FUNDS FINAL - Health Promotion, Disease Prevention
A nurse in a clinic is planning health promotion and disease prevention strategies for a client who has multiple risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Which of the following interventions should the nurse include? (Select all that apply.) A. Help the client see the benefits of their actions. B. Identify the client's support systems.C. Suggest and recommend community resources. C. Devise and set goals for the client. D. Teach stress management strategies.
A. CORRECT: Assist the client to recognize the benefits of their health-promoting actions while also overcoming barriers to implementing actions. B. CORRECT: Collect information about who can help the client change unhealthful behaviors, and then suggest steps to have friends and family to become involved and supportive. C. CORRECT: Promote the client's use of any available community or online resources that can help the client progress toward meeting set goals. E. CORRECT: Teach that stress is a contributing factor to cardiovascular disease, as well as many other specific and systemic disorders.
A nurse in a health clinic is caring for a 21-year-old client who tells the nurse that their last physical exam was in high school. Which of the following health screenings should the nurse expect the provider to perform for this client? A. Testicular examination B. Blood glucose C. Fecal occult blood D. Prostate-specific antigen
A. CORRECT: Starting at puberty, the client should have examinations for testicular cancer, along with blood pressure and body mass index and cholesterol measurements. Testicular cancer is most common in males 15 to 34 years of age.
A nurse at a health department is planning strategies related to heart disease. Which of the following activities should the nurse include as part of primary prevention? A. Providing cholesterol screening B. Teaching about a healthy diet C. Providing information about antihypertensive medications D. Developing a list of cardiac rehabilitation programs
B. CORRECT: Primary prevention encompasses strategies that help prevent illness or injury. This level of prevention includes health information about nutrition, exercise, stress management, and protection from injuries and illness.
A nurse at a provider's office is talking about routine screenings with a 45-year-old female client who has no specific family history of cancer or diabetes mellitus. Which of the following client statements indicates that the client understands how to proceed? A. "So I don't need the colon cancer procedure for another 2 or 3 years." B. "For now, I should continue to have a mammogram each year." C. "Because the doctor just did a Pap smear, I'll come back next year for another one." D. "I had my blood glucose test last year, so I won't need it again for 4 years."
B. CORRECT: The female client who is between the ages of 45 and 54 should have a mammogram annually.
A nurse is caring for a young adult at a college health clinic. Which of the following actions should the nurse take first? A. Give the client information about immunization against meningitis. B. Tell the client to have a TB skin test every 2 years. C. Determine the client's health risks. D. Teach the client about exercise recommendations.
C. CORRECT: The first action that should be taken using the nursing process is assessment. Talk with the client first to determine what risk factors the client might have before initiating the health promotion and disease prevention measures.
Risk factors for illness are divided into six categories. Working with carcinogenic chemicals is an example of which type of risk factor? a) Health habits risk factor b) Environmental risk factor c) Lifestyle risk factor d) Physiologic risk factor
b) Environmental risk factor Working and living environments may contribute to disease. Working with cancer-causing chemicals is an example of an environmental risk factor for illness.
Primary health promotion is an integral part of health care. What is the purpose of primary health promotion? a) To change the environment in ways that enhance cultural expectations. b) To promote health and prevent disease or injury. c) To teach people how to act. d) To teach people how to grow.
b) To promote health and prevent disease or injury. The purpose of primary health promotion is to promote health and prevent disease or injury. The purpose of health promotion is not to teach people how to act or how to grow, or to change the environment in ways that enhance cultural expectations.
Despite a national focus on health promotion, nurses working with patients in inner-city clinics continue to see disparities in health care for vulnerable populations. Which patients are considered vulnerable populations? Select all that apply. a. A White male diagnosed with HIV b. An African American teenager who is 6 months pregnant c. A Hispanic male who has type II diabetes d. A low-income family living in rural America e. A middle-class teacher living in a large city f. A White baby who was born with cerebral palsy
b, c, d, f. National trends in the prevention of health disparities are focused on vulnerable populations, such as racial and ethnic minorities, those living in poverty, women, children, older adults, rural and inner-city residents, and people with disabilities and special health care needs.
Based on the components of the physical human dimension, the nurse would expect which clinic patient to be most likely to have annual breast examinations and mammograms? a. Jane, whose best friend had a benign breast lump removed b. Sarah, who lives in a low-income neighborhood c. Tricia, who has a family history of breast cancer d. Nancy, whose family encourages regular physical examinations
c. The physical dimension includes genetic inheritance, age, developmental level, race, and biological sex. These components strongly influence the person's health status and health practices. A family history of breast cancer is a major risk factor.
A client who has recently been diagnosed with a chronic illness appears to be depressed. When the nurse asks if there is something wrong, the client states, "Nothing will ever be the same for me since I have this disease." Which of the following is the most appropriate response for the nurse? a) "If you maintain a positive self-concept, you can live as normally as possible." b) "You do not have to worry, as other people will care for you." c) "You will never be able to care for yourself, but you can learn to live with that." d) "You will never be able to live the normal life you did before."
a) "If you maintain a positive self-concept, you can live as normally as possible." To successfully adapt to a chronic illness a person must learn to live as normally as possible and maintain a positive self-concept and sense of hope. Telling the person that they will never be able to do what they did before such as caring for themselves or live normally, and that other people can take care of them, is not appropriate or therapeutic.
Which of the following is an example of a characteristic of Stage 2 of illness? a) A person visits a physician to receive treatment for symptoms of an infection. b) A person begins rehabilitation following a stroke that left him paralyzed on one side. c) A person tells his family that he is sick and allows them to take care of him. d) A person experiences a headache and sore throat and takes an aspirin.
a) A single mother of two applies for food stamps in order to feed her family. The sociocultural dimension refers to health practices and beliefs that are strongly influenced by a person's economic level, lifestyle, family, and culture. In general, low-income groups are less likely to seek medical care to prevent illness, and high-income groups are more prone to stress-related habits and illness. The family living in a city environment with high air pollution is an example of the environmental dimension. The father who refuses a blood transfusion for his son is an example of the spiritual dimension. The teenager who worries that his scars will cost him friends is an example of the emotional dimension.
A client comes to the emergency room complaining of abdominal pain, fever, chills, and nausea. Upon further examination the client is diagnosed with appendicitis. What type of illness does the nurse identify this client to have? a) Acute b) Contagious c) Chronic d) Tertiary
a) Acute Acute illness has a rapid onset and lasts only a short time. Chronic illness is a term that encompasses many different physical and mental alterations in health, and usually requires a long period of care and support. Appendicitis is not contagious, and tertiary is not a term used for illnesses.
The definition of chronic conditions can be complex. Which factors would a nurse expect to be included in the definition of chronic conditions? (Select all that apply.) a) Diseases where complete cures are rare b) Diseases that do not resolve spontaneously c) Diseases that have a prolonged course d) Diseases that have a short course e) Diseases that resolve spontaneously
a) Diseases where complete cures are rare, b) Diseases that do not resolve spontaneously, c) Diseases that have a prolonged course Chronic conditions can also be defined as illnesses or diseases that have a prolonged course, that do not resolve spontaneously, and for which complete cures are unlikely or rare.
The nursing student who has diarrhea before every test and every clinical understands that this is not a healthy behavior. The student is aware that this negative effect can impact overall health. The nurse recognizes that this student needs to focus on which of the following dimensions of health? a) Emotional dimension b) Sociocultural dimension c) Intellectual dimension d) Physical dimension
a) Emotional dimension This is an example of the emotional dimension. How the mind affects body functions and responds to body conditions also influences health. Long term stress affects body systems, and anxiety affects health habits. Intellectual dimension encompasses cognitive abilities and past experiences, while the physical dimension includes things like genetics, sex, and race. Sociocultural dimensions relate to a client's economic level, lifestyle, family, and culture.
What is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity? a) Health b) Holism c) Wellness d) Host
a) Health The World Health Organization defines health as "a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity."
The health belief model is useful when educating individuals about health and illness. Why would this be? a) It allows you to assess the client's beliefs and structure goals so he can meet health needs. b) It encourages the provision of care that is based on a disability. c) It fosters dependency. d) It promotes interactions with clients focused on the cause of a disability.
a) It allows you to assess the client's beliefs and structure goals so he can meet health needs. The health belief model is useful when educating individuals about health and illness because it allows nurses to assess a client's beliefs and then structure goals so he can meet individual health needs. The health belief model does not foster dependency; it does not encourage giving care based on a client's disability; and it does not encourage or promote interactions with clients that are focused on the cause of a disability.
The nurse who is working in a long-term care facility is talking with a group of healthcare workers. One of the healthcare workers asks about current trends in health care. Which of the following trends should the nurse base the response on? a) More people with chronic illnesses b) More people identified as upper class c) More people with an increase income d) More people dying at an early age
a) More people with chronic illnesses There is a current trend of an increase in chronic illness primarily due to a growing number of older adults living today. The others are simply not true. Those dying at an early age does not coincide with older adults living with chronic illness. Income and upper class are socioeconomic factors that are related to health care.
What level of prevention is noted when the nurse educates a group of mothers of school-age children on self breast examinations? a) Primary prevention b) Educational prevention c) Secondary prevention d) Tertiary prevention
a) Primary prevention Primary prevention focuses on the health of a person with the goal of preventing disease or illness. Self-breast examination education is primary prevention.
The nurse is educating a client with diabetes on how to better control blood sugar levels and recognize the symptoms associated with both hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia. The client is frequently admitted to the hospital due to elevated blood sugars. This education is an example of which level of health promotion? a) Tertiary b) Chronic c) Secondary d) Primary
a) Tertiary Tertiary health promotion and illness prevention begin after the illness is diagnosed and treated, with the goal of reducing disability and helping to rehabilitate to a maximum level of functioning. Educating a client with diabetes on how to recognize areas of risk for the disease is one such example of tertiary promotion.
A client arrives at a health care facility complaining of pain in the abdomen and diarrhea. The physician diagnoses the client with colitis, an acute illness. Why is colitis considered an acute illness? a) The onset is sudden. b) It is not curable. c) It lasts for a long time. d) It is difficult to treat.
a) The onset is sudden. Colitis in this case is an acute illness because the onset is sudden. Acute illnesses affect a person for a short duration and are cured in a short time. Acute illnesses are not difficult to treat and are curable. On the other hand, chronic illnesses have a gradual onset and require a longer period to be cured. In some cases, the illness may remain lifelong.
Which definition best describes acute illness? a) The rapid onset of symptoms lasting a relatively short time. b) A medical condition that is life threatening and requires surgery. c) A condition that causes a permanent change and a long period of care. d) The leading health problem in the world.
a) The rapid onset of symptoms lasting a relatively short time. Acute illness is generally described as a rapid onset of symptoms lasting a relatively short time. Acute illnesses are not always life threatening and may not even require medical care or surgery. A chronic illness causes a permanent change and requires a long period of care or support. Chronic illnesses are the leading health problem in the world.
A nurse has chosen to characterize a new initiative as "wellness promotion" rather than "health promotion." Which statement best describes the difference between the concept of wellness and the concept of health? a) Wellness is an active state, whereas health is a more passive state dependent on the absence of disease. b) Wellness is dependent on the resolution of acute and chronic illnesses, whereas health can exist at any stage or condition. c) Health is a state that can be promoted and protected by nursing practice, whereas wellness is solely dependent on the client. d) Wellness is determined by age-related expectations, whereas health is an achievable state at any point in the lifespan.
a) Wellness is an active state, whereas health is a more passive state dependent on the absence of disease. Good health is a passive state wherein the person is not ill. Wellness is a more active state, regardless of one's level of health. Wellness is not contingent on the resolution of disease or illness and it supersedes age. Both health and wellness can be influenced by nursing practice.
While providing client care, a nurse determines that a client adheres to the health belief model. What would the nurse need to assess as a factor possibly affecting the client's response to illness? a) personality characteristics b) environmental sensitivity c) nutritional awareness d) stress management
a) personality characteristics The health belief model provides insight into the connection between the way a person sees one's own state of health, and that person's response to health, illness, and treatment. According to the health belief model, personality characteristics affect the person's response to illness. Nutritional awareness, stress management, and environmental sensitivity are wellness behaviors that promote healthy functioning and help prevent illness.
A nurse working in a hospital setting cares for patients with acute and chronic conditions. Which disease states are chronic illnesses? Select all that apply. a. Diabetes mellitus b. Bronchial pneumonia c. Rheumatoid arthritis d. Cystic fibrosis e. Fractured hip f. Otitis media
a, c, d. Diabetes, arthritis, and cystic fibrosis are chronic diseases because they are permanent changes caused by irreversible alterations in normal anatomy and physiology, and they require patient education along with a long period of care or support. Pneumonia, fractures, and otitis media are acute illnesses because they have a rapid onset of symptoms that last a relatively short time.
A nurse working in a long-term care facility personally follows accepted guidelines for a healthy lifestyle. How does this nurse promote health in the residents of this facility? a. By being a role model for healthy behaviors b. By not requiring sick days from work c. By never exposing others to any type of illness d. By budgeting time and resources efficiently
a. Good personal health enables the nurse to serve as a role model for patients and families.
The nurse uses the agent-host-environment model of health and illness to assess diseases in patients. This model is based on what concept? a. Risk factors b. Demographic variables c. Behaviors to promote health d. Stages of illness
a. The interaction of the agent, host, and environment creates risk factors that increase the probability of disease.
Nurses perform health promotion activities at a primary, secondary, or tertiary level. Which nursing actions are considered tertiary health promotion? Select all that apply. a. A nurse runs an immunization clinic in the inner city. b. A nurse teaches a patient with an amputation how to care for the residual limb. c. A nurse provides range-of-motion exercises for a paralyzed patient. d. A nurse teaches parents of toddlers how to childproof their homes. e. A school nurse provides screening for scoliosis for the students. f. A nurse teaches new parents how to choose and use an infant car seat.
b, c. Tertiary health promotion and disease prevention begins after an illness is diagnosed and treated to reduce disability and to help rehabilitate patients to a maximum level of functioning. These activities include providing ROM exercises and patient teaching for residual limb care. Providing immunizations and teaching parents how to childproof their homes and use an appropriate car seat are primary health promotion activities. Providing screenings is a secondary health promotion activity.
A nurse working in a primary care facility assesses patients who are experiencing various levels of health and illness. Which statements define these two concepts? Select all that apply. a. Health and illness are the same for all people. b. Health and illness are individually defined by each person. c. People with acute illnesses are actually healthy. d. People with chronic illnesses have poor health beliefs. e. Health is more than the absence of illness. f. Illness is the response of a person to a disease.
b, e, f. Each person defines health and illness individually, based on a number of factors. Health is more than just the absence of illness; it is an active process in which a person moves toward his or her maximum potential. An illness is the response of the person to a disease.
A patient in a community health clinic tells the nurse, "I have a high temperature, feel awful, and I am not going to work." What stage of illness behavior is the patient exhibiting? a. Stage 1: Experiencing symptoms b. Stage 2: Assuming the sick role c. Stage 3: Assuming a dependent role d. Stage 4: Achieving recovery and rehabilitation
b. Stage 2: Assuming the sick role. When people assume the sick role, they define themselves as ill, seek validation of this experience from others, and give up normal activities. In stage 1: Experiencing symptoms, the first indication of an illness usually is recognizing one or more symptoms that are incompatible with one's personal definition of health. The stage of assuming a dependent role is characterized by the patient's decision to accept the diagnosis and follow the prescribed treatment plan. In the achieving recovery and rehabilitation role, the person gives up the dependent role and resumes normal activities and responsibilities
Which of the following is an example of a characteristic of Stage 2 of illness? a) A person visits a physician to receive treatment for symptoms of an infection. b) A person begins rehabilitation following a stroke that left him paralyzed on one side. c) A person tells his family that he is sick and allows them to take care of him. d) A person experiences a headache and sore throat and takes an aspirin.
c) A person tells his family that he is sick and allows them to take care of him. The person in Stage 2: assuming the sick role defines himself or herself as being sick, seeks validation of this experience from others, gives up normal activities, and assumes a "sick role." At this stage, most people focus on their symptoms and bodily functions
The nurse practitioner is discussing health promotion with a group of senior nursing students. What would be the best example of secondary health promotion? a) Workplace health and safety seminar b) Weight loss program c) Family counseling d) Immunizations
c) Family counseling Secondary health promotion and illness prevention focus on screening for early detection of disease, with prompt diagnosis and treatment of those found; this includes emotional issues, making family counseling the correct answer. Workplace health and safety would be considered a primary health promotion activity, as would a weight loss clinic and an immunization clinic.
A woman over the age of 40 years has an annual mammogram. What level of prevention does this represent? a) Primary prevention b) Tertiary prevention c) Secondary prevention d) Medical prevention
c) Secondary prevention Secondary prevention includes screening for those at risk to develop illness, or those who could be diagnosed early in the process, and thus receive prompt treatment.
A community health nurse arranges for a dental checkup camp for the local children in the school district. Which of the following would most likely be the nurse's goal for this health camp? a) illness prevention b) reversal of self-care deficit c) health promotion d) high-level wellness
c) health promotion The education on lifestyle choices is part of health promotion activity, which focuses on protecting the person's health. The goal of the prevention of illness is to detect and prevent the illness. High-level wellness focuses on maximizing the person's highest potential for functioning. Reversal of self-care deficits would involve therapeutic interventions that are directed at contributing factors.
A group of students is reviewing the various levels of illness prevention. The students demonstrate understanding when they identify which of the following as a goal of tertiary prevention of illness? a) improving general well-being b) providing prompt treatment c) minimizing complications d) preventing disease or illness
c) minimizing complications The goal of tertiary prevention of illness is to minimize complications and maximize function. Prevention of illness or disease, and improvement of the general well-being of a client, is a goal of primary prevention. Providing prompt treatment is a goal of secondary prevention.
A nurse has volunteered to give influenza immunizations at a local clinic. What level of care is the nurse demonstrating? a. Tertiary b. Secondary c. Primary d. Promotive
c. Giving influenza injections is an example of primary health promotion and illness prevention.
A rapid onset of symptoms that lasts a relatively short time indicates what health problem? a) Potential for wellness b) Actual risk factor c) A chronic illness d) An acute illness
d) An acute illness An acute illness generally has a rapid onset of symptoms and lasts a relatively short period of time. If medical care is required, a specific treatment with medications or surgery usually returns the person to normal functioning. Chronic illness is a broad term that encompasses many different physical and mental alterations in health. Risk factors can assess if a client is at risk for an acute or chronic illness. Potential for wellness is a broad category focusing on the client's view of health.
The nursing instructor informs the students that there are many factors that affect a person's health. Which of the following does the nursing instructor tell the students that is essential for physiological health and survival? a) Educational needs b) Monetary needs c) Spiritual needs d) Basic human needs
d) Basic human needs Basic human needs, such as food, water, and shelter, are essential for emotional and physiologic health and survival. Monetary and educational needs are not mandatory for health, and spiritual needs are important components of a person's health and illness behaviors, but are not the most important of the needs.
A client makes a decision to quit smoking and joins a smoking cessation class. This is an example of which of Dunn's processes that helps a person know who and what he is? a) Belonging b) Becoming c) Being d) Befitting
d) Befitting Dunn defined processes that help a person know who and what he is. These processes, which are a part of each individual's perception of his own wellness state, are being (recognizing self as separate and individual), belonging (being part of a whole), becoming (growing and developing), and befitting (making personal choices to befit the self for the future).
An exacerbation refers to the reactivation of a disease. Which condition is associated with exacerbation? a) Acute illness b) Congenital illness c) Hereditary illness d) Chronic illness
d) Chronic illness Exacerbation is the increase in activity of a disease and aggravation of symptoms. This occurs periodically in clients with chronic diseases. It is often a result of physical, chemical, or emotional stress. Congenital illness (such as atrial septal defect), hereditary illness (such as cystic fibrosis), and acute illness (such as influenza) do not have exacerbation and remission stages.
The nurse is giving a talk to a local community group on the harms of smoking. The nurse tells the group that a risk factor is something that increases a person's chances for illness or injury. What type of risk factor is smoking? a) Secondary b) Primary c) Nonmodifiable d) Modifiable
d) Modifiable Risk factors are defined as modifiable (things a person can change, such as quitting smoking) and nonmodifiable (things that cannot be changed, such as a family history of cancer). Primary and secondary are not associated with risk factors.
The nurse's community outreach class is giving a presentation on seat belts and child safety seats at the local firehouse every weekend in October. What level(s) of health promotion is this an example of? a) Secondary b) Medical c) Tertiary d) Primary
d) Primary Primary health promotion and illness prevention is directed toward promoting good health and preventing the development of disease process or injury. Primary level activities include immunization clinics, providing poison-control information, and education about seat belt and child-safety seat use.
Which is an example of tertiary health promotion? a) Pap tests b) Water treatment c) Family counseling d) Rehabilitation
d) Rehabilitation Tertiary health promotion and disease prevention begin after an illness is diagnosed and treated to reduce disability and to help rehabilitate clients to a maximum level of functioning. Therefore, rehabilitation is an example of tertiary health promotion. Family counseling and Pap tests are examples of secondary health promotion. Water treatment is an example of primary health promotion.
A nurse is caring for a female client age 17 years whose left leg was amputated after being crushed in a motor vehicle accident. Which of the following interventions might the nurse perform to accommodate the cleint's intellectual dimension? a) Providing the opportunity for a counselor to come in and talk to her about her loss b) Considering the client's developmental stage when planning nursing care c) Encouraging friends and relatives to visit often and bring games to distract her d) Teaching her how to care for the stump and explaining the rehabilitation program
d) Teaching her how to care for the stump and explaining the rehabilitation program The intellectual dimension encompasses cognitive abilities, educational background, and past experiences. These influence responses to teaching about health, and reactions to nursing care during illness. They also play a major role in health behaviors.
Which model is most useful in examining the cause of disease in an individual, based upon external factors? a) The High-Level Wellness Model b) The Health Belief Model c) The Health-Illness Continuum d) The Agent-Host-Environment Model
d) The Agent-Host-Environment Model The Agent-Host-Environment is useful for examining the cause of disease in an individual. The agent, host, and environment interact in ways that create risk factors. The Health-Illness Continuum is a way to measure a person's level of health. The High-Level Wellness Model is characterized by functioning to one's maximum potential while maintaining balance and purposeful direction in the environment. The Health Belief Model is used to describe health behaviors.
A nurse incorporates concepts from current models of health when providing health promotion classes for patients. What is a key concept of both the health-illness continuum and the high-level wellness models? a. Illness as a fixed point in time b. The importance of family c. Wellness as a passive state d. Health as a constantly changing state
d. Both these models view health as a dynamic (constantly changing state).
