General Biology - Lipids

Phospholipids CONTAINS (3)

GLYCEROL, TWO FATTY ACIDS, AND A PHOSPHATE GROUP

______ is the reaction in which the free or combined unsaturated fatty acids gain double bonds on reacting with halogens.

Halogenation

Chemical properties (5)

Halogenation Saponification Hydrogenation Rancidity Hydrolysis of triglycerides

Role of Lipids in Food (2)

High energy source Smell, taste, texture, and satiety

________ is the chemical breakdown of a compound due to reaction with water.

Hydrolysis

Carboxylic acid and alcohol are produced by hydrolysis of triglycerides with water.

Hydrolysis of triglycerides

Steroids could only be found in _______ cells

eukaryotic

The number of double bonds is indicated by the generic name—______ for molecules with one double bond or ______ for molecules with two or more double bonds.

monounsaturated, polyunsaturated

If there are only single bonds between neighboring carbons in a fatty acid chain, the fatty acid is said to be _______

saturated

______ contain double bonds.

unsaturated fatty acids

Unsaturated means that ______ than the maximum possible number of hydrogen atoms are bonded to each carbon in the molecule.

fewer

The _____ lipid includes two major classes the terpenes and the steroids

non-saponifiable

______ are essential to understanding lipids, long-chain carboxylic acids that are insoluble in water, and can be saturated or unsaturated

Fatty Acids

It is part of specialized membrane components consisting of carbohydrates attached to a lipid molecule through a glycosidic bond.

Glycolipids

It is sometimes seen in the membranes of some types of plant cells and even cells of the nervous system

Glycolipids

THE TWO PARTS OF A PHOSPHOLIPID CAN BE TERMED AS THE (2)

HYDROPHILIC HEAD (PHOSPHATE GROUP) AND HYDROPHOBIC TAIL (FATTY ACID GROUP)

The ________ process is used in the industries to produce fat products. It involves in breaking of double bonds of unsaturated fatty acids with hydrogen and turning them into hydrogenated (saturated) fatty acids.

Hydrogenation

______ is an example of compound lipids

Phospholipid

Act as energy storage molecules

Physical properties

______ is the undesirable state that occurs in oils, fats, and their products. Due to oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids or hydrolysis of fats and oils, it produces an undesirable odor.

Rancidity

It is the process in which hydrolyzing triglycerides with an enzyme called lipase or hydrolysis with an alkaline forms two products.

Saponification

_______contain single bonds in its hydro- carbon chain

Saturated fatty acids

are aromatic compounds common in plants that produce the essential oils lavender, orange, lemon, and pine tree

Terpenes

The _____ lipid has one or more ester groups allocating it to endure hydrolysis in the charisma of an acid, base or enzyme. Includes triacylglycerides, glycerophospholipids, and sphingolipids are some of the most saponifiable lipids. The backbone of the first two is glycerol.

saponifiable

Classification of lipids (2)

saponifiable non-saponifiable

a waxy, fat-like substance that is found in all the cells in the human body. produced by the liver. The body needs ________ to make hormones, Vitamin D, and substances that help in digestion.

cholesterol

_______ are fatty acid polymers with a long, non-polar hydrocarbon chain and a small polar region containing oxygen.

Lipids

Is a fatty acid ester of different alcohols and carries no other substance. These lipids belong to a heterogeneous class of predominantly nonpolar compounds, mostly insoluble in water, but soluble in nonpolar organic solvents such as chloroform and benzene.

Simple Lipids

Types of lipids (3)

Simple Lipids Compound Lipids Derived Lipids

_______ and _______ are examples of saturated fats found in meat and dairy products.

Stearic acid and palmitic acid

_______is an example of derived lipids

Steroid

It is a group of nonpolar lipids from a four-membered ring molecule called phenanthrene.

Steroids

_____ fatty acids are produced by microorganisms in the gut of ruminant animals such as cows and goats.

Trans polyunsaturated

_______ have one or more carbon-carbon double bonds.

Unsaturated fatty acids

_______ is an ester of long-chain alcohol and a fatty acid.

Wax

_____is an example of simple lipids

Wax

examples of lipids (4)

Wax Phospholipid Steroids Cholesterol

refers to solid triglyceride usually from animal sources such as meat, milk, butter, margarine, eggs, and cheese.

Fat

Usually consist of a fatty acid, an alcohol, and one or more other groups such as phosphorus or nitrogen. These can be formed in the brain and central nervous system.

Compound Lipids

Fatty acids that can originate from the simple and compound lipids by means of hydrolysis.

Derived Lipids

Functions of Lipids in the Body (4)

Energy Storage Regulating and Signaling Insulating and Protecting Transporting

______ and its other derivatives combine to form substances such as vitamin A and some carotenoid pigments

Isoprene

_____ and _____are essential fatty acids that can only be obtained by animals from plant sources.

Linoleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid

REFERS TO LIQUID TRIGLYCERIDES FROM PLANT SOURCES. EXAMPLES ARE OLIVE OIL, CORN OIL, SUNFLOWER OIL, AND SOYBEAN OIL.

OIL

______ is an example of a monounsaturated fatty acid.

Oleic acid

ALSO A MAJOR COMPONENT IN THE CELL MEMBRANE.

PHOSPHOLIPIDS

_____are lipids with a phosphate group

PHOSPHOLIPIDS

Act as insulation.

Physical properties

At room temperature, lipids either present liquid condition or non-crystalline solids condition.

Physical properties

Fats and Oils of pure form are colorless, odorless, and tasteless.

Physical properties

Fats consist of high proportions of saturated fatty acids.

Physical properties

Insoluble in water.

Physical properties

Oils consist of high proportions of unsaturated fatty acids.

Physical properties

Soluble in organic solvents

Physical properties

most common common lipids floating in our blood stream and their main role is to help us store energy

TRIGLYCERIDES

Phospholipid is ______, have a polar and non-polar end. This property allows it to transport molecules in the bloodstream.

amphipatic

Main role of ________ is immune response and cell to cell recognition

glycolipids

Saturated fatty acids are _________, which means that the maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible are bonded to each carbon in the molecule.

hydrogen-saturated

The most common polyunsaturated fatty acids are (3)

linoleic acid, linolenic acid, and arachidonic acid.

Organic compounds that contain hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen atoms, which form the framework for the structure and function of living cells. These organic compounds are nonpolar molecules, which are soluble only in nonpolar solvents and insoluble in water. Examples of lipids include fats, oils, waxes, certain vitamins (such as A, D, E and K), hormones and most of the cell membrane that is not made up of protein.

lipids

They are also produced synthetically by ______. Ingestion of trans fats can have negative metabolic effects.

partial hydrogenation of fats and oils (trans fats)

Due to _______, steroids become structurally distinct from other types of lipids

phenanthrene

The main component of the cell membrane. Acts as a barrier that protects the cell against various environmental injuries. Enables multiple cellular processes to occur in subcellular compartments.

phospholipid

Lipid structure can be _______ or ______

saturated or unsaturated

At room temperature, saturated fatty acids are ________due to the linear, unbranched, tightly packed structure of each chain.

solid

Mainly used as a strong barrier to repel water and bacteria. Found in plants as covering on their leaves and stem to control evaporation and hydration. Bees excrete beeswax that includes ester myricyl palmitate, which is used by bees to make honeycombs.

wax

Physical properties (8)

• Insoluble in water. • At room temperature, lipids either present liquid condition or non-crystalline solids condition. • Act as energy storage molecules. • Soluble in organic solvents • Fats consist of high proportions of saturated fatty acids. • Fats and Oils of pure form are colorless, odorless, and tasteless. • Act as insulation. • Oils consist of high proportions of unsaturated fatty acids.