Funeral History (NBE Review)
the design was patented in 1848 as a form-fitting, airtight metallic coffin designed to improve ability to preserve the body; also had a glass plate to allow for viewing of the face
Fisk metallic coffin
German physician who performed embalming without evisceration, injecting lye into the veins in the 1600's
Gabriel Clauderus
Greek (484 - 424) who is known as the "Father of History"
Herodotus
patented the process of embalming with arsenic-alcohol
J. Anthony Gaussardia
received the first patent for a metallic coffin
James A. Gray
Frenchman who authored a book on embalming in 1834
Jean Gannal
New York embalmer credited with developing a treatment plan in 1912 that applies to the systematic treatment of cases requiring repair of injuries due to disease or trauma (restorative art)
Joel Crandall
the founder of the "Coffin Shop - Warehouse" in New York State - one of the first of its kind
John L. Dillion
established a school in Cincinnati
Joseph H. Clarke
established a school in Cincinnati (1882)
Joseph H. Clarke
the Egyptian head or chief undertaker
Kher-heb
groups formed in the Middle Ages by lay persons to bury the dead and to pray for the souls of the faithful departed
Leagues of Prayer
Italian artist (1452 - 1519) drew anatomical plates and dissected over 50 cadavers, as well as created the Last Supper
Leonardo Da Vinci
the ancient Roman goddess of corpses and funeral
Libitina
the head undertaker in ancient Rome; the secular role model for today's funeral director; conducted business at the temple of Libitina where deaths were also registered
Libitinarius
(1822 - 1885) known as the "Father of Bacteriology," abiogenesis, fermentation, pasteurization, the germ theory disease and more
Louis Pasture
Italian (1628 - 1694) known as the "Father of Histology" (capillaries - 1600's)
Marcello Malpighi
Italian sculptor (1475 - 1564) who was responsible for the creation of the Sistine Ceiling
Michelangelo
the Egyptian god of the underworld and judge of the dead
Osiris
the Catholic belief that those whose souls are not perfectly cleansed undergo a process of cleansing before they can enter heaven
Purgatorial Doctrine
the Egyptian sun god
Rah
developed the "Corpse cooler - cooling board"
Robert Frederick & C.A. Trump
created/patented the trocar
Samuel Rogers
introduced the idea of the use of cloth to cover more luxurious of burial receptacles
Samuel Stein
was a cloth covered coffin DESIGNED FOR EX-PRESIDENT ULYSSES S. GRANT in 1885 that helped elevate acceptance of cloth covered caskets
Style 'E' state coffin
Between 1540 - 1745, this sole agency was permitted to embalm and perform anatomical dissections in the city of London
barber-surgeons
Hebrew term meaning flesh
basar
term was given to a hand stretcher on which the uncoffined body was carried to the grave; served as the forerunner to today's hearse
bier
the practice of draining a quantity of blood to cure the illness
blood-letting
a generic term used in America to designate all burial receptacles as new variations of the coffin being offered
burial case
created in the 1800's in London by the 'poor' people as a means to afford funerals; costs were shared by others via weekly collections; forerunners of industrial insurance
burial club
an outer enclosure for caskets placed in the grave; originally intended to prevent grave robbery
burial vault
outer enclosure for caskets placed in the grave; originally intended to prevent grave robbery
burial vault
jars made of alabaster, limestone, basalt, clay and other materials used by the early Egyptians to store viscera of the deceased
canopic jars
French term meaning 'jewel box' or container for something valuable; came into dominant use for burial receptacles in 1890's in America; rigid container designed for encasement of human remains, usually constructed of wood, metal, fiberglass, plastic, or like material and ornamented/lined with fabric
casket
originated in ancient Rome as excavated cemeteries cut out of soft rock for the tombs of wealthy Christians; later became a place for religious rites to avoid persecution
catacombs
the name of the raised platform (with or without a canopy) used for a body to lie in state
catafalque
ancient Egyptian belief that the soul of the deceased would make a 3000 year journey and return to the body; once reunited the whole man would live with the gods; this belief created the need for embalming
circle of necessity
the Greek word 'kofinos'; utilitarian container designed to hold human remains, often anthropoidal in shape
coffin
embalming equipment that utilized a portable table on which a body was placed while the corpse cooler was in use; based on principle of ice refrigerator and later became the embalming table when embalming was done in the home of the deceased
cooling board
embalming equipment utilized an ice chest that was placed over the torso of the body in order to slow down the process of decomposition prior to the funeral
corpse cooler
funeral procession
cortege
method of disposition of the dead body via fire; first attributed to the ancient Greeks
cremation
master of ceremonies and director of the ancient Roman funeral procession
designator
the name of the master of ceremonies and director of the ancient Roman funeral procession
designator
Cremation is the disposing of the dead body via ____; first attributed to the ancient _______
fire; Greeks
in the Middle Ages, this wake also served as a feast to welcome the principal heir to his new estate; for the ancient Greeks, this feast ended the fast of the bereaved
funeral feast
this individual provided services of organizing/facilitating funeral details as an occupation
funeral undertaker
Roman term for a torch lit parade
funeralis
term is Latin for torchlight procession; word for funeral is derived from this
funeralis
individual provided supplies/ merchandise (i.e., door badges, carriages, etc.) to funeral undertakers who were dealing directly with the public; filled the role of the middle man
furnishing undertaker
the apparatus used to inject arterial fluid during the vascular (arterial) phase of the embalming process; it relies on gravity to create the pressure required to deliver the fluid (0.43 pounds of pressure per foot of elevation)
gravity injector
the method for applying a continuous flow of embalming solution via manual manipulation of a handheld mechanism
hand pump
today applies to a vehicle specially designed to transport casketed remains; derived from a French word; originally a stationary framework of wood to hold candles and decorations placed on the coffin; aka funeral coach
hearse
Egyptian writing, Greek literally meaning "sacred signs"; these inscriptions were written on Egyptian coffins and burial tombs
hieroglyphics
a specialty connected with funerals in colonial America; called personally upon those expected to attend funerals; often a municipal appointment
inviter to funerals
the Greek name for columns
kiones
became an occupational specialty in many larger US cities by the end of the 18th century; predecessor to the undertaker
layers out of the dead
due to the fear of pre-mature burial, many early American coffins were designed and patented with a method to alert the living if someone was buried alive
life signals
this type of burial was an ancient Viking custom in which the deceased was placed in his boat with items necessary for the spirit to maintain the position held on earth, all was cremated and the pyre then covered with earth
mound burial
the Greek name for temple-like tombs
naidia
salt found in the dry lake beds of the desert was used by the early Egyptians in preparation of bodies; bodies immersed in this product (believed to be composed of chloride, carbonate, and sulfate of sodium and nitrate of potassium and sodium) were dehydrated thus preventing decay
natron
Hebrew term meaning breath
nefesh
this design was an innovation introduced to square sided caskets in order to reduce the excess space and weight, particularly of metal caskets; characterized by an "S" curvature
ogee design
the name of the ancient Roman embalmers who were either slaves or employees of Libitinarius
pollinctores
the name of the crier, a special funeral functionary in ancient Rome who summoned participants to a public funeral
praeco
Due to fear that the dead might be jealous, the ancient Romans and Greeks hired persons (often women) to shriek, tear their hair and rend garments, etc. in order to insure adequate display of emotion
professional mourners
term applied to systematic treatment of cases requiring repair of injuries due to disease or trauma; originated as derma surgery and demi-surgery, and it was important for creation of a proper 'memory picture
restorative art
early Egyptian massive coffins cut from a single mass of stone to protect remains from grave robbers; when opened, bodies inside were found to be in a state of decay
sarcophagus
the church caretaker who had responsibility for church property, ringing of bells and digging of graves in the churchyard cemetery; during the Middle Ages most funeral practices were under the direction of these church officials
sexton
the name given to a mortuary fee paid to insure entrance of the decedent's soul into heaven
soul shot
the Greek name for shafts created from upright slabs of stone
stelae
term originated when some of the original graduates of early embalming courses gave up regular employment with a single firm to provide embalming service to firms which had no trained embalmer
trade embalmer
craftsmen who entered the field of undertaking; their importance increased as cities grew and material resources of the townspeople increased
tradesmen undertaker
the Greek name for square-cut tombs
trapazae
the long hollow tube patented in 1878 and used by embalmers to inject fluids into cavities and remove excess liquids
trocar
originated as an ancient Hebrew practice in which family and friends would sit with the deceased as a precaution against premature burial; this continued as an act of piety in the Middle Ages (aka vigil for the dead)
wake
developed the "Life Preserving Coffins"
Christian Eisenbrandt
the name of the first mortuary school
Cincinnati College of Mortuary Science
two men who were associated with early mortuary transportation
Crane and Breed
the Greek god of wine, out of which came a cult philosophy about the Afterlife
Dionysius
the author of the "Undertakers Manual" and well-known educator of the late 1800's
Dr. Auguste Renouard
Dutchman (1665 - 1717) recognized as the father of modern embalming (world)
Dr. Frederick Ruysch
Scottsman (1728 - 1793) who is recognized for his work in continued preparation of anatomical specimens; in 1775 embalmed the body of the wife of Martin van Butchell - which was kept on display, attired in fine garments, in a glass-lidded case in his sitting room; Butchell ultimately remarried
Dr. John Hunter
American (1796 - 1843) who translated Gannal's book on embalming and recommended creosote as a disinfectant for embalming
Dr. Richard Harlan
the Father of American embalming (1817 - 1900)
Dr. Thomas Holmes
Englishman (1578 - 1657) who injected colored solutions into the arteries of a frog to support his theories on the circulation of blood
Dr. William Harvey
Scottsman (1718 - 1783) recognized for his work in embalming medical cadavers and generally considered to be the originator of the injection technique or preserving human remains
Dr. William Hunter
in Greek mythology, this was known as the Greek version of heaven
Elysian fields
Roman's influence that led to a cult/ philosophical way of life
Epicureous
established a school in Boston (1907)
A. Johnson Dodge
introduced the new ogee casket design
A.C. Barstow
Dutchman (1632 - 1723) who is known as the "Father of Microbiology"/microscope
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
the Egyptian god of embalming said to be of human form with the head of a jackal
Anubis
a shift in the burial shroud and coffin lining from linen to wool; heavy fines were assessed for violation; not repealed until 1814
Burial in Woolen Act of 1666
discovered formaldehyde (1868)
Butlerov & Hofmann
this 1840's report summarized the unsanitary conditions in London created by intramural burials, the high cost of funerals and the 1st use of the death certificate
Chadwick's Report
the Greek god who served in the capacity of ferry man for the boat on the River Styx; a coin was placed in the mouth of the deceased as his/her fare across the River Styx
Charon
early Roman view of the afterlife which emphasizes the soul as the vital principle; the soul at death hovered around the place of burial and required constant attention of the descendants to be happy; neglect would bring evil upon them
animistic view
an human shaped, early coffin
anthropoid
