General Biology - Lipids
Phospholipids CONTAINS (3)
GLYCEROL, TWO FATTY ACIDS, AND A PHOSPHATE GROUP
______ is the reaction in which the free or combined unsaturated fatty acids gain double bonds on reacting with halogens.
Halogenation
Chemical properties (5)
Halogenation Saponification Hydrogenation Rancidity Hydrolysis of triglycerides
Role of Lipids in Food (2)
High energy source Smell, taste, texture, and satiety
________ is the chemical breakdown of a compound due to reaction with water.
Hydrolysis
Carboxylic acid and alcohol are produced by hydrolysis of triglycerides with water.
Hydrolysis of triglycerides
Steroids could only be found in _______ cells
eukaryotic
The number of double bonds is indicated by the generic name—______ for molecules with one double bond or ______ for molecules with two or more double bonds.
monounsaturated, polyunsaturated
If there are only single bonds between neighboring carbons in a fatty acid chain, the fatty acid is said to be _______
saturated
______ contain double bonds.
unsaturated fatty acids
Unsaturated means that ______ than the maximum possible number of hydrogen atoms are bonded to each carbon in the molecule.
fewer
The _____ lipid includes two major classes the terpenes and the steroids
non-saponifiable
______ are essential to understanding lipids, long-chain carboxylic acids that are insoluble in water, and can be saturated or unsaturated
Fatty Acids
It is part of specialized membrane components consisting of carbohydrates attached to a lipid molecule through a glycosidic bond.
Glycolipids
It is sometimes seen in the membranes of some types of plant cells and even cells of the nervous system
Glycolipids
THE TWO PARTS OF A PHOSPHOLIPID CAN BE TERMED AS THE (2)
HYDROPHILIC HEAD (PHOSPHATE GROUP) AND HYDROPHOBIC TAIL (FATTY ACID GROUP)
The ________ process is used in the industries to produce fat products. It involves in breaking of double bonds of unsaturated fatty acids with hydrogen and turning them into hydrogenated (saturated) fatty acids.
Hydrogenation
______ is an example of compound lipids
Phospholipid
Act as energy storage molecules
Physical properties
______ is the undesirable state that occurs in oils, fats, and their products. Due to oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids or hydrolysis of fats and oils, it produces an undesirable odor.
Rancidity
It is the process in which hydrolyzing triglycerides with an enzyme called lipase or hydrolysis with an alkaline forms two products.
Saponification
_______contain single bonds in its hydro- carbon chain
Saturated fatty acids
are aromatic compounds common in plants that produce the essential oils lavender, orange, lemon, and pine tree
Terpenes
The _____ lipid has one or more ester groups allocating it to endure hydrolysis in the charisma of an acid, base or enzyme. Includes triacylglycerides, glycerophospholipids, and sphingolipids are some of the most saponifiable lipids. The backbone of the first two is glycerol.
saponifiable
Classification of lipids (2)
saponifiable non-saponifiable
a waxy, fat-like substance that is found in all the cells in the human body. produced by the liver. The body needs ________ to make hormones, Vitamin D, and substances that help in digestion.
cholesterol
_______ are fatty acid polymers with a long, non-polar hydrocarbon chain and a small polar region containing oxygen.
Lipids
Is a fatty acid ester of different alcohols and carries no other substance. These lipids belong to a heterogeneous class of predominantly nonpolar compounds, mostly insoluble in water, but soluble in nonpolar organic solvents such as chloroform and benzene.
Simple Lipids
Types of lipids (3)
Simple Lipids Compound Lipids Derived Lipids
_______ and _______ are examples of saturated fats found in meat and dairy products.
Stearic acid and palmitic acid
_______is an example of derived lipids
Steroid
It is a group of nonpolar lipids from a four-membered ring molecule called phenanthrene.
Steroids
_____ fatty acids are produced by microorganisms in the gut of ruminant animals such as cows and goats.
Trans polyunsaturated
_______ have one or more carbon-carbon double bonds.
Unsaturated fatty acids
_______ is an ester of long-chain alcohol and a fatty acid.
Wax
_____is an example of simple lipids
Wax
examples of lipids (4)
Wax Phospholipid Steroids Cholesterol
refers to solid triglyceride usually from animal sources such as meat, milk, butter, margarine, eggs, and cheese.
Fat
Usually consist of a fatty acid, an alcohol, and one or more other groups such as phosphorus or nitrogen. These can be formed in the brain and central nervous system.
Compound Lipids
Fatty acids that can originate from the simple and compound lipids by means of hydrolysis.
Derived Lipids
Functions of Lipids in the Body (4)
Energy Storage Regulating and Signaling Insulating and Protecting Transporting
______ and its other derivatives combine to form substances such as vitamin A and some carotenoid pigments
Isoprene
_____ and _____are essential fatty acids that can only be obtained by animals from plant sources.
Linoleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid
REFERS TO LIQUID TRIGLYCERIDES FROM PLANT SOURCES. EXAMPLES ARE OLIVE OIL, CORN OIL, SUNFLOWER OIL, AND SOYBEAN OIL.
OIL
______ is an example of a monounsaturated fatty acid.
Oleic acid
ALSO A MAJOR COMPONENT IN THE CELL MEMBRANE.
PHOSPHOLIPIDS
_____are lipids with a phosphate group
PHOSPHOLIPIDS
Act as insulation.
Physical properties
At room temperature, lipids either present liquid condition or non-crystalline solids condition.
Physical properties
Fats and Oils of pure form are colorless, odorless, and tasteless.
Physical properties
Fats consist of high proportions of saturated fatty acids.
Physical properties
Insoluble in water.
Physical properties
Oils consist of high proportions of unsaturated fatty acids.
Physical properties
Soluble in organic solvents
Physical properties
most common common lipids floating in our blood stream and their main role is to help us store energy
TRIGLYCERIDES
Phospholipid is ______, have a polar and non-polar end. This property allows it to transport molecules in the bloodstream.
amphipatic
Main role of ________ is immune response and cell to cell recognition
glycolipids
Saturated fatty acids are _________, which means that the maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible are bonded to each carbon in the molecule.
hydrogen-saturated
The most common polyunsaturated fatty acids are (3)
linoleic acid, linolenic acid, and arachidonic acid.
Organic compounds that contain hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen atoms, which form the framework for the structure and function of living cells. These organic compounds are nonpolar molecules, which are soluble only in nonpolar solvents and insoluble in water. Examples of lipids include fats, oils, waxes, certain vitamins (such as A, D, E and K), hormones and most of the cell membrane that is not made up of protein.
lipids
They are also produced synthetically by ______. Ingestion of trans fats can have negative metabolic effects.
partial hydrogenation of fats and oils (trans fats)
Due to _______, steroids become structurally distinct from other types of lipids
phenanthrene
The main component of the cell membrane. Acts as a barrier that protects the cell against various environmental injuries. Enables multiple cellular processes to occur in subcellular compartments.
phospholipid
Lipid structure can be _______ or ______
saturated or unsaturated
At room temperature, saturated fatty acids are ________due to the linear, unbranched, tightly packed structure of each chain.
solid
Mainly used as a strong barrier to repel water and bacteria. Found in plants as covering on their leaves and stem to control evaporation and hydration. Bees excrete beeswax that includes ester myricyl palmitate, which is used by bees to make honeycombs.
wax
Physical properties (8)
• Insoluble in water. • At room temperature, lipids either present liquid condition or non-crystalline solids condition. • Act as energy storage molecules. • Soluble in organic solvents • Fats consist of high proportions of saturated fatty acids. • Fats and Oils of pure form are colorless, odorless, and tasteless. • Act as insulation. • Oils consist of high proportions of unsaturated fatty acids.