FSE 120 Embalming Chemicals (Compend)

The key ingredient of an arterial fluid classified as a cosmetic fluid is (a) an active dye (b) an inactive dye (c) a germicide (d) a deodorant

(a) an active dye

Which of these is an example of a pre-embalming chemical change in a body? (a) Imbibition (b) Dehydration (c) Algor mortis (d) Postmortem caloricity

(d) Postmortem caloricity

The science of treating the body chemically, so as to temporarily inhibit decomposition would most appropriately apply to which of the following terms? (a) Restoration (b) Disinfection (c) Embalming (d) Preservation

(d) Preservation

Which of the following accessory chemicals is designed to preserve tissue either by direct contact or through gaseous vapors? (a) Mold preventive agents (b) Sealing agents (c) Humectant agents (d) Preservative powders

(d) Preservative powders

Neutral pH

7.0

What is the purpose of adding eosin and erythrosine to arterial fluid? (a) They impart a color to the tissue (b) They bleach the tissue (c) They disinfect the tissue (d) They preserve the tissue

(a) They impart a color to the tissue

Which of these is the last of the body compounds to decompose? (a) Carbohydrates (b) Bone (c) Proteins (d) Fats

(b) Bone

Jaundice fluid is classified as (a) a cavity fluid (b) a standard arterial fluid (c) a special arterial fluid (d) a supplemental arterial fluid

(c) a special arterial fluid

The mixture of embalming fluid and water which is used in arterial injections is (a) cavity fluid (b) arterial fluid (c) arterial solution (d) buffer

(c) arterial solution

The type of embalming fluid used to disinfect and preserve the viscera in the cavities of the body is (a) arterial fluid (b) supplemental fluid (c) cavity fluid (d) co-injection fluid

(c) cavity fluid

pH of living body

7.4

Resin sealer.

Collodion

A fluid dilution greater than 1% should never be used on contagious or infectious diseases. T or F?

False

A fluid with a high humectant content is especially important in cases of edema. T or F?

False

A high moisture content is normal in most contagious or infectious cases. T or F?

False

A solvent for formaldehyde and other ingredients in embalming fluids is called a preservative. T or F?

False

Arterial fluids are designed for injection into the cavities of the dead body. T or F?

False

By adding coagulants to embalming fluids we attempt to prevent coagulation of the blood. T or F?

False

Cavity fluid should always be diluted 50% with water before injection due to its astringency. T or F?

False

Cavity fluids are designed to preserve, disinfect, and give the best possible cosmetic effect. T or F?

False

Dyes are incorporated in embalming fluids to firm the tissues. T or F?

False

Germicides are used in embalming fluids to help mask the odor of the formaldehyde. T or F?

False

Humectants are agents which repel water. T or F?

False

Jaundice is classified as a post-mortem discoloration. T or F?

False

Moisture retaining chemicals are called surfactants. T or F?

False

Non-cosmetic fluids are generally high in active dye content. T or F?

False

The general treatment of blood discolorations dictate that the embalmer flush out the vascular system of the discolored blood by the regular arterial injection using a high injection pressure. T or F?

False

The high moisture content of edematous bodies retards decomposition? T or F?

False

The passage of embalming chemicals from the capillaries into the intercellular spaces

Fluid diffusion

The movement of embalming fluid from the point of injection throughout the blood vascular system

Fluid distribution

Offsets the effect of dehydration.

Humectant

Measure of HCHO content

Index

The passage of embalming chemicals through the capillary walls because of positive intravascular pressure.

Pressure filtration

Dilution of already diluted fluids by fluids in the body.

Secondary Dilution

Cavity treatment is the direct treatment other than by arterial injection of the contents of the body cavities usually accomplished by aspiration and injection. T or F?

True

Embalming treatment of cases with wet gangrene dictate the cavity fluid should be injected directly into the gangrenous tissue, as well as the surrounding areas. T or F?

True

Spray and powder deodorants should be utilized while treating a case where decomposition is present? T or F?

True

Surface compresses are used to bleach areas and to dry lesions and cavities. T or F?

True

Surfactants are used in embalming fluids to help keep the capillary walls permeable. T or F?

True

The entire body should be bathed with antiseptic soap and water before embalming. T or F?

True

The first indication of jaundice is the sclera of the eye. T or F?

True

The purpose of a pre-injection fluid is to prepare the vascular system for the preservative solution. T or F?

True

The strength of an embalming fluid is expressed in terms of index. T or F?

True

To reduce a distended neck on the deceased, the embalmer may channel the neck tissue with a trocar after the arterial injection. T or F?

True

Two methods of cavity treatment are known as the direct incision method and the trocar method. T or F?

True

Dissolves the ingredients of embalming fluid.

Vehicle

Controls acid-base balance.

Buffer

Masks odor of formaldehyde.

Deodorant

Seals incisions internally.

Dry sealer

A pre-injection fluid is used to prepare lymph vessels for embalming fluids. T or F?

False

Discoloration due to chemical conversion

Formaldehyde Gray

Moisture retainer.

Humectant

Helps prevent dehydration

Lanolin Cream

That dilution of embalming fluid created by the embalmer.

Primary dilution

Vehicle

Solvent

Wetting agent.

Surfactant

Active or staining dyes are so named because of their ability to impart color to the tissues of the body. T or F?

True

Water, carbon dioxide, and ammonia are end products of decomposition? True or False?

True

What percentage dilute solution is created by adding 32 ounces of a 28 index fluid in enough water to make 4 gallons of solution? (a) 1.75 index (b) 1.65 index (c) 3.50 index (d) 1.95 index

(a) 1.75 index

If you used 2 bottles of arterial fluid to make 3 1/2 gallons of a 3% solution, what would the index of arterial fluid be? (a) 42 index (b) 52 index (c) 27 index (d) 47 index

(a) 42 index

Which of the following microorganism is recognized as the causative agent of tissue gas? (a) Clostridium perfringens (b) Clostridium leprae (c) Clostridium botulinum (d) Clostridium tetani

(a) Clostridium perfringens

Where is the condition of jaundice first noticed on a dead body? (a) In the sclera of the eyeball (b) In the lower right quadrant of the torso (c) In the upper right quadrant of the torso (d) Beneath the finger nails

(a) In the sclera of the eyeball

What is the purpose of formaldehyde in embalming fluids? (a) It acts as a preservative (b) It acts as a humectant (c) It acts as a surfactant (d) It acts as a vehicle

(a) It acts as a preservative

What is the purpose of adding Oil of Wintergreen to an embalming fluid? (a) It can act as a perfuming agent (b) It can act as a preservative (c) It can act as a germicide (d) It can act as a buffer

(a) It can act as a perfuming agent

What is the purpose of phenol in embalming fluids? (a) It can act as a preservative/disinfectant (b) It can act as an anticoagulant/water (c) It can balance the acid-base contents of the body tissue (d) It can reduce the surface tension of the vehicle in the fluid

(a) It can act as a preservative/disinfectant

What is the purpose of ponceau in embalming fluids? (a) It will impart a color change (b) It will help the cells retain moisture (c) It will act as a germicide (d) It will dissolve clots

(a) It will impart a color change

Which of the following treatments would be used for embalming of a dehydrated body? (a) Large volume of a dilute solution (b) Small volume of a dilute solution (c) Large volume of an astringent solution (d) Small volume of an astringent solution

(a) Large volume of a dilute solution

The care of the deceased to recreate natural form and color is a definition which would most correctly apply to which of the following? (a) Preservation (b) Embalming (c) Restoration (d) Disinfection

(a) Preservation

What is the common action of phenol, formalin and sodium hypochlorite on the tissues of the body? (a) They all are capable of bleaching the tissue (b) They all are capable of imparting a color to the tissue (c) They all are capable of inhibiting clot formation (d) They all are capable of balancing the pH of the tissue

(a) They all are capable of bleaching the tissue

What is the purpose of primary injection fluids? (a) They prepare the vascular system to accept arterial embalming fluids (b) They embalm the remains (c) They are designed to disinfect the body orifices (d) They are designed to disinfect the body cavities

(a) They prepare the vascular system to accept arterial embalming fluids

The process of chemically treating a dead human body to reduce the presence and growth of microorganisms, retard organic decomposition and restore an acceptable physical appearance is (a) embalming (b) preservation (c) disinfection (d) restoration

(a) embalming

The most common vehicle used in embalming fluid is (a) water (b) alcohol (c) glycerol (d) formaldehyde

(a) water

Which chemical agents retard the tendency of blood to become more viscous? (a) Vehicles (b) Anticoagulants (c) Surfactants (d) Surface tension reducers

(b) Anticoagulants

The destruction or inhibition of most pathogenic bacteria and their products in or on the body defines which of the following terms? (a) Preservation (b) Disinfection (c) Restoration (d) Preservation

(b) Disinfection

What is hydrogen peroxide used for in the preparation of a dead body? (a) It can be used to stain the tissues of the body (b) It can be used as a topical bleach and disinfectant of the body (c) It can be used to preserve the tissues of the body (d) It can be used to reduce the moisture content of the body

(b) It can be used as a topical bleach and disinfectant of the body

what type of anticoagulant will breakup clots by causing the mineral particles of the blood to fall out of suspension? (a) Sequestering agents (b) Precipitants (c) Surface active agents (d) Surfactants

(b) Precipitants

Which chemical substance inactivate the saprophytic bacteria of a body and alter the tissues of the body to render them less susceptible to decomposition? (a) Surfactants (b) Preservatives (c) Reodorants (d) Anticoagulants

(b) Preservatives

what is the purpose of the quaternary ammonium compounds in embalming fluids? (a) They act as vehicles (b) They act as supplementary germicides (c) They act as modifying agents (d) They act as surface tension reducers

(b) They act as supplementary germicides

Which of these is an example of a perfuming agent? (a) Carbolic acid (b) Ponceau (c) Benzaldehyde (d) Sodium lauryl sulfate

(c) Benzaldehyde

What type of solution has the power to attract a solvent through a semi-permeable membrane into itself? (a) Hypotonic solution (b) Isotonic solution (c) Hypertonic solution (d) Moderate solution

(c) Hypertonic solution

What type of solution will have its solvent drawn through a semi-permeable membrane into a more concentrated solution? (a) Hypertonic solution (b) Isotonic solution (c) Hypotonic solution (d) Tincture solution

(c) Hypotonic solution

What type of solutions can be placed on opposite sides of a semi-permeable membrane without either solution attracting solvent from the other solution across the membrane? (a) Hypotonic solutions (b) Hypertonic solutions (c) Isotonic solution (d) Strong solutions

(c) Isotonic solution

Which chemical agents render microorganisms incapable of growth and reproduction? (a) Vehicles (b) Surfactants (c) Preservatives (d) Buffers

(c) Preservatives

Which of the following embalming fluids produces maximum disinfection and preservation without causing objectionable changes in the skin texture? (a) Primary injection fluids (b) Cavity fluids (c) Semi-hardening arterial fluids (d) Co-injection arterial fluids

(c) Semi-hardening arterial fluids

Who is responsible for creating the secondary dilution of the arterial solution? (a) The manufacturer of the arterial fluid (b) The embalmer (c) The body of the deceased (d) The purchasing agent of the funeral home

(c) The body of the deceased

Which of the following would help normalize the moisture content of an emaciated body? (a) The slow injection of an astringent solution (b) The rapid injection of a strong solution (c) The slow injection of mild solution (d) The injection of a moderate solution at a high rate of flow

(c) The slow injection of mild solution

A drying of the body or tissues as a result of the removal of moisture (water) is? (a) evisceration (b) tanning (c) dehydration (d) embalming

(c) dehydration

Chemicals that are added to arterial fluids to meet the varying demands of embalming difficult cases are (a) buffer agents (b) wetting agents (c) modifying agents (d) sealing agents

(c) modifying agents

Which of these is NOT a recommended method of stimulating blood drainage? (a) Increased pressure (b) Massage (c) Pulsator (d) Application of cavity fluid compress

(d) Application of cavity fluid compress

What should the relative temperature of the primary dilution water be to embalm a severely dehydrated case? (a) Hot (b) Boiling (c) Room temperature (d) Cold

(d) Cold

Which of the following are liquids or gels that help treat skin slip, gangrene and surface ulcerations? (a) Mold preventatives (b) Embalming powders (c) Hardening compounds (d) Pack applications

(d) Pack applications

Which of these is the most commonly used disinfectant and preservative chemical agent in hardening compounds? (a) Plaster of Paris (b) Clay (c) Benzaldehyde (d) Paraformaldehyde

(d) Paraformaldehyde

Which of the following would be the most likely to cause intravascular resistance to fluid distribution? (a) Edema (b) Rigor mortis (c) Pregnancy (d) Thrombi

(d) Thrombi

Which of these is NOT a purpose for blood drainage? (a) To remove intravascular discolorations (b) To prevent distention (c) To retard post-embalming decomposition (d) To create dehydration

(d) To create dehydration

An embalming chemical which affects the stabilization of the acid-base balance within embalming solutions and in the embalmed tissues is a(n) (a) bleach (b) anticoagulant (c) dye (d) buffer

(d) buffer

A buffer is a component of arterial fluids which will kill or render disease producing organisms incapable of reproduction. T or F?

False

A vehicle is a gaseous substance which dissolves CH2O in embalming fluids. T or F?

False

Anticoagulants are also referred to as penetrating agents. T or F?

False

Concurrent disinfection is that procedure of disinfection following the embalming operation? True or False

False

Deodorants are used in embalming fluids to enhance the odor of formaldehyde. T or F?

False

During life the normal pH of the body fluid is slightly acid? T or F?

False

Dyes which do not permanently impart color to body tissues are classified as active dyes. T or F?

False

Fluid diffusion is the passage of embalming fluid throughout the blood vascular system? T or F?

False

Fluid distribution is the passing of fluid from the capillaries into the tissues. T or F?

False

Gangrene is generally treated successfully through arterial injection alone. T or F?

False

Pathological conditions are considered to be extrinsic variable factors in embalming. T or F?

False

Preservation is the destruction or inhibition of most pathogenic bacteria and their products in or on the body? T or F

False

Primary dilution of embalming fluid occurs when body fluids mix with the injected fluid. T or F?

False

Removal of blood from the blood vascular system will not effect the intravascular discolorations. T or F?

False

Secondary dilution is that dilution of concentrated arterial fluid as prepared by the embalmer.

False

The cause of death is of no importance to the embalmer in applying proper embalming technique. T or F?

False

When embalming the edematous case the embalmer should expect very little secondary dilution. T or F?

False

When injected into the cavities for normal visceral preservation, cavity fluids should be diluted with water. T or F?

False

Wood powder functions as a hardening agent in hardening compounds? T or F?

False

Full strength cavity fluid can be used as an external bleaching agent. T or F?

True

Paraformaldehyde is the basic active ingredient of preservative powders. T or F?

True

Pre-injection fluids are used to stimulate drainage. T or F?

True

Primary injection fluids usually contain a very low percentage of formaldehyde or none at all. T or F?

True

Proteolysis is the decomposition of proteins, regardless of the cause? True or False

True

Special cavity treatment may be indicated in edematous cases? T or F?

True

The passage of a solvent through a semi-permeable membrane from a dilute to a more concentrated solution is called osmosis. T or F?

True

The primary dilution prescribed for a particular case is determined through case analysis. T or F?

True

The proper dilution of embalming fluid is determined by case analysis. T or F?

True

The secondary dilution of the arterial solution with the edematous fluids in a body will weaken the strength of the solution? T or F?

True

The use of a high index fluid is indicated in cases of decomposition and drowning. T or F?

True

The use of a humectant would be indicated in cases predisposing to dehydration. T or F?

True

Vehicles serve as solvents for the various ingredients of embalming fluids. T or F?

True

Warm water may be used when embalming cases that have decomposition present? True or False?

True

When a decomposed body does not receive sufficient preservation by the arterial injection, hypodermic injections should be used as a supplement to the arterial injection. T or F?

True

When embalming a body, the embalmer should be careful about dehydration especially in the areas where the skin is thin, as these areas are the first to dehydrate? T or F?

True

When the solutions on each side of a membrane have the same osmotic pressure, they are isotonic. T or F?

True

Whiting, when used in hardening compounds, serves as a moisture absorber. T or F?

True

After death the viscosity of the blood usually increase? T or F?

True

Arterial fluids having an index of 30-40 are high index firming fluids. T or F?

True

By draining as much blood as possible from the blood vascular system, the embalmer makes room for the injected fluid and thereby reduces the possibility of swelling. T or F?

True

Dehydration may occur if an embalmer uses too strong a formaldehyde solution? T or F?

True

Dehydration may occur in a body until the air has the same percentage of water in it as the body does? T or F?

True

Edema and dehydration are conditions which determine the extent of secondary dilution. T or F?

True

Fluid distribution is the passage of embalming fluid throughout the vascular system. T or F?

True

Humectants are advisable for use in emaciated cases? T or F

True

What muscle is injected with arterial fluid to facilitate the closure of the mouth? (a) Corrugator (b) Masseter (c) Temporalis (d) Buccinator

(b) Masseter

A direct method of drainage accomplished by inserting a trocar into the right atrium of the heart is (a) alternate drainage (b) a heart tap (c) intermittent drainage (d) continuous drainage

(b) a heart tap

Which of these is commonly used moisture absorbing substance in hardening compound? (a) Paraformaldehyde (b) Paradichlorobenzene (c) Plaster of Paris (d) Phenol

(c) Plaster of Paris

What type of chemical agents are capable of inactivating saprophytic bacteria, rendering unsuitable for nutrition the media upon which such bacteria thrive and arresting the decomposition process? (a) Vehicles (b) Surfactants (c) Preservatives (d) Anticoagulants

(c) Preservatives

Acid pH

2.0

Basic pH

12.5