FSOT Part I
13th, 14th, 15th Amendments
- "13th - Ended slavery
Alexander Hamilton
- "Helped write the Federalist Papers
Alfred Thayer Mahan
- "In 1890, he wrote The Influence of Sea Power upon History. He was a proponent of building a large navy. He said that a new, modern navy was necessary to protect the international trade America depended on and that control of the sea as the key to world.
American Temperance Union
- (AJ) , 1836, It united temperance groups and distributed tracts warning against strong drink
Appomattox
- (AL) 1864, , This was the last battle of the Civil War that ended in a Union victory.It ended the war. Grant defeats Lee
Antietam*
- (AL), 1862, the first major battle in the American Civil War to take place on Northern soil. It was the bloodiest single-day battle in American history, with almost 23,000 casualties. After this "win" for the North, Lincoln announced the Emancipation Proclamation
21st Amendment
- (FDR) , 1933, repeal of prohibition
20th Amendment
- (FDR) , change of dates for start of presidential/congressional terms
Agricultural Adjustment Act
- (FDR) 1933 and 1938 , Helped farmers meet mortgages. Unconstitutional because the government was paying the farmers to waste 1/3 of there products. Created by Congress in 1933 as part of the New Deal this agency attempted to restrict agricultural production by paying farmers subsidies to take land out of production.
1992 - what went wrong (GB1)
- (GB1) American economy favored powerful not middle class, natioanal debt, employment fell, forced into low paying jobs, losing benefits of pensiosn and health, black and hispanic = hit hardest
Arab Israeli Peace Talks
- (GB1) Israel and Arab Nations peace talks, in 1993 Oslo, Norway, PLO (arafat) promise peace with Israel (rabin), israel offer west bank on condition that Arafat commitment to losing side in Gulf war, extremists opposed peace, el-Sadat assassinated, Rabin killed
Aid To Somalia
- (GB1) civil war, UN peacekeeping mission, US forces limited humanitarian, Bush Adminstration rejected disarm warrin factiosn and pressed for negotiations, later turned over control to UN, results, back to fighting
American Federation of Labor
- (GC2) , Samuel Gompers, a union for skilled laborers that fought for worker rights in a non-violent way. It provided skilled laborers with a union that was unified, large, and strong.
Alaska National Interest Lands
- (JEC) total area of national park doubled
Alliance for Progress
- (JFK) 1961,, a program in which the United States tried to help Latin American countries overcome poverty and other problems, money used to aid big business and the military
23rd Amendment
- (JFK), gave residents of Washington DC the right to vote
Acquisition of Florida from Spain
- (JMon) Jackson gets Spain, praised by Adams and Monroe, not by Senate or House
Anti Poverty Act
- (LBJ) 1964, his act of war on poverty
26th Amendment
- (RN) , lowered the voting age to 18
27th Amendment*
- (RN) , regulates pay raises for members of Congress
Aftermath of the Vietnam War
- (RN), 1973, when Nixon replaced American forces in Vietnam with South Vietnam, withdrawal caused hostilities between North and South in which as a result, all of Vietnam became Socialist Republic of Vietnam. (1976)
Amtrak*
- (RN), first major attempt to re establish adequate railroad passenger service
Algeciras Conference
- (TR) alliance (germany, austria, and italy),1906- settled the First Moroccan Crisis- started with Germany wanting an international conference on the Moroccan question of who gets what- Germany left with nothing and was further isolated- result of conference was that Britain, France, Russia, and the US began to see Germany as a potential threat that might seek to dominate all Europe- Germany began to see sinister plots to "encircle" Germany and prevent their development as a world power
Aftermanth of Persian War
- (WJC) UN wanted to inspect Iraq for weapons, so imposed economic santions, France, China and Russia oppose (since they had contracts with Iraq), then eventually UK and US considered ending sanctions, and Saddam ordered UN out of Iraq
Abortion
- (WJC) although 20th anniversay of Roe v. Wade said constitutional right to abortion against abortion by signing memoranda
Adamson Act
- (WW) , 1916; established an 8-hour work day for all employees on trains in interstate commerce, with extra pay for overtime
ABC Powers
- (WW) 1914 Argentina,Brazil,Chile offered to negotiate dispute between US and Mexico
American Expeditionary Forces
- (WW), The Us forces led by General John Pershing who fought with the allies in Europe during WW1
Alabama (Geneva Tribunal)
- *1869-1872, Seward negotiates with England on recovering damages from Civil War, Treaty of Washington 1871, solved dispute over fisheries, boundaries, and Alabama
American System*
- 1824 (JMon), Henry Clay, response to Tariff of 1824, program proposed by Henry Clay and others to foster national economic growth and interdependence among the geographical sections. It included a protective tariff, a national bank, and internal improvements.
Andrew Jackson
- 1829-1837, (King Andrew, Old Hickory) Democrat, issue = 2nd Bank of America (Jackson and Clay), Whig Party emerged
13th Amendment
- 1865 - Freed all slaves, abolished slavery
14th Amendment
- 1866 â€" Ratified in 1866. It fixed provision of the Civil Rights Bill: full citizenship to all native-born or naturalized Americans, including former slaves and immigrants.
Alaska purchased from Russia?
- 1867
15th Amendment
- 1870 â€" No one could be denied the right to vote on account of race, color, or having been a slave. It was to prevent states from amending their constitutions to deny black suffrage.
American Protective Association
- A Nativist group of the 1890s which opposed all immigration to the U.S.
Albany Congress/Plan of Union
- A conference in the summer of 1754. It advocated a union of the British colonies for their security and defense against French. Held by the British Board of Trade to help cement the loyalty of the Iroquois League. After receiving presents, provisions and promises of Redress of grievances. 150 representatives if tribes withdrew without committing themselves to the British cause.
Adam's "midnight judges"
- A group of judges that was appointed by John Adams the night before he left office. He appointed them to go to the federal courts to have a long term federalist influence, because judges serve for life instead of limited terms
Anti-Imperialist League
- A league containing anti-imperialist groups; it was never strong due to differences on domestic issues. Isolationists. They fought against the McKinley administration's expansionist moves.
Annie Oakley
- A performer in wild west shows around the turn of the century.
Alice Paul
- A suffragette who believed that giving women the right to vote would eliminate the corruption in politics.
Alien Registration Act?
- AKA - Smith Act of 1940 made it a criminal offense for anyone to conspire to overthrow the government. It also required all non-citizen adult residents to register with the government. The Act is best known for its use against political organizations and figures, mostly on the left. A series of United States Supreme Court decisions in 1957 threw out numerous convictions under the Smith Act as unconstitutional.
Adlai Stevenson
- Ambassador to UN during Cuban Missile Crisis.
American Federation of Government Employees?
- An American labor union representing over 600,000 employees of the federal government. (State and municipal employees are represented by other unions, most notably the American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees (AFSCME) and the Service Employees International Union (SEIU). It is a member of the AFL-CIO. Its current president is John Gage (labor leader).
54/40 of fight
- An aggressive slogan adopted in the Oregon boundary dispute, a dispute over where the border between Canada and Oregon should be drawn. This was also Polk’s slogan â€" the Democrats wanted the U.S. border drawn at the 54 40 latitude. Polk settled for the 49 latitude in 1846.
Anne Hutchinson
- Anne Hutchinson was a dissenter in the Massachusetts Bay Colony who caused a schism in the Puritan community. Eventually, Hutchinson's faction lost out in a power struggle for the governorship. She was expelled from the colony in 1673 and traveled southward with a number of her followers, establishing the settlement of Portsmouth, Rhode Island
Question
- Answer
Anti-Federalists
- Anti-Federalists rose up as the opponents of the Constitution during the period of ratification. They opposed the Constitution's powerful centralized government, arguing that the Constitution gave too much political, economic, and military control. They instead advocated a decentralized governmental structure that granted most power to the states
18th Amendment
- Banned the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcohol. It was ratified on January 16, 1919 and repealed by the 21st Amendment in 1933. In the over 200 years of the U.S. Constitution, the 18th Amendment remains the only Amendment to ever have been repealed.
Andrew Johnson
- Became president when Lincoln was assassinated. Later impeached for illegally dismissin a government official.
Albany Plan
- Benjamin Franklin submitted the Albany Plan during the Fr. and Ind. War on 1754 gathering of colonial delegates in Albany, New York. The plan called for the colonies to unify in the face of French and Native American threats. The delegates approved the plan, but the colonies rejected it for fear of losing too much power. The Crown did not support the plan either, as it was wary of too much cooperation between the colonies.
12th Amendment
- Brought about by the Jefferson/Burr tie, stated that presidential and vice-presidential nominees would run on the same party ticket. Before that time, all of the candidates ran against each other, with the winner becoming president and second-place becoming vice-president.
Andrew Carnegie
- Built a steel mill empire; US STEEL. Philantropist
Admiral Nimitz
- Commander of US fleet during WWII.
17th Amendment
- Direct election of US Senators
16th Amendment
- Enacted income tax.
Apollo 11
- First human landing on moon.
Amelia Earhart
- First women piolot to cross tha Atlantic Ocean.
American Colonization Society
- Formed in 1817, it purchased a tract of land in Liberia and returned free Blacks to Africa.
American Anti-Slavery Society
- Formed in 1844, a major abolitionist movement in the North.
American Railway Union
- Founded by Eugene V. Debs.
American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees (AFSCME) ?
- Founded in 1932, is currently the second- or third-largest labor union in the United States and one of the fastest-growing, representing over 1.4 million employees, primarily in local government and in the health care industry. Employees at the federal level are represented by other unions, such as the American Federation of Government Employees, with which AFSCME was once affiliated.
Alexis de tocqueville
- French historian whose book Democracy in Amerca was the first impartial study of institutions in the new nation.
19th Amendment
- Granted women the right to vote (finally). (1920)
A. Mitchell Palmer
- He was chosen to round up immigrants that were questionably communists, and he ended up rounding up about 6000 people.`
Archduke Ferdinand
- His assassination sparked numerous alliances that led to WWI.
Abraham Lincoln
- Initially Senator from Illinois, rose to prominence through Lincoln Douglas Debates, led Union during Civil War, issued Emanciptation Proclamation, Gettysburg Address and Homestead Act. Killed after the war.
Andrew Jackson and Florida
- Jackson took military control of Spanish Florida, which encouraged the treaty with Spain 1819.
Anthracite Coal Strike
- Large strike by coal miners led by Miner's Union president George F. Baer
Alien & Sedition Acts
- Laws aimed at restricting the public activities of political radicals who sympathized with the French Revolution and criticized Adam's Federalist policies. They provoked the Virgina and Kentucky Resolutions by Madison and Jefferson asserting State's rights.
Aroostook War
- Maine lumberjacks camped along the Aroostook River in Maine in 1839 tried to oust Canadian rivals. Militia were called in from both sides until the Webster Ashburn Treaty was signed. Took place in disputed territory.
Al Capone
- Mob leader in 1920s. Sent to prison for income tax evasion.
Anti-Saloon League
- National organization set up in 1895 to work for prohibition. Later joined with the WCTU to publicize the effects of drinking.
Apaches
- Native Americans in SW
Annapolis Convention
- Originally planning to discuss the promotion of interstate commerce, delegates from five states met at Annapolis in September 1786 and ended up suggesting a convention to amend the Articles of Confederation
Amnesty Act
- Pardoned many of the rebels and allowed them to reenter public acts. (1872)
Article X
- Part of the Treaty of Versaille that created the League of Nations
Anti-Masonic Party
- Party that spoke against the famous secret society of the Masons, but was also considered to be very anti-Jackson. Followers often sought moral and religious reform.
American Party
- Political organization that was created after the election of 1852 by the Know-Nothings, was organized to oppose the great wave of immigrants who entered the United States after 1846
A. Philip Randolph
- President of the Brotherhood of Car Porters and a Black labor leader, in 1941 he arranged a march on Washington to end racial discrimination.
1893 Depression
- Profits dwindled, businesses went bankrupt and slid into debt. Caused loss of business confidence. 20% of the workforce unemployed. Let to the Pullman strike.
Alf Landon
- Ran against FDR in the 1936 election. He was weak on the radio and weaker in personal compaigning, and while he criticized FDR's spending, he also favored enough of FDR's New Deal to be ridiculed by the Democrats as an unsure idiot.
Adkins v. Children's Hospital
- Reversed Muller v. Oregon, declared laws to protect women workers were unconstitutional. (1923)
Al Jolson
- Starred in the first "talkie" movie with sounds called "The Jazz Singer."
Alger Hiss
- State Department official convicted of being a secret agent for the Soviet Union, based largely on the accusation of a communist. Congressman Nixon became known nationwide due to his involvement with the investigation.
Antebellum
- Term used for objects originating before the Civil War
3/5 Compromise
- The South wanted slaves to count of citizens in order to increase the population, and therefore increasing the number of Southerners in the House of Representatives. The North argued that slaves were property and couldn’t be counted. In the end, slaved came to be counted as 3/5 of a person.
Abolutionism
- The belief that slavery should be abolished immediately without compensation. Important factor leading to the Civil War
Adams-Onis Treaty
- The negotiated sale of Spain's territories in eastern and western Florida to the U. S. for $5 million.
Aaron Burr
- Was VP for Jefferson. Later killed Hamilton in a duel. Later still involved in a conspiracy to sever the western states.
Appomattox Court House
- Where General Lee surrendered to General Grant ending the Civil War
Alamo
- Where a group of Americans made a heroic stand against a much larger Mexican force. Their massacre became a rallying cry for eventual Texan independence.
20th Amendment
- Written by George Norris and also called the "Lame Duck Amendment," it changed the inauguration date from March 4 to January 20 for president and vice president, and to January 3 for senators and representatives. It also said Congress must assemble at least once a year.
22nd Amendment
- limits the number of terms a president may be elected to serve
Adlai Stevenson
- ran against Eisenhower, , The Democratic candidate who ran against Eisenhower in 1952. His intellectual speeches earned him and his supporters the term "eggheads". Lost to Eisenhower.
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A leading Federalist, he supported industry and strong central government. He created the National Bank and managed to pay off the U.S.'s early debts through tariffs and the excise tax on whiskey.
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Created a race among the great powers (English, Germans, and Japanese) for unclaimed land."
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His programs were designed to pay off the U.S.'s war debts and stabilize the economy; he believed that the United States should become a leading international commercial power. His programs included the creation of the National Bank, the establishment of the U.S.'s credit rate, increased tariffs, and an excise tax on whiskey. Also, he insisted that the federal government assume debts incurred by the states during the war."