Gap Finder: Biology Study Modules

Organism

All organ systems and things prior to keep us the organism alive.

Biological Hierarchy of Organization

Atom Molecule/Compound; Macromolecule Organelle Cell Tissue Organ Organ System Organism

Molecules/Compounds Macromolecules

Atom + Atom. i.e. Water = H2O Fat & DNA are referred to Macromolecules. Provide: Nutrients Building materials Chemical reactions for body's work

To lose stored energy (fat):

Calories consumed < Calories spent

1st Law of Thermodynamics / Law of Conservation of Energy

Energy is neither created nor destroyed. Can be changed from one form to another.

Body is conservative with matter

Rarely makes/maintains what it doesn't need "Use it or Lose it" Tissue + repeated stress --> more/stronger tissue "Lose it" Decreased stress on tissues --> Decreased need for built-up tissue. Extra growth/development is lost

Moving from simpler to more complex, which level of organization is immediately before (simpler than) the cell? a. Organelle b. Molecule c. Tissue d. Atom

a. Organelle

When your muscles contract to move your body, such as during walking, work is done, and work requires energy. Based on the Law of Conservation of Energy, from where does this energy come? a. Mechanical energy stored in ATP b. Heat c. New energy is created by our cells whenever we need it. d. Chemical energy

d. Chemical energy

Macromolecules fit in-between which two levels of organization? a. Cell and tissue b. Atom and molecule c. Tissue and organ d. Molecule and organelle

d. Molecule and organelle

Chemistry

science of matter. All matter is made of chemical elements

Atom

smallest piece of an element

Organelle

"mini organs". i.e. mitochondria, ribosomes, centrioles.

Extra energy (Calories)

--> Fat "saved for a rainy day"

Calories consumed > Calories spent

= Gain weight

Energy for our cells...

Chemical energy in foods we eat. Transform chemical energy from food molecules to ATP. Energy = ability to do work. Cells use ATP to do work. Chemical energy from ATP can convert to Mechanical energy which allows our muscles to contract. When energy is changed from one form to another, some of the energy is converted to heat (another form of energy).

Cells

Contain organelles needed to sustain life. Life begins at the cell. Cells = basic units of all living organisms.

During Digestion...

Food is broken down to small molecules that are absorbed into our blood. These small molecules move into our cells to use over and over to build other molecules as needed.

Tissues

Groups of cells organized together with a common function. i.e Muscle tissue --> movement 4 Types of Tissues: 1. Epithelial - all linings and coverings of skin or stomach. 2. Connective - include bone, cartilage, blood, and fibers connected tissue which all form ligaments and tendons. 3. Muscle - Provides movement for materials through the body and movement of the body itself. 4. Nervous - Controls various body processes and communication throughout the body.

Law of Conservation of Matter

Matter is neither created nor destroyed, but can be changed from one form to another. Eating: For energy. For raw materials (make, maintain, repair).

General Theme of Human Body:

The body is overall conservative. Uses least energy/resources possible. Body uses least amount of energy it can to get its work done.

Organ

Tissues organize into functional units. i.e. lungs, heart, liver. Each organ performs one specific job. Lungs - bring oxygen and clear out carbon dioxide

Conservation

Two Laws of Conservation. General theme of conservation in the body.

What is the basic unit of measure for energy in living things? a. The calorie b. The degree c. The gram d. The liter

a. The calorie

Which of the following would be the best example of the principle of Form Fits Function? a. Cells are the basic unit of life. b. Lower vertebrae support more weight and are thicker than higher ones. c. Organs are organized into organ systems. d. Unused muscles become weaker.

b. Lower vertebrae support more weight and are thicker than higher ones.

Based on the general theme of conservation, which of the following is most likely to happen if an athlete breaks his arm and must wear a cast and not use that arm for six weeks? a. The muscles in the injured arm will not change—only the bone was broken. b. Muscles in the injured arm will get smaller because they are not being used. c. The muscles in the injured arm will get stronger to compensate for the injured bone. d. The muscles in the other arm will get stronger in order to help out.

b. Muscles in the injured arm will get smaller because they are not being used.

Based on the principle of Form Fits Function, in which of the following areas would you expect to see the thickest skin? a. The abdomen b. Soles of the feet c. The face d. Back of the knee

b. Soles of the feet

From where do cells most directly obtain the energy they need to do work such as muscle contraction? a. Energy in proteins b. Energy in DNA c. Energy in ATP (adenosine triphosphate) d. Energy in enzymes

c. Energy in ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

Keeping in mind that energy cannot be created or destroyed, but its form can be changed, what happens to excess energy consumed in the food we eat during the day? a. Our energy use increases to use it. b. It is burned and lost in the form of heat. c. Excess calories are stored as fat. d. It is excreted from the body.

c. Excess calories are stored as fat.

Based on the Biological Hierarchy of Organization, tissues join together to form what structures? a. Molecules b. Cells c. Organs d. Organelles

c. Organs

Which of the following would not be an example of the principle of Form Fits Function? a. The heart has valves to prevent backflow of blood. b. The sperm has a tail or flagellum so it can swim. c. High-pressure arteries are thicker than low-pressure veins. d. Bones that are not subjected to stress lose density.

d. Bones that are not subjected to stress lose density.

Each of the long bones in your legs and arms has a hollow cavity running down its length. Based on the principle of Form Fits Function, which of the following is least likely a reason for this canal? a. It decreases the weight of the limb. b. It contains blood vessels that nourish and repair the bones. c. It stores bone marrow. d. The cavity is where muscles attach.

d. The cavity is where muscles attach.

Considering the principle of Form Fits Function, which of the following allows muscle cells to shorten or contract to produce movement? a. Considering the principle of Form Fits Function, which of the following allows muscle cells to shorten or contract to produce movement? b. They have a large internal volume. c. They have long extensions. d. They contain proteins arranged lengthwise that slide back and forth across each other

d. They contain proteins arranged lengthwise that slide back and forth across each other

Which of the following is the correct term for a group of cells that are organized together and share a common function? a. Organelle b. Cell c. Organ d. Tissue

d. Tissue

Which of the following is a good summary catchphrase line for the principle of conservation? a. Form fits function. b. Each level is built upon the smaller level below. c. No pain, no gain. d. Use it or lose it.

d. Use it or lose it.

Organ Systems

multiple organs with shared overall function. i.e. organs in cardiovascular system are the heart and blood vessels. They carry your blood (a type of tissue). Heart is like a pump and blood vessels are like the pipe. Work together to deliver nutrients and oxygen to your cells to supply their needs. Organ systems include: Integumentary system - mainly skin Skeletal system - bones Muscular system - muscles, tendons Nervous system - brain, nerves Cardiovascular system - heart, blood vessels Lymphatic system - keeps us healthy Respiratory system - brings oxygen, clears carbon dioxide Digestive system - brings in nutrients Urinary system - fine-tunes our body fluids, clears waste products Reproductive system - help continue our species

Anatomy

study of body's structures

Physiology

study of how those structures function

Calorie

unit of measure for energy