fundamentals of chm quiz 12 chapter 10

Enantiomers

-A type of stereoisomers -Nonsuperimposable mirror image molecules.

Hyaluronic acid

-Building block: alternating glucosamine and glucoronate residues. -found in the synovial fluid and in the vitreous humor (clear gel) present inside the eye.

Stereoisomers

-Have the same molecular formula -Have the same atomic connections -Have a different 3-D shape

5

-Pentoses have ____ carbon atoms, and so on...

4

-Tetroses have ___ carbon atoms;

3

-Trioses have ___carbon atoms;

Chitin

-makes up the exoskeleton of crustaceans and insects, and is present in the cell walls of some algae and fungi. --Its building block is glucosamine

Polysaccharides, Oligosaccharides, and Monosaccharides

3 types of carbohydrates

glucose

A carbohydrate present in the blood is

protein

All of the following EXCEPT __________ are forms of carbohydrates. -Protein - starch - sugar -cellulose

-NH2

Amino sugars contain which group that replaced an —OH group?

aldehyde

An aldose is a carbohydrate that contains

Chondroitin 4-sulfate

Building block: galactosamine-sulfate and glucoronate residues. -Present in connective tissue.

32

Carbohydrates can have multiple chiral carbon atoms allowing for multiple isomers. How many stereoisomers would a carbohydrate with 5 chiral carbons have?

disaccharides

Carbohydrates which contain two sugar units chemically linked together are called

d

Chose the incorrectstatement referring to starches. A. Starches are produced by plants for the storage of energy. B. Starch is composed of two homopolysaccharides—amylose and amylopectin. C.Starch forms helical shapes, rather than forming up in sheets of polysaccharides .D. Starches are the structural material of animal cells.

Aldoheptose

Classify each monosaccharide in terms of its functional group and number of carbon atoms.

Aldotetrose

Classify each monosaccharide in terms of its functional group and number of carbon atoms.

ketopentose

Classify each monosaccharide in terms of its functional group and number of carbon atoms.

ketotriose

Classify each monosaccharide in terms of its functional group and number of carbon atoms.

right

D-monosaccharides the -OH attached to the chiral carbon atom farthest from the C=O is to the _____

fructose is a ketose; the other sugars are aldoses.

Fructose is different from glucose and galactose because

2

How many chiral carbons are present in this structure

aldotriose

How would this compound be classified?

left

In L-monosaccharides, it is to the _____

D-monosaccharides

In ____ the -OH attached to the chiral carbon atom

d

Is the galactose structure shown above a D or an L sugar

Disaccaharide

Lactose is a __________.

disaccharide

Maltose is hydrolyzed by the enzyme maltase into two molecules of glucose. Maltose is classified as _____.

2n

Maximum number of stereoisomers = ___ (n: number of chiral carbons.)

carbohydrates

More than half of the carbon atoms found in organic compound are found in

human

Naturally occuring monosaccharides are D sugars (most preferred by ______ cells

glucose

Of the monosaccharides, which is the most important nutritionally?

2-10

Olig

Photosynthesis

Plants produce most of carbohydrates through

D-arabinose

Shown at the right is

amylopectin ishighly branched and amyloseis not

Starch contains two polymers of glucose, they are amylose and amylopectin. Amylose differs from amylopectin in that _____.

diastereomers

Stereoisomers that are not mirror images of one another are called

carbohydrates

The "ose" ending is used by the chemist to indicate that a compound is a(an)

ose

The _____ ending indicates that the molecule is a carbohydrate

polysaccharides

The carbohydrates which contain the largest molecules are the

D-glucose + D-fructose

The disaccharide sucrose is composed of the monosaccharides -D-glucose + D-fructose -D-glucose + D-glucose - D-fructose + D-galactose

glycogen

The human body stores carbohydrates as

glycosidic linkage

The linkage between the two monosaccharide units of a disaccharide is a -hemiacetal linkage - glycosidic linkage - phospho diesester linkage

monosaccharides

The simplest carbohydrates are called

aldotetrose

What is the classification of this monosaccharide?

ketohexose

What is the classification of this monosaccharide?

d

Which form of monosaccharides are preferred by human cells?

Enzymatic catalysis

Which is not a function of carbohydrates (in general) -All are carbohydrate functions. -Energy storage - Enzymatic catalysis - Structural support - Immediate energy

sucrose

Which of the following choice is not an example of a polysaccharides? -sucrose - cellulose -glycogen -starch

alcohol

Which of the following groups are expected to be found in carbohydrates? -amide - thiol - alcohol - methyl

glucose

Which of the following molecules is smallest? -glycogen -starch -glucose -sucrose

starch/glycogen

_____ is the energy storage polysaccharide of plants and _____ is the energy storage polysaccharide for animals.

cellulose/starch

_____ is the structural material for plants while _____ is the energy storage material of plants

starch

amylose + amylopectin -Building block: 2 different homopolysaccharides, amylose (a) and amylopectin (b), each of which is composed entirely of glucose building blocks. -produced by plants to store energy.

Heteropolysaccharides

are built from more than one type of monosaccharide.

chiral carbons

are carbons with 4 different attached atoms or groups of atoms.

Homopolysaccharides

are composed of one type of monosaccharide.

Diastereomers

are stereoisomers that are NOT mirror images.

Ketoses

contain a ketone group

Aldoses

contain an aldehyde group

chiral

describes objects that cannot be superimposed on their mirror image (i.e. our hands are chiral)

animals/plants

gycogen and amylopectin are similar in that they are both polymers of glucose. Glycogen is the glucose storage form for _____ and starch is the glucose storage form for _____

7

heptose has ___ number of carbon atoms

6

hexose has ___ number of carbon atoms

L-arabinose

how would this be classified

ketotetrose

how would this be classified

aldohexose

is an aldehyde sugar with 6 carbon atoms.

D-Galactose

is an aldohexose, when combined with glucose it produces lactose, a disaccharide that gives milk its sweetness.

d-glucose

known as blood sugar, is an aldohexose, is one form of energy storage in the body, and is the most important carbohydrate nutritionally.

one

mono

aldopentose

name -aldohexose - ketopentose -aldopentose -ketohexose

9

nonose has ___ number of carbon atoms

8

octose has ___ number of carbon atoms

D-Fructose

or fruit sugar, is the ketose found most often in nature. It plays a key role in energy production and makes up 40% of honey.

many

poly

Monosaccharides

polyhydroxy aldehydes and ketones make up what

Alcohol sugar

this would be classified as

carboxylic acid sugar

this would be classified as

deoxy sugar

this would be classified as

true

true or false A characteristic of carbohydrates is that a carbonyl carbon is usually incorporated in their structures.

true

true or false All aldopentoses have 5 carbon atoms.

false

true or false There is no biological significance attributed to stereoisomers.

Oligosaccharides

what -Contain 2 to 10 monosaccharides -Example: disaccharide Maltose

Monosaccharides

what -Are polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones. -Are the building blocks for all other carbohydrates. -Form straight chains or rings

Polysaccharides

what -contain more than 10 monosaccharides. -Example: Glycogen, Amylopectin

Monosaccharides

what Are polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones containing 3 or more C atoms. and building blocks for complex sugars

carbohydrates

what are polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones containing 3 or more carbon atoms

chiral carbon

what is -can be an interior carbon. - is one that has four different groups attached. - one that determines the possibility of stereoisomerism.

Glycogen

what is -present in the liver -an animal starch-like polymer of glucose -a storage form of glucose

Carboxylic acid sugars

what type of sugars - an aldehyde or alcohol group -OH has been oxidized to form a carboxyl group.

Deoxy sugars

what type of sugars -H replaces an -OH. Example: Deoxyribose

Amino sugars

what type of sugars -NH2 replaces an -OH . Example: D-glucosamine.

Alcohol sugars

what type of sugars the carbonyl group C=O has been reduced to an alcohol group. Example Sorbitol.

rna and dna

•D-ribose and D-2-deoxyribose are aldopentoses which are often incorporated into larger biomolecules such as ___ and___.

nature

•Pentoses and hexoses are the most abundant in ____

chiral

••A molecule is _____ when it contains 1 or more chiral carbons.