Fundamentals of Programming and Software Development
BASIC
an early, easy-to-learn programming language
binary
the computer's language of 0s and 1s
transistor
a semiconductor material with at least three external terminals to connect electronic devices
microprocessor
a set of integrated circuits on a single electronic device
random-access memory
a short-term form of computer memory used to store work in progress; abbreviated RAM
Hollernith code
a system of punch codes to represent letters, numbers, and symbols
If someone is interested in a career in the computer industry, he or she might contact the ______, which is a good professional organization with excellent information available.
Association for Computing Machinery
An example of an early, human-friendly computer programming language
BASIC
Calculating machine performs basic computations with simple counting numbers
Charles Babbage
integrated circuit
a thin semiconductor material that provides interconnection between electronic devices
Second generation
Computers performed multiple calculations and only business applications.
Fourth generation
Computers performed multiple calculations, software applications, games, and communication.
First generation
Computers performed one calculation at a time using vacuum tubes.
Data interpreted from a punch card
Herman Hollerith
_______ created the first commercially available microprocessor.
Intel
In 1971, Intel created and marketed the first microprocessor chip, called the Intel 4004. What was significant about this invention?
It allowed computers to be smaller because the chip could be placed in many devices.
Which team built the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator (ENIAC) and the Binary Automatic Computer (BINAC) machines in the 1940s?
Mauchly and Eckert
Explain the danger of relying solely on RAM while working on a project.
RAM is random-access
Vacuum tube diodes controlling electrical currents
Sir John Ambrose Fleming
When comparing systems software and application software, what is the main difference?
System software regulates and manages all activity while application software manages that application.
When you compare a low-level and a high-level language, what is the main difference?
The low-level language uses 0's and 1's while the high-level language uses words
FORTRON
an early procedural programming language used for scientific computing
How is Windows 8 different from an Internet browser such as Firefox?
Windows 8 is system software; Firefox is application software.
CD-ROM
a compact disk containing data that cannot be erased
hard drive
a computer's main storage area
vacuum tube
a device that controls electric current through a vacuum in a sealed container
ENIAC
a general purpose, binary, stored-program computing machine, built in 1946; stands for Electronic Numerical Integrator And Calculator
internet
a global system of interconnected networks
read-only memory
a long-term form of computer memory housing a program that manages the CPU and cannot be easily erased; abbreviated ROM
assembly language
a low-level programming language that is easily converted to machine language
smartphone
a mobile phone that functions as a small computer
Java
a popular, Web- and human-friendly programming language
COBOL
a procedural programming language that uses a required format, stands for COmmon Business-Oriented Language
What natural language does a computer speak?
binary
low-level language
binary code that can be understood by the CPU
bits
binary digits, which are either 1s or 0s, on or off
basic input/output system
chip holding a ROM program to make sure all necessary components are present and functioning properly; (abbreviated BIOS)
sound card
circuit board that fits into a motherboard socket and provides higher quality sound
video card
circuit board that fits into a motherboard socket and supports higher quality graphics to the computer monitor
What process renders high-level programming code into usable code for the CPU?
compiling
high-level language
complex code used to write software programs
hardware
computer components that you can touch and see
If you were describing system software for your car, what would be the functions of the system software?
control how all the systems operate
input devices
devices, such as a keyboard, that transfer data and commands into the computer
output devices
devices, such as a monitor or printer, that produce data from the computer
computer
electronic components designed to work together to perform operations
bugs
errors in programming code
Visual Basic
event-driven language created using an IDE
Binary Automatic Computer
first computer with built-in self-checking devices, built in 1949 (abbreviated BINAC)
Microprocessors allowed computers of the ________ generation to perform multiple calculations, applications, games, and communication.
fourth
Suppose you present a project and your supervisor comments that the graphics need to be a higher quality and suggests you replace a circuit board. To what circuit board is your supervisor referring?
graphics card
peripherals
hardware components external to the computer case, such as a printer
buses
highways on a motherboard enabling data transfer to and from the CPU
mouse
input device allowing users to initiate actions by clicking images on the screen
touch screen
input device that allows users to initiate actions through finger movements on the display screen; also serves as an output device
keyboard
input device that allows users to type data and instructions into the computer
The first step in writing a software program is to develop a diagram of which elements?
input, processing, output
If you lived during the third generation of computers and were considered a technician able to repair those computers, what would be your area of expertise?
integrated circuits
Which computer component provides audible sounds generated by the computer, such as beeping when you start up?
internal speaker
storage
media used to hold computer data for extended periods; examples include hard drives and flash drives
central processing unit
microchip considered "the brain" of the computer; abbreviated CPU
object-oriented programming
modern approach that includes reusable modules; abbreviated OOP
monitor
output device that displays data and information to users onscreen
printer
output device that produces information from the computer on paper
C++
popular, object-oriented programming language
Which computer component converts high-voltage AC current to low-voltage DC current?
power supply
keywords
predefined, human-friendly terms used in a computer program to cause a specific action
Hypertext Markup Language
programming language that uses <tags> to produce web pages; (abbreviated HTML)
Suppose your team is finishing a project and the supervisor stresses ensuring the material cannot be erased. To what memory level is your supervisor referring?
read-only
Which generation of computing produced integrated circuits that could handle multiple calculations?
second
app
small application software designed for smart phones and tablet computers
flash drive
small, USB-connected storage device; also referred to as a jump drive
application software
software designed to help a user perform a specific activity
operating system
software program on the hard drive that controls activity of the CPU and other components
syntax software
software that controls how the operating system interacts with components
compiler
software that translates a high-level computer language into a low-level computer language
integrated development environment
software used to develop computer programs; abbreviated IDE
software development kits
software used to develop computer programs; abbreviated SDK
syntax
the "grammar" rules of a specific programming language
system unit
the basic computer, without peripherals
machine language
the binary language a computer understands, 1s and 0s
UNIVAC
the first commercially available computer in the United States, built in 1951; stands for UNIVersal Automatic Computer
interface
the interaction of the input and output of a computer system
input processing output chart
tool used to help in designing computer programs by defining the inputs, processing, and outputs; abbreviated IPO
Earlier computers were limited to performing tasks one at a time. Modern computers can perform multiple tasks simultaneously because of which device?
transistors
The difference between C++ and FORTRAN is that the "C-languages" use more natural language and are easier for programmers to use.
true
The grammar rules in programming are referred to as syntax.
true