authorized
Crime Scene scanning is:
an additional tool, NOT a replacement, for traditional documentation; some systems can provide measurements
cut-off level/concentation
an amount of drug present in a body below which the lab will report a negative result
Coroner
an elected official in a geographical jurisdiction 1) official duty is to make inquiry into deaths in certain categories and to assign the cause and manner of death 2) does not require a medical degree 10 states
Actively growing hair makes up 80% of the hair on our bodies in which phase?
anagen phase
forensic entomology is based on:
analysis of insects sequentially colonizing a corpse as decomposition progresses and on the developmental stages of their offspring
Forensic toxicology
analyzes drugs/toxins and biologicals; application of toxicology to matter of the law; study of averse effects of drugs and chemicals on the body and their application to law
Forensic chemistry
analyzes traces of evidence left behind and drug analysis
Behavioral analysis: Prospective profile
analyzing an overlaid population in an attempt to predict who within a group has elevated potential prior to an event (example: screening ALL passengers boarding airplanes)
Licit Drugs
any natural or synthetic substance that is administered to produce specific physiological or psychological effects
Who are the consumers?
anyone requesting forensic evidence
Controlled substances:
are regulated by government; produce specific effects (physiological and psychological); have a potential for abuse
void areas
areas around cast-offs that are NOT bloody
On scene body temperature should be taken from the..
armpit NOT the cavities
the selection of participants for post-conviction appeal is..
based on DNA testing only; reviewed by staff
as angle of the impact decreases from 90 degrees to 10 degrees, shape of the bloodstain..
becomes more elongated
Forensic Drug testing
began because of the government issuing drugs to soldiers in pain and because they became addicted they began limiting use and doing more drug testing
decomp/putrefaction stage 3:
bloating of the body crepitus (grating, crackling, popping sounds) in many areas of loose skin (scrotum, penis, eyelids) 36-48 hours normal conditions 60-72 hours generalized distribution
Phenolphthalein tests for..
blood
arterial spurt/gush
blood exits the body under pressure from a breached artery
cast-off
blood is projected from a blood bearing object as a result of motion
aspirated/expirated
blood is projected from a live person as a result of a cough
impact splatter
blood receives an impact resulting in a random distribution of a smaller drops
Decomp/putrefaction stage 1:
blue-green discoloration of the skin of the abdomen 24-36 hours after death less time = less color
homozygote
both alleles are the same length
Class Characteristics of firearms
caliber rifling breech marks firing pin impressions extractor marks ejector marks
Macroscopic evidence
can be seen with the unaided eye
Behavioral analysis: Retrospective profile
case specific attempt to define a personality and behavioral characteristics after the fact
unpredictable
changes that occur randomly or unexpectedly
predictable
changes that occur with regularity
Cyanoacrylate
chemical enhancement for fingerprints; the prints are fumed with the cyanoacrylate and then powdered to visualize
Kastle-meyer
chemical reactions with hemoglobin to confirm the presence of blood
Cyanoacrylate (superglue)
chemical test used to find fingerprints; prints are fumed with superglue and then prints are powdered to visualize
metabolite
chemically related substance that has been chemically changed from the parent drug; detectable through changes in the human body
saliva
clear liquid secreted in mouth to begin the digestive process; water, mucus, proteins, salts, and enzymes
Tertiary identification:
clothing, body location, personal effects
stimulant examples:
cocaine (coke, blow, crack) lidocaine procaine methamphetamine (speed, ice) amphetamine ecstacy (MDMA-methlykebedioxymethamphetmine)
Profile
combination of types obtained for multiple loci; determined by comparing samples to standards
Combined DNA Index System (CODIS)
combined DNA index system; DNA databank software program that operates on local, state, and national level
What is necessary in a bullet and cartridge comparison?
comparison microscope; used to determine interchangeable barrels, rust, and stria from bullet
semen
comprised of fluid and sperm cells
Asphyxia
condition that arises when the body is deprived on oxygen causes unconsciousness, death, or suffocation
Latent fingerpints:
consist of a mixture of natural secretions
Algor mortis:
cooling of the body based on: 1) activity 2) illness 3) decomposition 4) infection 5) absorption of heat body temperature is a narrow range NOT a fixed temperature
Surface pitting
corrosion of a point/small area of a metal surface that takes place in the form of cavaties
scientific method for fingerprinting: evaluation
cyclical procedure of evaluation
National Integrated Ballistic Information Network (NIBIN)
database with primarily images of cartridge cases used to try to associate evidence cases with test-fired cases from seized weapons or cases collected from shooting incidents where the gun involved is not known
Circumstantial reconstructive identification
deceased individual's skeletal remains fit a biological profile
California Association of Criminalists
defined forensic science as a profession and serves as a model for a specific code for forensic scientists to follow
symbol for proof is a
degree mark
exemplar
dental records must be available for comparison for a skull
DNA
deoxyribonucleic acid; molecules carrying the body's genetic information
Land impressions are..
depressed helical grooves in a bullet left by the lands inside the barrel from which it fired
Serology
detection and/or identification of body fluids on the evidence
DNA analysis
determination of the DNA profile from the body fluid
scientific method for fingerprinting: comparison
determine agreement and discrepancies
non-coding
determining number of repeats for different loci
Hair analysis associated with drug testing..
differentiates between internally ingested and externally deposited drugs by determining the presence of metabolites
cherry red discoloration:
discoloration due to carbon monoxide
Pink discoloration:
discoloration due to cyanide or cold
Brown discoloration
discoloration due to nitrates
Dilution
drinking a big gulp before you take a drug test
Schedule 2 drugs:
drug has a current accepted medical use and a high potential for abuse (cocaine, morphine, methamphetamine)
schedule 4 drugs:
drug has a current accepted medical use and a low potential for abuse (xanax, valium)
schedule 3 drugs:
drug has a current accepted medical use and a medium potential for abuse (opium, tylenol with codeine)
schedule 5 drugs:
drug has an accepted medical use and lowest potential for abuse (ibuprofen, penicillin)
Schedule 1 drugs:
drug has no current accepted medical use and a high potential for abuse (heroin, lsd)
stimulant
drug that ELEVATES a person's mood and causes euphoria
depressant
drug that relieves anxiety, nervousness, and restlessness
how are pupae used for toxicology testing?
drugs can get deposited into the skin/puparial casing of the larvae and can be analyzed in the same manner as hair example: cocaine makes maggots move around faster and longer before casing
how are individual characteristics of a firearm produced?
either produced incidental to manufacture OR caused by the use, corrosion, or damage
an expert witness...
elaborate on what the lay witnesses say and are allowed to base opinions on what the witnesses experiences (Hearsay)
illumination occurs in a filament lamp when..
electricity passes through a coiled wire
blood cast onto a surface at an angle has an..
elliptical shape (elongated)
How to determine a range a death:
establish a window by asking the questions: 1) when could death have occurred? 2) when was the body found? 3) when was the deceased last known to be alive?
Scientific method for fingerprinting: Analysis
evaluate levels 1, 2, and 3 minutia
scientific method for fingerprinting: verification
everything done by a 2nd examiner
Associative evidence
evidence that forms a link between two things: a person and the crime scene or a weapon and a person example: hairs and fibers
Filament separation: burnout occurs by..
excessive stretching
What are house flies (musca domestica) attracted to?
excrement
feces
excretion product of the digestive system
Reason for most of the Innocence Project being wrongly imprisoned:
eyewitness misidentification
Probable cause is..
facts and circumstances that would make a reasonably cautious police officer believe that a crime is, was, or might be committed
Patterns of human decomposition: grave wax
fatty substance of waxy consistency into which dead animal tissues (like a corpse) are sometimes converted when kept from air under certain favoring conditions of temperature
minutiae
features of the friction ridge skin patterns on fingertips that make the overall pattern individual
Semi-Synthetic fiber examples/definition:
fiber that is made from a naturally occurring substance 1) Rayon-wood pulp
patterns of human decomposition: Mummification
ficare = to make dehydration of organs and tissues; drying/shriveling of the body; requires a hot/cold dry environment
Normal burnout
filament breaks apart
Most common source of illumination
filament lamp
Automated Fingerprint Identification System (AFIS)
fingerprint scanner; narrows down identity matches but DOES NOT identify match to an individual (the scientist/fingerprint examiner always does that)
transitory
fleeting, random
Latent prints:
friction ridge impression that are not visible to the unaided eye; they consist of a mixture of natural secretions
larger blood drops travel..
further
putrefaction
gas formation green discoloration of abdomen marbling along blood vessels loss of hair and nails usually evident when the time since death is beyond 24 hours
level 1: fingerprinting detail
general ridge flow and pattern configuratoin
DNA extraction: entomology
gut content of insects can be extracted for DNA analysis
drugs that are derived from naturally occurring substances
heroine, made from morphine LSD, made from lysergic acid
short peaks mean..
heterozygous samples
What are wear patterns in an athletic shoe?
highlight objects, imbedded objects, materials, highlighted
tall peaks mean..
homozygous samples
entomotoxicology
how insects can be used as an alternative source for toxicological testing
Manner of death:
how the cause of death arose
five Manners of death:
how the cause of death arose 1) natural 2) accident 3) suicide 4) homicide 5) undetermined
The genetic profile is determined by..
human specific DNA analysis
What does the code of ethics do?
imply a relationship between the scientist and the consumer
Patent fingerprints:
impressions of friction ridges visible in oil, blood, ink, and mud
Patent prints:
impressions of friction ridges which are visible to the unaided eye in media, such as oil, blood ink, and mud
the size of a sample needed to perform DNA analysis has decreased as technology has...
improved
the 6th amendment indicates that..
in all criminal prosecutions the accused shall enjoy the right to have assistance to council for defense
the diameter of the bloodstains increases as the height..
increases
filament surface pitting
indicates the age of bulbs
DNA evidence can..
individualize blood to a particular person
Cause of death
injury or disease responsible for the lethal sequence of events
in a crime scene, media is found:
inside level 1, but outside levels 2 and 3
If a crime scene is defined as the follows: -level 1: overall scene security -level 2: restriction to official business -level 3: target area; highest security where would you expect to find the police command center?
inside level 2, but still outside level 3
Cadaveric Spasm
instantaneous rigor; sudden death; medicolegal importance important because it can occur while grasping a weapon, grasping evidence, and can help determine position
Issue with facial reconstruction:
interpretation
Search Warrants are..
issued by a magistrate to authorize an officer to conduct a search of certain premises on the basis of information supplied to them in the form of an affidavit
Rigor Mortis interpretation is unreliable because:
it is affected by: 1) illness 2) temperature 3) activity before death 4) Physical conditions where the body is placed/found 5) may be poorly formed in the young or the old
relational evidence
items physically placed in the scene
Female skulls have a..
less prominent brow bone and smaller mastoid processes
Illicit drugs
licit drugs that are abused; naturally occurring or semi-synthetic substances that have pleasurable psychoactive effects that are abused
urine
liquid produced in kidneys and excreted by kidneys containing metabolic waste from blood; contains biological waste products
a flesh fly lays a/an:
live maggot
environmental factors that influence decomposition
location clothing humidity temperature
low velocity impact splatter:
looks more like a blob
decomp/putrefaction stage 4:
loosening of hair and nails and shredding of skin of hands and feet "glove and sock" occurs within 4-7 days
Licit drug characteristics
manufactured to have specific, reproducible, and predictable effects
decomp/putrefaction stage 2:
marbling or green-black discoloration that follows a vascular distribution progresses to dark purple-black coloration of the skin
Hallucinogens
marijuana LSD-lysergic acid diethylamide PCP-phenyl cyclohexyl piperidine Mescaline-peyote cactus psilocybin-psilocybe mushrooms methcthinone- khat GHB-gamma hydroxybutyrate
drugs that are naturally occurring substances
marijuana cocaine morphine
What are individual characteristics of a firearm?
marks produced by random imperfections or irregularities of tool surfaces; they are unique to that tool and distinguish it from others
Gunshot residue (GSR) are..
materials created by firing of a firearm that are dispersed by the force of the expanding gases
Mitochondrial DNA is used to trace..
maternity; located in tail of the sperm which drops off once implanted on the egg (no mito from the father)
A lay witness..
may testify to ONLY what they observed and CANNOT give an opinion on what happened
which type of DNA is more prominent?
mitochondrial (more likely present)
What are ethics?
moral principles that govern a person's or group's behavior
Male skulls have a..
more prominent brow bone and larger mastoid processes
Manner of death: Accident
motor vehicle accidents; industrial accidents; accidental poisonings; drug overdose
When bacteria, fungi, and insect decomposers are excluded from a body, in a dry environment, what will occur?
mummification
Distance range: close/intermediate
muzzle is close enough to detect a pattern of residues
Distance range: Distant
muzzle is far enough away that no patterns or residues are detected
Distance range: Contact
muzzle of weapon is touching the target
classifications of controlled substances
narcotics hallucinogens depressants stimulants steroids designer drugs
Male skeletons have a..
narrow pelvis
What are the least accurate features?
nasal bridge and ears
the 5th amendment indicates that..
no personal shall be compelled in any criminal case to be witness against himself
Search Patterns means
once fragile items are removed, a systematic approach to the scene must be conducted
Variability in STR regions can be use to determine..
one DNA profile from another
functional
operating condition of items
chromosomes
organized genetic material found in the cell nucleus -23 pairs -46 total
Media at a crime scene is kept...
outside the crime scene boundaries
What is a characteristic or indicator of an abnormal tail lamp?
oxidized filament
Not a First Responding task:
packaging evidence
fingerprint identification depends on:
pattern matching points of minutiae
metabolites
patterns of drug use are visible in hair testing due to the presence of metabolites
poaching
people who are hunting particular species outside of the season
Opiates
percocet fentanyl heroin-morphine codeine Oxycontin Methadon
Crime scene photography takes place..
photos are taken outside with distance and close up views of all access points, in the four corners of the room, along with distance/close up shots of the evidence
Secondary identification
physical features, anthropology, body modifications, non-unique medical features
relational
physically placed items in the scene
Loci
plural of locus
Probable cause (arrest)
police officer with probable cause believes this person is probably responsible
Probable cause (search)
police officer with probable cause has seizable items of evidence are at a particular location at the moment
Acid Phosphate test
presumptive test used to find sperm
Amido Black
presumptive test used to identify fingerprints
autolysis
process after death by which digestive enzymes within the body cells break down carbs and proteins
quantitation:
process of determining how much DNA you have
Amplification:
process of producing multiple copies of the DNA in order to characterize it
Analysis & Interpretation:
process of quantitatively and qualitatively comparing DNA evidence samples to known DNA profiles
extraction:
process of releasing the DNA from the cell
Separation:
process of separating amplified DNA product to permit subsequent identification
Forensic Short Tandem Repeat (STR) Analysis
products of PCR (copying) process are analyzed using Capillary Electrophoresis (CE)
Maintaining the integrity of the investigation is done by..
proper documentations: written documents, diagrams, sketches, photography and chain of custody being done properly
Microbial identifications
provide information that tests toxic poisonous microbes like ricin, anthrax, tulurinia
Search is..
prying into hidden places by the police where a person holds a reasonable expectation of privacy; action by a government official that invades a person's reasonable expectation of privacy
What kind of science is toxicology?
quantitative; based on the dose amount
high velocity impact splatter:
randomly distributed smaller drops
Skeletonization
removal of soft tissue done by flies, beetles, and animals
microscopic evidence
requires visualization techniques or enhancements to be seen
Friction ridge rule:
ridge arrangement on every hand and foot of every person is different
level 3: fingerprinting detail
ridge detail, including pores
level 2: fingerprinting detail
ridge endings, bifurcations, dots, and combinations
Acid Phosphatase tests for..
semen
acid phosphate is an enzyme only present in..
semen
the death certificate
serves as legal proof that a specific person has died-NOT legal proof as to the CAUSE of death
Petechial Hemorrhage (Blood bursts)
small red/purple spot on skin caused by a broken capillary blood vessel; sign of asphyxia 1 mm or smaller
medium velocity impact splatter:
smaller drops, slightly distributed
Patterns of human decomposition: Saponification
soapy; hydrolysis of fat tissues, grave wax formation; requires a moist, anaerobic environment, and a minimum of 3 months
alcohol level 0.1-0.5 is
sober
Evidence is..
species of proof legally presented in a court of law through witnesses, records, documents, and objects for the purpose of inducing belief in the minds of the court and jury on the issues of the case
as blood travels through the air, it does so in the shape of a...
sphere
Conjunctivae
squishy part of the eyeball
Testimonial evidence is..
statements given by competent witnesses
Rigor Mortis
stiffening of the body; heat accelerates the process and cold de-accelerates the process
the database for understanding interactions between drugs and insects is..
still being developed
dependence
strong psychological craving that does NOT lead to withdrawal symptoms if the drug is removed
Physical Anthropology
study of human biology
Anthropology
study of humans
Cultural Anthropology
study of social behavior
Fluorescein
substance that undergoes fluorescence and a short light wave is used to induce fluorescence; includes a thickening agent that allows it to cling to vertical surfaces
Substitution
substituting something else as urine for the drug test
What are flesh flies (sarcophagidae) attracted to?
summer and shade
What does physical evidence do?
support something or show that something is the case
Friction ridges
swellings on the fingertips that begin at 6.5 weeks shape of the volar pad and resulting ridge patterns are due to genetics, physical influences, and stresses in the womb 10-13 weeks: ridge patterns begin to develop; volar pads reduce in size until their boundaries and surrounding skin merge
Short Tandem Repeats (STRs)
technology used to evaluate specific loci within nuclear DNA
Drug testing in hair
tests for internal drug use
Sodium Rhodizonate Test
tests for the presence of lead residue and detection of bullet holes
Modified Griess test
tests for the presence of nitrates
Confirmatory Tests
tests that are more specific to individual body fluid and are used to "confirm" that a specific body fluid is present microscopic identification uses chemicals to help visualize
Analytical Chemistry
tests what is the substance present and how much of the substance is present
cold fracture indicates:
that the light was OFF at the time of impact
Competency
the ability to do something successfully or efficiently
exoneration
the action of officially absolving someone from blame; vindication; to be released
Dynamic area
the area in which the majority of the physical evidence associated with the crime is obtained provides investigators with a starting point to piece together and circumstances of what happened
Frye is...
the basic standard enunciated by the supreme court in 1929 for admissibility of new scientific or technical evidence which places emphasis on general acceptance in the appropriate scientific community
as velocity of the forces increases..
the blood drop gets smaller
Twist is..
the direction in which the lands and grooves spiral down the inside of a handgun or rifle barrel
Blood stain pattern analysis involves:
the examination of bloodstains observed at a scene in order to reconstruct the conditions at the time that blood was shed
Rifling is..
the helical grooves cut or impressed in to the barrel of a hand-gun or rifle to cause the exiting projectile to spin
Firearms analysis is..
the identification of fired bullets, cartridge casings, or other ammunition components as having been fired from a specific weapon
Firing pin impression is..
the impression left by the firing pin on the primer cup portion of a cartridge after it has been struck (fired)
Cause of death:
the injury or disease responsible for the lethal sequence of events
Caliber is..
the inside diameter of a gun barrel, in hundredths of an inch or millimeters
When an expert witness takes the stand and gives testimony, credibility is determined by..
the jury
filament deformation indicates:
the light was ON at the time of impact
locus
the location of a gene or DNA marker in a non-coding region on a chromosome
Luminol
the most sensitive chemical test that is capable of presumptively detecting bloodstains diluted up to 300,000 times; when it reacts with blood, it emits light and must be observed in complete darkness
Firing pins are..
the pin or rod in the firing mechanism of a firearm that strikes the cartridge primer to fire the cartridge
Credibility
the quality of being trusted and believed in
Osteology
the scientific study of bones
Primer is..
the shock-sensitive portion of the cartridge that provides the initial spark or flame that causes the cartridge to fire
Grooves are..
the spiraling DEPRESSED areas inside the barrel of a handgun or rifle
Lands are..
the spiraling RAISED areas between the grooves inside the barrel of a handgun or rifle
Toxicology
the study of adverse effects of chemicals on man
Ballistics is..
the study of an object in flight; study of the bullet as it travels down the barrel, the path through the air, and the path through its target
Anthropometry/Bertillonage
the study of human body measurements to be used for classification and measurement
What is forensic anthropology?
the study of human evolution as revealed by the skeleton or by the evolutionary patterns in DNA; use of osteology to assess age, sex, stature, ancestry, trauma, or foul play and disease
forensic entomology
the study of insects and their arthropod relatives that interact with legal matters
Forensic odontology
the study of physiology, anatomy, and pathology of teeth; application of methods and techniques of dental identification in forensics use of teeth and bite marks for identification
The first officer at the scene is key because..
the success of the criminal investigation and resolution of a case hinges on the first officer
in event of anti-mortem trauma, flies are attracted to: (if something traumatic happens-like assault)
they are attracted to wounds (to lay eggs) and/or genitalia-attracted to certain hormones that are given off
What do impression evidence and tool marks look like?
they are gouges, cuts, impressions, or abrasions
why are friction ridges useful?
they are permanent and unique to every person
how are larvae used for toxicology testing?
they can be ground up and analyzed like any postmortem tissue from the body DO NOT PLACE IN PRESERVATIVE FLUID
What do impression evidence and tool marks do?
they identify a mark to a specific tool 1) classify type of tool 2) classify tire manufacturer 3) classify brand of shoe
What do the bands on chromosomes identify?
they identify where different characteristics are located
DNA is degraded by:
time heat exposure to air light moisture chemical treatments (luminol)
Drug/toxicology testing can help determine..
time since death estimations and how they need to be adjusted
blood
tissue composed of several cell types in a plasma matrix of 99% water
Contamination
to make impure or unclean by contact or mixture (done in samples for drug testing)
The purpose of the 5th Amendment is..
to make sure the right exists for a person already charged with a crime and for any person who could be prosecuted in the future. requires miranda rights be recited upon arrest
what is the objective of a forensic toxicologist?
to qualitatively and quanitatively identify poisonous substances in humans and then to interpret the results to understand the episode of intoxication
The purpose of the 6th Amendment is..
to require that a person has the right to be assisted by a counsel of their own choosing at trial or to be assigned by the court
The purpose of the 4th Amendment is..
to require that the determination of probable cause be drawn by a neutral magistrate
what is the standard number of points of minutiae for identifying two fingerprints as having come from the same person?
trick question..a standard does not exist
True or False: Firearms analysis is the same as impression analysis
true
True or False: Most DNA in people is identical
true
True or False: all arrests are seizures, not all seizures are arrests
true
True or false: a crime is a public offense
true
true or false: bugs eventually travel away from crime scene
true
true or false: if there are any dissimilarities, stop the analysis
true
true or false: maggots can survive in wet environment
true
true or false: maggots darken as they turn into flies
true
true or false: crime scene reconstruction is the same thing as the scientific method
true; it is a frame-by-frame, sequential analysis; if something is unexplained or contradictory then you stop and reassess
true or false: There is currently no single accurate marker of the time of death
true; the only accurate method of determining the time of death is to be there when it happens, even then there is a small margin of error
filament is made of..
tungsten
Manner of death: Natural
undermedication; noncompliance
other biological fluids:
urine saliva feces vaginal fluid more minor fluids
biometrics
use of measurements of portions of complex patterns from the human body to build a database that can be used to "verify" the "identity" of persons within that database
Imunology
used to identify species; see slide for picture of test
Red/purple discoloration:
usual discoloration of dead body
the filament lamp light bulb is a..
vacuum or contains an inert gas; it is very thick in order to withstand heat
allele
variant forms of genetic information (DNA) at a single locus
American Academy of Forensic Science
was created to unite a group of professionals. It is more general to allow for flexibility to reflect changing obligations of the profession
drug addiction: compulsion
when someone continues the behavior despite its adverse consequences
drug addiction: denial
when someone denies the adverse consequences-forget what is bad about it
drug addiction: craving
when someone's desire to engage in the behavior dominates their thoughts
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
where DNA is copied (no testing involved) and multiplies the good part we want to analyze (STRs)
Female skeletons have a..
wider pelvis
Class Characteristics examples:
yellow #2 pencil nike brand tennis shoe human hair fragment 2001 toyota camry LE
Curtilage is..
your house and the stuff around your house associated with daily living