FSE PATH chapter 17 (endocrine) and 19 (lymph)

Endemic goiters (Colloidal)

"Colloid goiters;" generally the result of a lack of iodine in the diet. ---> Common in central Asia and Central Africa.

1. Edema 2. Emaciation 3. Dehydration 4. Metastasis

4 Postmortem conditions assoc. with diseases of the lymphatic system:

1. Edema 2. Discoloration 3. Deformities 4. Circulatory disturbances

4 Postmortem conditions assoc. with endocrine gland disorders

Lymphoma

A cancer of the lymphatic system, causing some of the cells in the lymphatic system to grow abnormally and out of control. ---> Because there is lymph tissue throughout the body, the cancer cells may spread to other organs, or even into the bone marrow. --> Two broad categories: 1.) Hodgkin's lymphoma 2.) Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.

Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma

A collection of many varied lymphomas. ---> Most arise within a lymph node, some arise in areas other than nodes, such as jaw and brain. ---> Some types resemble leukemia.

THYROID

A goiter is an excessive growth of the ______ glands.

The use of highly concentrated formaldehyde embalming fluids is contraindicated because it may result in severely darkened discolorations of the tissues.

Addison's disease Emb. complications:

ADRENAL ALDOSTERONE

Addison's disease occurs when the ______ glands fail to produce enough of the hormones cortisol or _______

Tonsillitis

An inflammation of the tonsils caused by an infection. ---> The tonsils become enlarged, red, and often spotted or coated by microorganisms, which appear yellow, gray, or white. ---> Can begin as sudden sore throat and painful swallowing; it can progress into severe respiratory difficulties. ---> Contagious thru contact with throat/ nasal fluids of infected person.

EXCESS

Cushing's syndrome results from an _____ of the hormone cortisol

Addison's disease

Disorder occurring when the adrenal glands fail to produce enough of the hormones cortisol or aldosterone.

crushing's syndrome

Due to chronic glucocorticoid hormone therapy

splenomegaly

Enlargement of the is spleen

Acromegaly

Hypersecretion of growth hormone from the pituitary gland occurring in adulthood is known as?

Goiter

Hyperthyroidism may result in the formation of a this, which is the excessive growth of the thyroid gland due to a lack of iodine in the diet. ---> An enlargement of the thyroid gland that is not associated with inflammation or cancer. 1.) Simple: --> Endemic --> Sporadic

Pancreatic cancer

Most begin in the ducts that carry pancreatic juices. When this metastasizes outside the pancreas, cancer cells are often found in nearby lymph nodes, the peritoneum, the liver, and the lungs. ---> "silent disease." ---> The mortality rate = high.

diabetes insipidus

Some signs of ______ include excessive urination, excessive thirst, and increased appetite

Hypoparathyroidism

The underproduction of parathyroid hormone. - Characterized by: ---> numbness of the extremities + the mouth. ---> muscle cramps of the hands and feet, ---> irritability, and depression.

Addison's disease

_____ disease results from a deficiency in cortisol from the adrenal cortex.

Splenomegaly

_____ may occur in cases of sickle cell anemia

Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma

_____ refers to a collection of many varied lymphomas

Cushing's syndrome

_____ results from an excess of the hormone cortisol

Diabetes insipidus

_____ results from the kidneys' inability to conserve water

Cushings syndrome

_____ syndrome results from a EXCESS in cortisol from the adrenal cortex.

Cretinism

_______ Characterized by arrested physical and mental development, dystrophy of the bones, and lowered basal metabolism.

Hyperparathyroidism and hypoparathyroidism

_______ and _____ are two conditions in which the parathyroid glands overproduce and underproduce hormones, respectively.

Chvostek's sign and Trousseau's sign

________ sign and _______ sign are tests used in the diagnosis of parathyroid disorders. ---> NS reaction known as TETANY and are indicative of decreased calcium levels in the tissues.

LYMPHANGITIS

_________ is a disorder characterized by red streaks extending from the infected area to the axillary space or groin

Lymphadenopathy

__________ The increased size is caused by proliferation of lymphocytes and leukocytes within the node or by the presence of a tumor in the node.

Splenomegaly

an enlargement of the spleen beyond its normal size. -Common causes: ---> viral, parasitic, and bacterial infections, ---> cirrhosis of the liver, ---> inflammation of the gallbladder, ---> cystic fibrosis, ---> anemia, ---> leukemia, ---> lymphomas, ---> sickle cell anemia. - Rupture of the enlarged spleen is possible in cases of infectious mononucleosis.

Cretnism

hypothyroidism in children.

Acromegaly/Gigantism

results from hyperfunction of the anterior pituitary gland

hGH (human growth hormone)

somatotropin

Dwarfism

the pituitary fails to secrete sufficient amounts of growth hormone during the growth years, growth may be stunted. ---> May be caused by hyposecretion of human growth hormone, or heredity, nutritional deficiencies, renal insufficiency, or diseases of the skeleton.

aldosterone

which is not associated with hypothyroidism? - Chvostek's sign - Aldosterone - Trousseaus sign - Tetany

Sporadic goiters (Nontoxic)

"Nontoxic goiters;" have an unknown cause, but they may result from the use of certain medications like lithium and aminoglutethimide

Simple goiters

Occurs when the thyroid gland enlarges to overcome deficiencies in the production of thyroid hormone. - Two forms: 1.) endemic goiters 2.) sporadic goiters.

Gigantism

Overstimulation of the pituitary produces an excess amount of growth hormone and can result in abnormal growth of the body. --->begins in childhood, otherwise, the bones have already ossified and will no longer grow to excessive lengths.

Calcium

Parathyroid glands regulate the level of _____ in the body's tissues.

Myxedema (HYPOTHYROIDISM)

The clinical manifestations of hypothyroidism that includes an infiltration of the skin by a thick, gelatinous substance formed from the bonding of water and mucopolysaccarides, which gives the skin a waxy or coarsened appearance. ---> Mostly refers to HYPOTHYROIDISM IN ADULTS. ---> usually results from an iodine deficiency in the diet, although it may result from surgical removal of the thyroid gland or excessive use of thyroid drugs. - Symptoms: ---> enlargement of the tongue, ---> coarse and thickened edematous skin, ---> slow speech, ---> puffiness of hands/ feet, ---> dryness of the hair, ---> mental apathy/drowsiness, ---> sensitivity to cold.

Lymphadenopathy

The enlargement of lymph nodes. ---> The increased size is caused by proliferation of lymphocytes and leukocytes within the node or by the presence of a tumor in the node. ---> Most frequently occurs as a result of local, regional, or systemic infections. ---> Can also be due to cancer, inflammation of the thyroid, autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis, or drug reactions. ---> More common in children. ---> Causes: Mono, cytomegalovirus, upper respiratory infections, HIV.

Graves disease (HYPERTHYROIDISM)

A distinct type of hyperthyroidism caused by an autoimmune attack on the thyroid gland. ---> The leading cause of HYPERTHYROIDISM. ---> An autoimmune disorder in which antibodies are produced that stimulate growth of the thyroid gland. -----> (The excessive growth results in the excess secretion of thyroid hormone). ---> Similar antibodies may cause excessive growth of the tissues in the eye and the skin on the front of the lower leg. ---> One of the most common signs = hyperplasia of the eyeballs (EXOPTHALMIA) can cause presence of protrusion of both eyes and the presence of a goiter (EXOPTHALMIC GOITER)

Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome

A failure of the adrenal glands to secrete appropriate levels of corticosteroids due to bleeding within the adrenal cortex. ---> Usually affects children, and it is characterized by a septic bacterial infection with a rapidly deteriorating progression leading to cardiovascular collapse and death. ---> The disorder typically manifests with congestion of the blood vessels and insufficient levels of platelets disrupting proper blood clotting. ---> Massive hemorrhaging ensues, which results in a pinpoint red rash of the skin along with bruising over the body. ----> Because the adrenal gland is highly vascular, it may be the site of massive hemorrhaging and necrosis. ---> If a bacterial infection (meningococcemia) occurs during anticoagulant therapy, after surgery, or during pregnancy, it may lead to an acute adrenal crisis resulting in sudden death.

Cretinism (HYPOTHYROIDISM)

A hypothyroid condition of infants and children in which the thyroid gland does not secrete sufficient quantities of thyroid hormones. ---> Characterized by arrested physical and mental development, dystrophy of the bones, and lowered basal metabolism. ---> Among children who were not born with the disorder, it is largely the result of an iodine deficiency in the diet.

Cushing's syndrome

A iatrogenic disorder of the adrenal glands due to chronic glucocorticoid hormone therapy. ---> Prednisone = prescribed steroid, long-term use can cause this (moon face). ---> Results from excesses of the hormone cortisol. ---> may also result from tumors of the adrenal glands or the pituitary gland.

Addison's disease (chronic adrenal insufficiency / hypocortisolism)

A rare endocrine disorder, occurring when the adrenal glands fail to produce enough of the hormones cortisol or aldosterone; also known as chronic adrenal insufficiency or hypocortisolism. ---> The bronze discoloration associated with is most visible on scars, skin folds, lips, mucous membranes, and pressure points such as the elbows, knees, knuckles, and toes. ---> Causes = 70% autoimmune (adrenal cortex destroyed by immune syst.), 20% TB, other causes = fungal infections, adrenal gland cancer, and amyloidosis. ---> The use of highly concentrated formaldehyde embalming fluids is contraindicated because it may result in severely darkened discolorations of the tissues.

Trousseau's sign

A test used in the diagnosis of a parathyroid disorder. ---> Occurs when a blood pressure cuff is inflated above the individual's systolic pressure for over two minutes causing spasms of the wrist.

Chvostek's sign

A test used in the diagnosis of a parathyroid disorder. ---> a twitching of the muscles of the mouth, nose, or eyelids that is evoked by tapping the facial nerve.

Lymphangitis

An inflammatory disorder of the lymph vessels, characterized by local and systemic pain. ---> Commonly results from a bacterial infection of the skin known as cellulitis, or from a skin abscess. ---> Suggests that an infection is progressing, and that bacteria may have migrated to the bloodstream. ---> his fatal condition may be confused with blood clots in the veins of the legs (thrombophlebitis).

Lymphangitis

Can occur due to a bacterial infection known as cellulitis

Diabetes Mellitus

Categorized as either Type I (insulin-dependent diabetes) or Type II (non-insulin-dependent diabetes). ---> a metabolic disorder in which the carbohydrates that break down into sugars in the digestive system are not digested effectively because of a lack of appropriate insulin production in the pancreatic islets islets of Langerhans). ---> Causes acetone breath. ---> Untreated = can lead to coma and death. ---> Can cause blindness, carbuncles of the legs and feet, and ulcers of the feet. ---> Amputation of parts of the lower extremities is not uncommon; can also cause renal failure and cardiac disorders.

diabetes insipidus

Caused by a disorder between the pituitary gland and the kidneys. ---> An uncommon condition resulting from the inability of the kidneys to conserve water (kidney function = controlled by releases of antidiuretic H. form the pituitary). ---> The most pronounced symptoms = extreme thirst and excessive urination. ---> Caused by damage to the hypothalamus/ pituitary gland as a result of injury, surgery, infection, or tumors. ---> can be caused by inherited kidney defect.

Hodgkin's lymphoma

Caused by a specific abnormal cell: Reed-Sternberg cells. ---> B-cells should produce antibodies that guide the immune system in defense of invading bacteria, but Reed-Sternberg cells are a malignant, nonfunctional form of B lymphocyte. - Treatment: chemotherapy + radiation. - Complications: ---> pain after drinking alcohol, ---> night sweats, ---> loss of appetite, ---> weight loss, ---> fever + general itching over the entire body.

Acromegaly

Caused by an overproduction of HGH in adults.

Addison's disease

Characterized by a bronze discoloration of the body

Lymphadenopathy

Enlargement of the lymph nodes is called ______

Tonsilitis

Infection of the tonsils in which the tonsils become inflamed is known as ______

Lymphatic system

Lymphoma is a cancer of the ________ system

HYPOTHYROIDISM MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES WAXY/ COARSENED

Myxedema is the clinical manifestation of _____ which includes an infiltration of skin by a think, gelatinous substance formed from the bonding of water and ______ giving the skin a _____ or ________ appearance.

Acromegaly

The hyperfunction of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland after ossification has been completed. ---> a chronic disease characterized by elongation and enlargement of bones of the extremities and certain head bones, especially the frontal bone and the jaws. ---> appears slowly over time and is caused by overproduction of human growth hormone within the anterior portion of the pituitary gland. ---> In most cases,the overproduction of growth hormone is caused by a benign tumor of the pituitary gland known as an adenoma.

Hyperparathyroidism

The overproduction of hormones from the parathyroid gland. - characterized by: ---> weakness, ---> weight loss, ---> fatigue, muscle atrophy, ---> bone pain, ---> gastrointestinal distress, ---> pancreatitis, ---> kidney stones, ---> the presence of adenomas.

ADRENAL GLANDS CORTICOIDSTERIODS

Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome is the failure of the ______ glands to secrete appropriate levels of _______ due to bleeding within the adrenal cortex