Fundamentals of Programming and Software Development

BASIC

an early, easy-to-learn programming language

binary

the computer's language of 0s and 1s

transistor

a semiconductor material with at least three external terminals to connect electronic devices

microprocessor

a set of integrated circuits on a single electronic device

random-access memory

a short-term form of computer memory used to store work in progress; abbreviated RAM

Hollernith code

a system of punch codes to represent letters, numbers, and symbols

If someone is interested in a career in the computer industry, he or she might contact the ______, which is a good professional organization with excellent information available.

Association for Computing Machinery

An example of an early, human-friendly computer programming language

BASIC

Calculating machine performs basic computations with simple counting numbers

Charles Babbage

integrated circuit

a thin semiconductor material that provides interconnection between electronic devices

Second generation

Computers performed multiple calculations and only business applications.

Fourth generation

Computers performed multiple calculations, software applications, games, and communication.

First generation

Computers performed one calculation at a time using vacuum tubes.

Data interpreted from a punch card

Herman Hollerith

_______ created the first commercially available microprocessor.

Intel

In 1971, Intel created and marketed the first microprocessor chip, called the Intel 4004. What was significant about this invention?

It allowed computers to be smaller because the chip could be placed in many devices.

Which team built the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator (ENIAC) and the Binary Automatic Computer (BINAC) machines in the 1940s?

Mauchly and Eckert

Explain the danger of relying solely on RAM while working on a project.

RAM is random-access

Vacuum tube diodes controlling electrical currents

Sir John Ambrose Fleming

When comparing systems software and application software, what is the main difference?

System software regulates and manages all activity while application software manages that application.

When you compare a low-level and a high-level language, what is the main difference?

The low-level language uses 0's and 1's while the high-level language uses words

FORTRON

an early procedural programming language used for scientific computing

How is Windows 8 different from an Internet browser such as Firefox?

Windows 8 is system software; Firefox is application software.

CD-ROM

a compact disk containing data that cannot be erased

hard drive

a computer's main storage area

vacuum tube

a device that controls electric current through a vacuum in a sealed container

ENIAC

a general purpose, binary, stored-program computing machine, built in 1946; stands for Electronic Numerical Integrator And Calculator

internet

a global system of interconnected networks

read-only memory

a long-term form of computer memory housing a program that manages the CPU and cannot be easily erased; abbreviated ROM

assembly language

a low-level programming language that is easily converted to machine language

smartphone

a mobile phone that functions as a small computer

Java

a popular, Web- and human-friendly programming language

COBOL

a procedural programming language that uses a required format, stands for COmmon Business-Oriented Language

What natural language does a computer speak?

binary

low-level language

binary code that can be understood by the CPU

bits

binary digits, which are either 1s or 0s, on or off

basic input/output system

chip holding a ROM program to make sure all necessary components are present and functioning properly; (abbreviated BIOS)

sound card

circuit board that fits into a motherboard socket and provides higher quality sound

video card

circuit board that fits into a motherboard socket and supports higher quality graphics to the computer monitor

What process renders high-level programming code into usable code for the CPU?

compiling

high-level language

complex code used to write software programs

hardware

computer components that you can touch and see

If you were describing system software for your car, what would be the functions of the system software?

control how all the systems operate

input devices

devices, such as a keyboard, that transfer data and commands into the computer

output devices

devices, such as a monitor or printer, that produce data from the computer

computer

electronic components designed to work together to perform operations

bugs

errors in programming code

Visual Basic

event-driven language created using an IDE

Binary Automatic Computer

first computer with built-in self-checking devices, built in 1949 (abbreviated BINAC)

Microprocessors allowed computers of the ________ generation to perform multiple calculations, applications, games, and communication.

fourth

Suppose you present a project and your supervisor comments that the graphics need to be a higher quality and suggests you replace a circuit board. To what circuit board is your supervisor referring?

graphics card

peripherals

hardware components external to the computer case, such as a printer

buses

highways on a motherboard enabling data transfer to and from the CPU

mouse

input device allowing users to initiate actions by clicking images on the screen

touch screen

input device that allows users to initiate actions through finger movements on the display screen; also serves as an output device

keyboard

input device that allows users to type data and instructions into the computer

The first step in writing a software program is to develop a diagram of which elements?

input, processing, output

If you lived during the third generation of computers and were considered a technician able to repair those computers, what would be your area of expertise?

integrated circuits

Which computer component provides audible sounds generated by the computer, such as beeping when you start up?

internal speaker

storage

media used to hold computer data for extended periods; examples include hard drives and flash drives

central processing unit

microchip considered "the brain" of the computer; abbreviated CPU

object-oriented programming

modern approach that includes reusable modules; abbreviated OOP

monitor

output device that displays data and information to users onscreen

printer

output device that produces information from the computer on paper

C++

popular, object-oriented programming language

Which computer component converts high-voltage AC current to low-voltage DC current?

power supply

keywords

predefined, human-friendly terms used in a computer program to cause a specific action

Hypertext Markup Language

programming language that uses <tags> to produce web pages; (abbreviated HTML)

Suppose your team is finishing a project and the supervisor stresses ensuring the material cannot be erased. To what memory level is your supervisor referring?

read-only

Which generation of computing produced integrated circuits that could handle multiple calculations?

second

app

small application software designed for smart phones and tablet computers

flash drive

small, USB-connected storage device; also referred to as a jump drive

application software

software designed to help a user perform a specific activity

operating system

software program on the hard drive that controls activity of the CPU and other components

syntax software

software that controls how the operating system interacts with components

compiler

software that translates a high-level computer language into a low-level computer language

integrated development environment

software used to develop computer programs; abbreviated IDE

software development kits

software used to develop computer programs; abbreviated SDK

syntax

the "grammar" rules of a specific programming language

system unit

the basic computer, without peripherals

machine language

the binary language a computer understands, 1s and 0s

UNIVAC

the first commercially available computer in the United States, built in 1951; stands for UNIVersal Automatic Computer

interface

the interaction of the input and output of a computer system

input processing output chart

tool used to help in designing computer programs by defining the inputs, processing, and outputs; abbreviated IPO

Earlier computers were limited to performing tasks one at a time. Modern computers can perform multiple tasks simultaneously because of which device?

transistors

The difference between C++ and FORTRAN is that the "C-languages" use more natural language and are easier for programmers to use.

true

The grammar rules in programming are referred to as syntax.

true