fundamentals of chm quiz 12 chapter 10
Enantiomers
-A type of stereoisomers -Nonsuperimposable mirror image molecules.
Hyaluronic acid
-Building block: alternating glucosamine and glucoronate residues. -found in the synovial fluid and in the vitreous humor (clear gel) present inside the eye.
Stereoisomers
-Have the same molecular formula -Have the same atomic connections -Have a different 3-D shape
5
-Pentoses have ____ carbon atoms, and so on...
4
-Tetroses have ___ carbon atoms;
3
-Trioses have ___carbon atoms;
Chitin
-makes up the exoskeleton of crustaceans and insects, and is present in the cell walls of some algae and fungi. --Its building block is glucosamine
Polysaccharides, Oligosaccharides, and Monosaccharides
3 types of carbohydrates
glucose
A carbohydrate present in the blood is
protein
All of the following EXCEPT __________ are forms of carbohydrates. -Protein - starch - sugar -cellulose
-NH2
Amino sugars contain which group that replaced an —OH group?
aldehyde
An aldose is a carbohydrate that contains
Chondroitin 4-sulfate
Building block: galactosamine-sulfate and glucoronate residues. -Present in connective tissue.
32
Carbohydrates can have multiple chiral carbon atoms allowing for multiple isomers. How many stereoisomers would a carbohydrate with 5 chiral carbons have?
disaccharides
Carbohydrates which contain two sugar units chemically linked together are called
d
Chose the incorrectstatement referring to starches. A. Starches are produced by plants for the storage of energy. B. Starch is composed of two homopolysaccharides—amylose and amylopectin. C.Starch forms helical shapes, rather than forming up in sheets of polysaccharides .D. Starches are the structural material of animal cells.
Aldoheptose
Classify each monosaccharide in terms of its functional group and number of carbon atoms.
Aldotetrose
Classify each monosaccharide in terms of its functional group and number of carbon atoms.
ketopentose
Classify each monosaccharide in terms of its functional group and number of carbon atoms.
ketotriose
Classify each monosaccharide in terms of its functional group and number of carbon atoms.
right
D-monosaccharides the -OH attached to the chiral carbon atom farthest from the C=O is to the _____
fructose is a ketose; the other sugars are aldoses.
Fructose is different from glucose and galactose because
2
How many chiral carbons are present in this structure
aldotriose
How would this compound be classified?
left
In L-monosaccharides, it is to the _____
D-monosaccharides
In ____ the -OH attached to the chiral carbon atom
d
Is the galactose structure shown above a D or an L sugar
Disaccaharide
Lactose is a __________.
disaccharide
Maltose is hydrolyzed by the enzyme maltase into two molecules of glucose. Maltose is classified as _____.
2n
Maximum number of stereoisomers = ___ (n: number of chiral carbons.)
carbohydrates
More than half of the carbon atoms found in organic compound are found in
human
Naturally occuring monosaccharides are D sugars (most preferred by ______ cells
glucose
Of the monosaccharides, which is the most important nutritionally?
2-10
Olig
Photosynthesis
Plants produce most of carbohydrates through
D-arabinose
Shown at the right is
amylopectin ishighly branched and amyloseis not
Starch contains two polymers of glucose, they are amylose and amylopectin. Amylose differs from amylopectin in that _____.
diastereomers
Stereoisomers that are not mirror images of one another are called
carbohydrates
The "ose" ending is used by the chemist to indicate that a compound is a(an)
ose
The _____ ending indicates that the molecule is a carbohydrate
polysaccharides
The carbohydrates which contain the largest molecules are the
D-glucose + D-fructose
The disaccharide sucrose is composed of the monosaccharides -D-glucose + D-fructose -D-glucose + D-glucose - D-fructose + D-galactose
glycogen
The human body stores carbohydrates as
glycosidic linkage
The linkage between the two monosaccharide units of a disaccharide is a -hemiacetal linkage - glycosidic linkage - phospho diesester linkage
monosaccharides
The simplest carbohydrates are called
aldotetrose
What is the classification of this monosaccharide?
ketohexose
What is the classification of this monosaccharide?
d
Which form of monosaccharides are preferred by human cells?
Enzymatic catalysis
Which is not a function of carbohydrates (in general) -All are carbohydrate functions. -Energy storage - Enzymatic catalysis - Structural support - Immediate energy
sucrose
Which of the following choice is not an example of a polysaccharides? -sucrose - cellulose -glycogen -starch
alcohol
Which of the following groups are expected to be found in carbohydrates? -amide - thiol - alcohol - methyl
glucose
Which of the following molecules is smallest? -glycogen -starch -glucose -sucrose
starch/glycogen
_____ is the energy storage polysaccharide of plants and _____ is the energy storage polysaccharide for animals.
cellulose/starch
_____ is the structural material for plants while _____ is the energy storage material of plants
starch
amylose + amylopectin -Building block: 2 different homopolysaccharides, amylose (a) and amylopectin (b), each of which is composed entirely of glucose building blocks. -produced by plants to store energy.
Heteropolysaccharides
are built from more than one type of monosaccharide.
chiral carbons
are carbons with 4 different attached atoms or groups of atoms.
Homopolysaccharides
are composed of one type of monosaccharide.
Diastereomers
are stereoisomers that are NOT mirror images.
Ketoses
contain a ketone group
Aldoses
contain an aldehyde group
chiral
describes objects that cannot be superimposed on their mirror image (i.e. our hands are chiral)
animals/plants
gycogen and amylopectin are similar in that they are both polymers of glucose. Glycogen is the glucose storage form for _____ and starch is the glucose storage form for _____
7
heptose has ___ number of carbon atoms
6
hexose has ___ number of carbon atoms
L-arabinose
how would this be classified
ketotetrose
how would this be classified
aldohexose
is an aldehyde sugar with 6 carbon atoms.
D-Galactose
is an aldohexose, when combined with glucose it produces lactose, a disaccharide that gives milk its sweetness.
d-glucose
known as blood sugar, is an aldohexose, is one form of energy storage in the body, and is the most important carbohydrate nutritionally.
one
mono
aldopentose
name -aldohexose - ketopentose -aldopentose -ketohexose
9
nonose has ___ number of carbon atoms
8
octose has ___ number of carbon atoms
D-Fructose
or fruit sugar, is the ketose found most often in nature. It plays a key role in energy production and makes up 40% of honey.
many
poly
Monosaccharides
polyhydroxy aldehydes and ketones make up what
Alcohol sugar
this would be classified as
carboxylic acid sugar
this would be classified as
deoxy sugar
this would be classified as
true
true or false A characteristic of carbohydrates is that a carbonyl carbon is usually incorporated in their structures.
true
true or false All aldopentoses have 5 carbon atoms.
false
true or false There is no biological significance attributed to stereoisomers.
Oligosaccharides
what -Contain 2 to 10 monosaccharides -Example: disaccharide Maltose
Monosaccharides
what -Are polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones. -Are the building blocks for all other carbohydrates. -Form straight chains or rings
Polysaccharides
what -contain more than 10 monosaccharides. -Example: Glycogen, Amylopectin
Monosaccharides
what Are polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones containing 3 or more C atoms. and building blocks for complex sugars
carbohydrates
what are polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones containing 3 or more carbon atoms
chiral carbon
what is -can be an interior carbon. - is one that has four different groups attached. - one that determines the possibility of stereoisomerism.
Glycogen
what is -present in the liver -an animal starch-like polymer of glucose -a storage form of glucose
Carboxylic acid sugars
what type of sugars - an aldehyde or alcohol group -OH has been oxidized to form a carboxyl group.
Deoxy sugars
what type of sugars -H replaces an -OH. Example: Deoxyribose
Amino sugars
what type of sugars -NH2 replaces an -OH . Example: D-glucosamine.
Alcohol sugars
what type of sugars the carbonyl group C=O has been reduced to an alcohol group. Example Sorbitol.
rna and dna
•D-ribose and D-2-deoxyribose are aldopentoses which are often incorporated into larger biomolecules such as ___ and___.
nature
•Pentoses and hexoses are the most abundant in ____
chiral
••A molecule is _____ when it contains 1 or more chiral carbons.