General Knowledge Terms Updated
Leonardo da Vinci
"Renaissance man" who became famous as a painter, architect, inventor, and engineer; painter of the "Mona Lisa" and "The Last Supper"
pseudopod
"false foot"; projection of cytoplasm used for movement and feeding in protists like the amoeba
sansculottes
"without knee breeches"; a nickname for workers of the Third Estate
∫1/(a^2+x^2)dx=
(1/a)(tan⁻¹(x/a)+C
First Crusade
(1096 to 1099) This crusade was launched by Pope Urban II and is considered the only successful crusade because they recaptured Jerusalem and the Holy Land from the Muslim Turks.
∫a^xdx=
(a^x)/lna+C
d/dx[cos⁻¹x]=
-1/√(1-x^2)
d/dx[cscx]=
-cscxcotx
d/dx[cotx]=
-csc²x
Hand
...
cos(3π/2)
0
cos(π/2)
0
sin(2π)
0
sin(π)
0
cos(2π)
1
sin(π/2)
1
360 Degrees
1 Full circle
Custon Made
1 item at a time, slow, handcrafted, product can be unique, expensive, skilled workers, workers produce the product start to finish.
steps of the engineering/design process
1) Identify the need or problem 2) Research the problem 3) Develop possible solutions 4) Select the best possible solution(s) 5) Construct a prototype 6) Test and evaluate 7) Communicate the solution(s) 8) Redesign
Trig Identity: cos(2x)=
1-2sin²x = 2cos²x-1
Function
1. A relationship from one set (called the domain) to another set (called the range) that assigns to each element of the domain exactly one element of the range.
d/dx[tan⁻¹x]=
1/(1+x^2)
cos(5π/3)
1/2
cos(π/3)
1/2
sin(5π/6)
1/2
sin(π/6)
1/2
d/dx[sin⁻¹x]=
1/√(1-x^2)
Googol
10 to the hundredth power, or 1 followed by 100 zeros.
Hendecagon
11 sided shape
New Economic Policy
1921 plan that permitted some capitalist activity in Russia in order to increase food production
Day
23 hrs, 56 mins, and 5 secs We round this to 24 hrs, which is what everyone says
Tilt
23.5 ° - The angle at which Earth is tilted on its axis
Earth day length (a complete rotation)
24 hours
Cosmic Year
250 million years. This is how long it takes for the solar system to orbit the center of the milky way galaxy
Length of moon's rotation
27.3 days
Length of moon's phases
29.5 days
Trig Identity: sin(2x)=
2sinxcosx
Earth year length (a complete revolution)
365 days
Common Year
365 years
Leap Year
366 days. Every four years, there is a leap year. This is caused due to and extra 6 hours added to a common year. Since 1 day is 24hrs and 6 x 4 = 24, every 4 years an extra day is added to the calendar. February 29 is that extra day
structure of a sterol
4 fused rings
Photosynthesis Equation
6 CO2 + 6 H2O + light --> C6H12O6 + 6 O2
Week
7 days There are 4-5 weeks in a month 1 year is about 52 wks
Polygon
A 2-D shape with closed sides
Cube
A 3 dimensional shape with 12 edges, 6 faces, and 8 vertices
Hammurabi
A Babylonian ruler who reigned from 1792 B.C. to 1750 B.C.and created some of the first codes of law ever developed.
Lombards
A Germanic people who invaded northern Italy in the 6th century and later parts of western Gaul(France). When they attacked Rome they were defeated by Charlemagne who was then crowned Emperor as thanks for his service.
Eratosthenes
A Greek mathematician and astronomer who estimated the circumference of the earth and the distances to the moon and sun (276-194 BC)
Socrates
A Greek philosopher who believed in an absolute right or wrong. He encouraged his students to question themselves and their beliefs, which would later lead to his being arested and forced to drink poisonous Hemlock.
Zeno
A Greek philosopher who founded a school of philosophy called Stoicism that believed in a divine power that ruled the universe. He thought that people should live a virtuous life in harmony with natural law, promoted social unity.
Dorian
A Greek-speaking people that, according to tradition, migrated into mainland Greece after the destruction of the Mycenaean civilization around 1200 B.C. Under the Dorian rule the economy collapsed and the people lost the art of writing.
Archimedes
A Hellenistic mathmatician and physicist who was the first to correctly estimate the value of pi. He also explained the law of the lever, invented simple machines such as the screw and pulley.
Brahma
A Hindu god considered the creator of the world.
Vishnu
A Hindu god considered the preserver of the world.
Hittites
A Indo-European people group who lived in Anatolia, modern day Turkey, around 2000 B.C. They were skilled iron workers, and made advanced weapons that helped them forge an empire that would reach into Mesopotamia.
Greeks
A Mediterranean people who were divided into warring city-states. Their culture was greatly influence by the Minoans, and Phoenician people.
Babylon
A Mesopotamian city-state which became a mighty empire under the leadership of Hammurabi.
Culture
A People's unique way of life.
Tacitus
A Roman historian who presented the facts accurately. He wrote about the good and the bad of imperial Rome in his Annals and Histories.
Hundred Years' War
A Series of campaigns over control of the throne of France, involving English and French royal families. This war lasted from 1337 to 1453 and changed forever the the style of Warfare in Europe.
Battle of Chaeronea
A battle in which Philip II of Macedon defeated the Athenians and Thebans (338 BC) ending Greek independence.
Julius Caesar
A brilliant, Roman, military leader who conquered Gaul (modern day France) between 58 and 50 B.C. He then returned to Rome as a hero and was declared dictator for life in 44 B.C. That same year he was assassinated by a group of senators who were afraid Caesar might become a king.
Hannibal
A brilliant, young, Carthaginian general who attacked Rome during the second Punic War. He famously marched an army of men and elephants across the Alps in an attempt to capture the city of Rome, and avenge the earlier defeat of Carthage. His attempt was unsuccessful and he was later defeated by the Romans at Zama in 202 B.C.
Cancer
A broad group of diseases involving uncontrolled cell growth
scavenger
A carnivore that feeds on the bodies of dead organisms
Shanidar Cave
A cave found in Eastern Iraq, in which it is believed a funeral was held 60,000 years ago by a group of Neanderthals. This leads scientists to believe that Neanderthals had a concept of an after life.
denature
A change in the shape of a protein (such as an enzyme) that can be caused by changes in temperature or pH (among other things).
physical change
A change of matter from one form to another without a change in chemical properties
chemical change
A change that occurs when one or more substances change into entirely new substances with different properties
Inquistion
A church court set up to try people accused of heresy.
Alexandria
A city on the Mediterranean coast of Egypt, founded by Alexander the Great, which became the center of the Hellenistic culture. It contained the famous Library and the Museum and was a center of commerce and trade.
symbiosis
A close relationship between two organisms that benefits at least one of the species
Mixture
A combination of two or more substances that are not chemically combined
mixture
A combination of two or more substances that are not chemically combined
Civilization
A complex culture with five characteristics; 1) Advanced Cities, 2) Specialized Workers, 3) Complex Institutions, 4) Record Keeping, and 5) Advanced Technology.
Nucleic acids
A complex organic substance present in living cells For ex: DNA and RNA
Concordat of Worms
A compromise between the king and the Pope that stated that the church alone could grant a church position, but the King would have the right to veto the possition.
omnivore
A consumer that eats both plants and meats
Fertile Crescent
A crescent shaped area of fertile land that encompasses Mesopotamia, and land next to the Mediterranean Sea down to Egypt and the Nile River valley.
Bohr Model
A diagram showing the location of protons, neutrons, and electrons in an atom
Free Body Diagram
A diagram that shows the forces on an object
Surgeon
A doctor that does surgery
Steppes
A dry grassland that is found north of the Caucasus Mountains, between the Black and Caspian Seas. The land is useful for raising herds and grazing flocks.
The Song of Roland
A famous medieval epic poem that praises a band of French soldiers who perished in battle during Charlemagne's reign.
Bose-Einstein Condensate
A fifth state of matter, the total opposite of gas and plasma.
Applied Force
A force on an object from a person or other object
constructive force
A force that builds UP mountains and landmasses
destructive force
A force that destroys land
Compression
A force that shortens or squeezes something, decreasing its volume (opposite of tension)
Tension
A force that stretches something (opposite of compression)
Allele
A form of a gene
Mosaic
A form of art consisting of a design made of small pieces of colored stone or glass.
Monarchy
A form of government in which a king or queen rule, usually with absolute power, and then pass the power down to their children.
Direct Democracy
A form of government in which citizens rule directly and not through representatives.
Democracy
A form of government in which the supreme authority rests with the people.
Confucianism
A form of philosophical thought that was founded by the Chinese scholar Confucius. This philosophy centered on relationships, especially those in the family, and taught the importance of filial piety, and respect for ancestors.
Improper Fraction
A fraction in which the numerator is bigger than the denominator
Prototype
A full size, working model
Centralized Government
A government in which a central authority controls the running of a state.
Aristocracy
A government in which power is in the hands of the nobility, or wealthy, landowning families.
Monarchy
A government ruled by a king or queen.
biome
A group of ecosystems with similar climates and organisms
System
A group of interacting, interrelated, or interdependent elements or parts that function together as a whole to accomplish a goal
population
A group of organisms of the same species in a given area
Bishop
A high-ranking priest, or Church official with authority over a local area, or diocese.
Nomad
A highly mobile people group who move from place to place foraging, or searching, for new sources of food.
Heart
A hollow, muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body.
Crusade
A holy war. Specifically a number of wars in which medieval Christian warriors sought to recover control of the Holy land from the Muslims.
Chord
A horizontal line across a circle. The biggest chord possible is the diameter.
Glacier
A huge mass of ice slowly flowing over a land mass
Artifact
A human made object, such as tools and Jewlery.
Leakey's
A husband and wife team of Anthropologists who made many of the greatest discoveries about early man.
Insectivore
A insect-eating animal
Manor
A large estate, often including farms and a village, ruled by a lord.
Great Wall of China
A large wall created by Shi Huangdi to connect preexisting defensive walls, along the northern border of China. Built to protect his empire from northern invaders, Shi Huangdi used thousands of forced laborers to build this wall.
Dinosaur
A large, prehistoric reptile
Epidermis
A layer of skin right under exposed skin layer
Aryans
A light skinned, tall, semi-nomadic group of herders who originated in the mountains between the Caspian and Aral seas. Around 1000 B.C. they invaded and conquered the Indus Valley creating their own kingdom.
Constraint
A limit to the design process. Constraints may be such things as appearance, funding, space materials, and human capabilities.
active volcano
A live volcano; shows signs of erupting in the future
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
A long linear polymer found in the nucleus of a cell and shaped like a double helix
Epic
A long poem that tells about legendary or heroic deeds.
Institution
A long-lasting pattern of organization in a community such as government, and religion.
Knight
A man who received honor and land in exchange for serving a lord as a soldier. These were well trained soldiers who fought on horseback for their chosen lord.
Custom production
A manufacturing system that involves producing a limited quantity of a product to a customer's specifications.
Contour Map
A map that shows elevation, natural features, man-made features
Conductor
A material that heat and electricity can pass through
Insulator
A material that heat and electricity cannot pass through
Algebra
A mathematical phrase involving at least one variable and sometimes numbers and operation symbols.
Temperature
A measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in an object
sonar
A measuring instrument that helps map the ocean floor
Troubadour
A medieval poet and musician who traveled from place to place, entertaining people.
Einhard
A medival monk and secretary of Charlemagne who wrote his biography.
Lattice
A method of doing multiplication with using a rectangle/square
Assyria
A militaristic people who forged an empire by conquering Mesopotamia, Egypt, and many other lands, around 850 B.C.
Liu Bang
A military leader who founded the Han dynasty in 202 B.C. He did away with the legalistic policies of the Qin dynasty and brought peace and stability to China.
Heterogeneous mixture
A mixture in which all components are visible
Homogeneous mixture
A mixture in which one substance is evenly distributed, and cannot be seen through naked eye.
Homogeneous Mixture
A mixture that is evenly mixed
Heterogeneous Mixture
A mixture that is not evenly mixed
Equation
A name for a complex number sentence.
Buddha
A name meaning the "enlightened one", used for Siddhartha Gautama, who started the religion of Buddhism.
Themopylae
A narrow mountain pass where 300 Spartan soldiers held off the Persian army so that the rest of the Greek soldiers could escape. The Persian army eventually broke through with the help of a traitor who showed them a way around the pass.
electron
A negatively charged particle in the atom's nucleus
Divisor
A no. in a division problem which divides the dividend
Coefficient
A number in front of a variable
Persian Wars
A number of conflicts between Greek city-states and the Persian Empire, ranging from the Ionian Revolt (499-494 B.C.E.) through Darius's punitive expedition that failed at Marathon. Chronicled by Herodotus.
Square Number
A number that is the product of two of the same factors.
Mixed Number
A number with a integral and a fractional part
neutron
A particle in an atom's nucleus with no charge
Chromosome
A particle that holds tightly coiled DNA
Serf
A peasant laborer who was bound by law to the lands of a noble. He was different from a slave in that he could not be bought or sold but in everyother way was owned by his feudal lord.
Etruscans
A people group, native to Italy, that ruled Rome for more than 100 years. Skilled metal workers they built up Rome and became a leading influence in the Roman culture.
Thousands Period
A period of 3 place values which are thousands place, ten thousands place, and hundred thousands place
Ones Period
A period of 3 place values: Hundreds place, tens place, and ones place.
Great Schism
A period of division in the Roman Catholic Church, 1378-1417, over who should be the pope. During this time there were two, or sometimes even three people claiming to be the true Pope.
Pax Romana
A period of peace and prosperity throughout the Roman Empire, lasting from 27 B.C. to A.D. 180.
Billions Period
A period of the place values billions place, ten billions, place, and hundred billions place
Millions Period
A period of three place values which are the millions place, ten millions place, and hundred millions place
Neolithic Age
A period of time, also known as the New Stone Age, that began around 8000 B.C. and lasted until around 3000 B.C. People during this time learned to polish stone tools, make pottery, grow crops, and raise animals.
Paleolithic Age
A period of time, also known as the Old Stone Age, that lasted from about 2.5 million yr. to 8000 B.C.
Triassic Period
A period when Dinosaurs first evolved.
Jurassic Period
A period when enormous, herbivorous Dinosaurs began to develop
Cretaceous Period
A period when more carnivorous, ferocious Dinosaurs evolved
Vassal
A person granted land from a lord in return for loyalty and service.
Epicurean
A person who follows the ideas of Epicurus in being devoted to refined sensuous enjoyment (especially good food and drink).
Engineer
A person who is trained in and uses technological and scientific knowledge to solve practical problems.
Stoicism
A philosophy founded by Zeno, in Hellenistic Athens that taught that happiness came not from following emotions, but from following reason and doing one's duty. It taught that people should live virtuous lives in line with the laws of the gods, and natural laws.
Legalism
A philosophy, started in China by Hanfeizi, and Li Si, in which a powerful government should be used to keep control. They believed in rewards for good behavior and punishments for bad behavior, but that punishments should be used more often than rewards.
Melanin
A pigment that our skin produces
Ones Place
A place that has 1 digits
Billions Place
A place that has 10 digits
Ten Billions Place
A place that has 11 digits
Hundred Billions Place
A place that has 12 digits
Trillions Place
A place that has 13 digits
Ten Trillions Place
A place that has 14 digits
Hundred Trillions Place
A place that has 15 digits
Quadrillions Place
A place that has 16 digits
Ten Quadrillions Place
A place that has 17 digits
Hundred Quadrillions Place
A place that has 18 digits
Quintillions Place
A place that has 19 digits
Tens Place
A place that has 2 digits
Ten Quintillions Place
A place that has 20 digits
Hundred Quintillions Place
A place that has 21 digits
Sextillions Place
A place that has 22 digits
Ten Sextillions Place
A place that has 23 digits
Hundred Sextillions Place
A place that has 24 digits
Septillions Place
A place that has 25 digits
Ten Septillions Place
A place that has 26 digits
Hundred Septillions Place
A place that has 27 digits
Octillions Place
A place that has 28 digits
Ten Octillions Place
A place that has 29 digits
Hundreds Place
A place that has 3 digits
Hundred Octillions Place
A place that has 30 digits
Nonillions Place
A place that has 31 digits
Ten Nonillions Place
A place that has 32 digits
Hundred Nonillions Place
A place that has 33 digits
Decillions Place
A place that has 34 digits
Thousands Place
A place that has 4 digits
Ten Thousands Place
A place that has 5 digits
Hundred Thousands Place
A place that has 6 digits
Millions Place
A place that has 7 digits
Ten Millions Place
A place that has 8 digits
Hundred Millions Place
A place that has 9 digits
Storage
A place where a communication is stored. EX: DVD, CD, ipod, video game, DVR, Answering machine
Monastery
A place where communities of monks live lives of devotion to God in isolation from the outside world.
Kalidasa
A poet and playwrighter who was a writer at the court of Chandra Gupta II. His most famous work is called "Shakuntala".
Thermal Equilibrium
A point at which two objects reach the same temperature
Holy Roman Empire
A political entity in Europe that began with the papal coronation of Otto I as the first emperor in 962. It was a weak political association of independent states in Germany and Italy.
Feudalism
A political stystem in which a ruler would give parts of his kingdom to trusted nobles in return for loyalty and military service.
Feudalism
A political system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to their king, in exchange for their loyalty, military service, and protection of the people who live on the land.
Tyre
A popular trading port, this Phoenician city-state was known for its trade in a valuable purple dye.
proton
A positively charged particle in the nucleus of an atom
Eleanor of Aquitaine
A powerful French duchess she divorced the king of France and then married Henry II of England. Together they ruled all of England and about 1/2 of France. She was the mother of King Richard the Lion-Hearted, and King John.
Chemical Weathering
A process by which rock is broken down through change in its chemical composition
Scientific Method
A process by which scientists perform an experiment, test a hypothesis, or prove a statement.
Engineering Design Process
A process used to design and build solutions to problems
Characteristic Property
A property that does not depend on the amount of a material
element
A pure substance made of only one kind of atom
Triangular Pyramid
A pyramid in which all 4 faces are triangles and has 1 vertex
Square
A quadraliteral with all 4 sides being the same and 4 right angles
Vector
A quantity that shows magnitude and direction
mutualism
A relationship in which both organisms benefit
parasitism
A relationship in which one organism benefits and the other is harmed, but not killed
Hinduism
A religion and philosophy developed in ancient India, characterized by a belief in reincarnation and a number of gods.
Jainism
A religion that was founded by Mahavira, in the 6th c. B.C., that believes that every living thing has a soul and thus should not be harmed.
Subduction
A result of a convergent plate boundary in which the more dense plate (oceanic) slides under the less dense plate (continental).
Royal Road
A road that ran 1,677 miles connecting Susa, in Persia, with Sardis, in Anatolia. It had way stations every 15 miles to make it faster for royal messengers to travel the distance.
Sketch
A rough drawing that represents the main features of an object or scene and often made as a preliminary study.
Absolute Ruler
A ruler who has unlimited power and controls all aspects of society.
Doctor
A scientist who checks our health, and our body
Archaeologist
A scientist who studies ancient artifacts
Paleoentologist
A scientist who studies prehistoric animals such as dinos, mammoths, trilobites, and etc.
geologist
A scientist who studies the forces that make and shape Earth
Theravada
A sect of Buddhism focusing on the strict spiritual discipline originally advocated by the Buddha.
Mahayana
A sect of Buddhism that offers salvation to all and allows popular workship.
Punic Wars
A series of three wars between Rome and Carthage (264-146 B.C.); resulted in the destruction of Carthage and Rome's dominance over the western Mediterranean.
metabolism
A set of chemical reactions through which an organism builds up or breaks down materials as it carries out its life processes
Bi-Halve
A shell that is symmetrical, or can be split into two
dormant volcano
A sleeping, inactive volcano
Brain
A small, round Organ located under the skull. This body organ controls every part and system of your body. If you lose it, end of your life.
Mercenary
A soldier who works for a foreign government in exchange for money.
Karma
A sort of record kept of all the good or bad things that a person has done in their life, which then affects them when they are reincarnated into their next life.
Solid
A state of matter in which matter has a definite shape and volume
Gas
A state of matter in which matter takes the shape and volume of the container
Liquid
A state of matter in which matter takes the shape of the container and has a definite volume
Line
A straight line which has no endpoints
Variable
A symbol used to represent a quantity that can change
Silk Roads
A system of ancient caravan routes across Central Asia, along which traders carried silk and other trade goods.
Oligarchy
A system of government in which a small group of people holds power.
Open System
A system that is not contained, matter and energy can be exchanged with its surroundings
Closed System
A system that is sealed so that it cannot exchange matter or energy with its surroundings
Design Process
A systematic problem solving strategy, with criteria and constraints, used to develop many possible solutions to solve a problem or satisfy human needs and wants and to winnow (narrow) down the possible solutions to one final choice.
Periodic Table
A table that organizes all of the elements by atomic number; shows trends
Divergent Plate Boundary
A tectonic plate boundary in which two plates come apart.
Transform Plate Boundary
A tectonic plate boundary in which two plates slide past each other.
Convergent Plate Boundary
A tectonic plate boundary in which two tectonic plates come together.
Trojan War
A ten year war, between the Mycenaean Greeks and the city-state of Troy, in Anatolia. In the myth the war was caused when a Tojan Prince kidnapped Helen, the wife of a Greek King.
Homo Habilis
A term meaning 'Man of Skill'. Remains of these people were found in Oldavai Gorge, in Tanzania, by Louis and Mary Leakey.
atomic theory
A theory stating that all matter is composed of atoms
Square Pyramid
A three dimensional shape with a square base, 4 triangular faces, and one vertex at the top
Nubia
A thriving kingdom, also known as Kush, which was located in the southern part of Egypt, along the Nile River. It was a very prosperous kingdom, known for its rich trade network. Its culture was greatly influence by the Egyptians, as they sometimes were ruled by them.
Ziggurat
A tiered, pyramid shaped temple, used as a place of religious worship. The word means "Mountain of God".
Shi Huangdi
A title that was adopted by the emperor of Qin, in 221 B.C., which meant 'First Emperor'. As emperor, Shi Huangdi, ruled with absolute authority, violetly quelling all internal struggles. He expanded his empire through conquest, wishing to unify all of China under his rule.
Force Meter
A tool used to measure the force on an object
Scalene Triangle
A triangle in which NO side is the same
Acute triangle
A triangle in which all angles are acute angles
Right triangle
A triangle in which at least one angle is a right angle
Equilateral Triangle
A triangle in which every single side is the SAME
Isosceles Triangle
A triangle in which two sides are the same, while the other side is different
Obtuse Triangle
A triangle with at least one obtuse angle
Gothic Style
A type of European architecture that developed in the Middle Ages, that created large buildings that focused on light and beauty. They were characterized by flying buttresses, ribbed vaulting, thin walls, high roofs, and stained glass windows.
Comedy
A type of drama writen by the ancient Greeks in which respected people and ideas are made rediculous through crude humor and slap stick.
Bas Relief
A type of sculpture in which forms are raised slightly from the background, creating a 3D affect.
Solution
A uniform mixture where the individual particles are dissolved in one another and cannot be seen.
Constant
A value that does not change
Independent Variable
A variable that is changed by the experimenter
Dependent Variable
A variable that is measured; changes as a result of what the experimenter changes
Antarctica
A very cold continent at the south pole of earth. It is also biggest desert in the world.
Skull
A very strong bone which keeps everything inside your head safe, except, the skin and hair.
Civil War
A war between people in the same country.
Peloponnesian War
A war, lasting from 431 to 404 B.C., in which Athens and its allies were eventually defeated by Sparta and its allies.
Barter
A way of trading goods and services without using money.
Buddhism
A world religion or philosophy based on the teaching of the Buddha and holding that a state of enlightenment can be attained by suppressing worldly desire.
Page
A young boy, usually around the age of 7, who was sent to a castle to learn courtly manners and begin his training to become a knight.
Base Pair Rule
A(adenine) =T (thymine) and C (cytosine) = G (guanine)
Limiting factor
Abiotic factor that limits population growth
four bases of DNA
Adenine, Cytosine, Thymine, Guanine
four bases of RNA
Adenine, Cytosine, URACIL, Guanine
Olaudah Equiano
African who wrote about the horrific conditions Africans endured on Middle Passages voyages
Hyksos
After a series of weak pharaohs Egypt was invaded and conquered by this Asiatic people. They ruled Egypt from about 1640 to 1570 B.C. until they were ousted once more by the Egyptians, who then set up the New Kingdom.
Judah
After the death of King Solomon the Kingdom of Israel broke into two separate kingdoms in 922 B.C. The Southern Kingdom was called Judah, after the tribe of Judah, from which the Hebrew people became known as 'Jews'.
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Aka ER, this is where the cells's chemicals remain and where proteins are made
Dodecagon Angles
All angles ad up to 1800 degrees
Octagon Angles
All angles add up to 1080 degrees
Nonagon Angles
All angles add up to 1260 degrees
Decagon Angles
All angles add up to 1440 degrees
Hendecagon Angles
All angles add up to 1620 degrees
Triangle Angles
All angles add up to 180 degrees
Quadrilateral Angles
All angles add up to 360 degrees
Pentagon Angles
All angles add up to 540 degrees
Hexagon Angles
All angles add up to 720 degrees
Heptagon Angles
All angles add up to 900 degrees
50 Divisibility Rule
All digits excluding the zero have to be divisible by 5
3 Divisibility Rule
All digits of a # have to add up to a 3,6, or 9. If the sum of the digits turn out to be a 2-digit #, add the 2 digit #'s digits again. And repeat that if it again turns out to be a double digit #.
Positive Number
All numbers (whole, fractions, and decimals) that are above zero (Like 1,2,3,456,897,765498399, and etc.)
Integer
All numbers that are negative, positive, non-fractional, and non-decimal
Whole Number
All positive, non-decimal, non-fractional integers
9 Divisibility Rule
All the digits should add up to 9 eventually.
Gallipoli Campaign
Allied effort to destroy the Central Powers' guns and forts that lined the Dardanelles
Scholastics
Also called Schoolmen, these men were scholars who gathered at medieval European universities to learn and debate.
Chang Jiang River
Also called the 'Yangtze River', it flows from the Western mountians down to the Yellow Sea, and is one of the two main river of China.
Bubonic Plague
Also called the Black Death, this was a deadly disease that spread throughout Europe and killed one out of every three people, in the 1300's.
Vikings
Also known as "Norsemen" or "Northmen" these German and Scandinavian peoples raided Europe from the 700's through the 1100's.
Anatolia
Also known as Asia Minor, or the country of Turkey, it is a large peninsula that juts out into the Mediterranean Sea. The land is mostly made up of high, rocky plateaus which provide an abundant supply of timber and minerals.
Charles Martel
Also known as Charles the Hammer. The Carolingian monarch of the Franks who was responsible for defeating Muslims at the battle of Tours in 732, which ended the Muslim threat to western Europe.
Greco-Roman Culture
Also known as Classical Civilization, this is the mixing together of Geek, Roman, and Hellenistic cultures.
Classical Civilization
Also known as Greco-Roman culture, this is a combination of Greek, Roman, and Hellenistic cultures. The ideas from all these cultures were incorporated into Roman art and literature.
Philip II of France
Also known as Philip Augustus, he was the Capetian king who increased the territory of France, and wanted to form a stronger central government. He was the most powerful of the Capetian Kings and was willing to do anything to get what he wanted.
Tithe
Also known as a Church tax, this was a tenth of a family's income given to the church.
Polis
Also known as a city-state, this was a political unit that was made up of a city and its surrounding area.
Huang He River
Also known as the "Yellow River", because of the its color, it is the main river of China, found in the North of the country. Because of its history of disastrous floods it is sometimes called "China's Sorrow".
Wudi
Also known as the 'Martial Emperor' because he expanded the Han empire through war. He was the longest ever ruling emperor of the Han dynasty. He ruled from 141 B.C.to 87 B.C.
Neolithic Revolution
Also known as the Agricultural Revolution, when people went from hunting and gathering for their food to farming.
Kush
Also known as the Kingdom of Nubia, it was a prosperous trading power in the southern part of Egypt.
Cytoplasm
Also known as the protoplasm, this is the main liquid inside the cell, outside the nucleus
the cause of moon phases
Amount of reflected light from sun and position of the Earth
Hittites
An Indo-European people who lived in Anatolia, or modern day Turkey, around 2000 B.C. They created an empire that would span all the way into Mesopotamia with the help of their advanced Iron weapons.
Benedict
An Italian monk who lived from 480-547 and founded the Benedictine order. He wrote a set of rules to be followed in order to live a holy life.
Homer
An ancient Greek epic poet, who is believed to have written the Iliad ,and the Odyssey around 850 B.C.
Yin and Yang
An ancient belief that the natural order of the world is held in harmony with the two halves of Yin (cold, dark, soft, and mysterious things) and Yang (warm, bright, hard, and clear things) balancing each other out.
Phalanx
An ancient military formation of foot soldiers armed with spears and shields, grouped closely together. One of the most powerful battle tactics of the ancient world.
Chaldeans
An ancient people who lived in southern Babylon, along the Persian Gulf. After defeating the Assyrians they took over the area and founded an empire with Babylon as its capital.
Minoans
An ancient, seafaring culture that was centered around the island of Crete from 2000 to 4000 B.C. An extremely advanced and rich culture, they suddenly collapsed around 1200 B.C. when the Thera volcano violently erupted distroying their civilization.
Reflex Angle
An angle that is bigger than 180 degrees but less than 360 degrees
Province
An area of the Roman Empire ruled by a governor, who was supported by an army.
Cleisthenes
An aristocrat, and Athenian leader who created a council of 500 and helped form Athenian democracy. He also broke up the power of the nobility by dividing the population into ten groups based on location instead of wealth.
Xiang Yu
An aristocratic general who was willing to allow the warlords to keep their territories if they would acknowledge him as their feudal lord. He was beaten in battle by Liu Bang, in 202 B.C.
Number
An arithmetical value, expressed by a word, symbol, or figure, representing a particular quantity and used in counting and making calculations and for showing order in a series or for identification.
Ion
An atom with a positive or negative charge
Inference
An educated guess using observation data to make a conclusion.
Carbohydrate
An energy rich compound such as sugar
Lipid
An energy rich organic compound like fat
cell theory
An idea that all living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things, and new cells are produced from existing cells
Shiva
An important Hindu deity who in the trinity of gods was the Destroyer.
organism
An individual living thing
Organism
An individual self-sustaining unit of life or living material. Five forms of organisms: plants, animals, fungi, protists, and bacteria
microscope
An instrument that makes small objects look larger
seismograph
An instrument that measures the ground movement during an earthquake
predation
An interaction in which one organism kills and eats another
Newton's First Law
An object at rest stays at rest until acted on by a net force and an object in motion stays in motion until acted on by a net force.
Addition
An operation in which we combine two numbers to make a larger one.
Division
An operation in which we make parts out of a number, which are equal
Subtraction
An operation in which we take away 1 number from another to get a smaller number
Multiplication
An operation used for the shortening of repeated addition
producer
An organism that makes its own food
Heterozygous
An organism with two diffrent alleles for a trait.
niche
An organism's role, or job, in its habitat
Phenotype
An organisms physical apperance
Guild
An organization of people in the same craft or trade, who worked together to improve the economic or social conditions of its members.
Lift
An upward force on an object (such as a wing) that opposes the downward pull of gravity
Northmen
Another name for Vikings these were Germanic people who attacked and pillaged the people of Europe.
Polyhedron
Another name for a 3-D shape
Australopithecines
Any hominid that walked upright.
Negative Number
Any number that has a minus sign (-) and is smaller than zero
Trapezoid
Any quadrilateral that has two sides that are the same, while the other two are both different from each other
2-D Shape
Any shape that is flat
3-D Shape
Any shape that is like a model
Octagon
Any shape with eight sides
Pentagon
Any shape with five sides
Quadrilateral
Any shape with four sides
Nonagon
Any shape with nine sides
Heptagon
Any shape with seven sides
Hexagon
Any shape with six sides
Decagon
Any shape with ten sides
Triangle
Any shape with three sides
Matter
Anything that has mass and takes up space
matter
Anything that has mass and takes up space
the 3 factors affecting biodiversity
Area, climate, and niche diversity
Ring of Fire location
Around the Pacific Ocean's edge
Alexander the Great
As the son of Philip II, he took power after his fathers death and conquered most of the ancient world from Asia Minor to Egypt and India. This began the Hellenistic culture which was a blending of Greek, Persian, Indian, and Egyptian influences. (356 BCE-323 BCE)
f(x)=ln(x+2)
Asymptote: x=-2 Domain: (-2, ∞)
f(x)=ln(-x)
Asymptote: x=0 Domain: (-∞, 0)
f(x)= -2+lnx
Asymptote: x=0 Domain: (0, ∞)
f(x)=-lnx
Asymptote: x=0 Domain: (0, ∞)
f(x)=ln(x-2)
Asymptote: x=2 Domain: (2, ∞)
f(x) = e^(x-2)
Asymptote: y=0 Domain: (-∞, ∞)
f(x)=e^(x+2)
Asymptote: y=0 Domain: (-∞, ∞)
f(x) = e^(x) +2
Asymptote: y=2 Domain: (-∞, ∞)
Solon
Athenian reformer of the 6th century; established laws that eased the burden of debt on farmers, forbade enslavement for debt; citizens gained more power. He also split society into 4 classes based on weath, creating a higher-achy.
determining the number of neutrons
Atomic mass - Atomic number
Article
Atrikil
Prince Klemens von Metternich
Austrian prince who strongly influenced policy decision-making at the Congress of Vienna
Marie-Antoinette
Austrian wife of King Louis XVI, serving as queen during his reign
Formula for Disk Method
Axis of rotation is a boundary of the region.
Formula for Washer Method
Axis of rotation is not a boundary of the region.
Moctezuma II
Aztec emperor at the time of Cortes's conquest
Nitrogen fixation
Bacteria convert nitrogen gas to usable compounds
Conjunction
Baglayici
Cell
Basic unit of sctructure and function of living things
Support System
Battery, alternator, starter, radiator, heat, wipers, AC, radio, navigation system
Cuneiform
Believed to be the first form of writing, which was created by Sumerian scribes.
We
Biz
Somatic
Blood cells, skin cells, muscle cells ect.
Covalent Bond
Bonds formed by sharing electrons
Ionic Bond
Bonds formed by the attraction between negative and positive ions; transfer electrons
Metacarpal
Bone of the hand between the wrist and each finger
Carpal
Bones in the wrist
Supersonic
Breaking the sound barrier, or travel faster than sound
Decomposer
Breaks down dead things
Admiral Horatio Nelson
British naval commander who won the Battle of the Nile
elements found in carbohydrates
C, H and O in the ratio of 1:2:1
elements found in lipids
C, H and O with NO RATIO
elements found in proteins
C, H, O and N
elements found in nucleic acids
C, H, O, N, P and S
Benzene Chemical formula
C6H6
Vinegar (Molecular formula)
CH3COOH
Carbon Dioxide (Molecular formula)
CO2
Fredrick I "Barbarossa"
Called Barbarossa because of his red beard he was known as a powerful personality and military. He was the German king who ruled the Holy Roman Empire, being the first one to call it that, until his death in 1190.
It
Cansiz, hevan. O
Nucleus
Cells control center
Anaphase
Centromeres split
Physical Change
Change that affects one or more physical properties of a substance but does not produce a new substance
Chemical Change
Change that occurs when one or more substances are changed into entirely new substances with different properties
Physical Property
Characteristics that can be observed or measured without changing the identity of the matter.
Chemical Property
Characteristics that describe a substance based on how it changes into new substances with different properties
Structural System
Chassis, frame, body, windows, seats, dashboard, etc.
Shi Huangdi
China's "First Emperor" who used strict laws and harsh punishments (legalism) as a basis for his government. He founded the Qin Dynasty which was later replaced by the Han dynasty.
Confucius
Chinese philosopher, administrator, and moralist. His social and moral teachings, collected in the 'Analects', tried to replace former religious observances. He believed that social order, harmony and good government could be organized around 5 basic relationships.
Prophase
Chromation in the nucleus condenses to form chromosomes
Metaphase
Chromosomes line up across the center of the cell
Telophase
Chromosomes streatch out and loose rod-like apperance
Homologuous Chromosomes
Chromosomes that pair up
Canon Law
Church law. The laws governing the Roman Catholic Church.
Clavicle
Collarbone
food webs
Collection of food chains; more realistic than a food chain
Step 7 (Design Process)
Communicate the Solution(s)
Diploid Number
Complete set of chromosomes.
Organic
Compounds that do contain carbon
Inorganic
Compounds that do not contain carbon
Hypothermia
Condition when one's body temperature is very low. Happens during winter or cold season
the 7 main biome categories
Coniferous forest, deciduous forest, grassland, desert, rain forest, tundra, desert
Virgil
Considered the greatest of the Roman poets, he wrote the epic poem the Aeniad. It tells of the hero Aeneas and praises Roman virtues.
Step 5 (Design Process)
Construct a Prototype
Wegener's theory
Continental drift
Control Subsystem
Controls speed and direction of a vehicle
found in the mantle
Convection currents
the 4 layers of Earth
Crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core (center of Earth is solid)
Cytokinesis
Cytoplasm divides.
density formula
D = m / v (Density = mass divided by volume)
Cubing function
D: (-∞,+∞) R: (-∞,+∞)
Identity function
D: (-∞,+∞) R: (-∞,+∞)
Logistic function
D: (-∞,+∞) R: (0, 1)
Exponential function
D: (-∞,+∞) R: (0,+∞)
Squaring function
D: (-∞,+∞) R: (o,+∞)
Cosine function
D: (-∞,+∞) R: [-1,1]
Sine function
D: (-∞,+∞) R: [-1,1]
Absolute value function
D: (-∞,+∞) R: [0,+∞)
Reciprocal function
D: (-∞,+∞) x can't be zero R: (-∞,+∞) y can't be zero
Natural log function
D: (0,+∞) R: (-∞,+∞)
Square root function
D: (0,+∞) R: (0,+∞)
chromatin
DNA that is coiled around proteins
Tide
Daily movements of ocean water that change the level of the ocean's surface
Aqueduct
Designed by Roman engineers these artificial channels brought water, over long distances, into cities and towns.
Step 3 (Design Process)
Develop Possible Solution(s)
Machine
Device with fixed and moving parts that modifies mechanical energy in order to do work.
Osmosis
Diffusion of water molecules through a selectively permeable membrane.
Heterochromia Iridis
Disease that cause iris of an eye to have multiple colors
Heterochromia Iridium
Disease that causes eyes that are each a different color
Circumference
Distance around a circle
Wall
Divides a space into rooms
Henry Hudson
Dutch sailor who looked unsuccessfully for the Northwest Passage and explored the river that is now named after him (in New York state)
planet with the greatest density
Earth
geocentric (Ptolemy's theory)
Earth as the center
Carnivore
Eats meat (animals)
Herbivore
Eats plants
Omnivore
Eats plants and animals
Sound Energy
Energy caused by an object's vibrations
Elastic Potential Energy
Energy of shape
Light Energy
Energy produced by the vibrations of electrically charged particles
Chemical Potential Energy
Energy stored in chemical reactions
Propulsion System
Engine, axles, tires, transmission
Sir Francis Drake
English explorer and second person to circumnavigate the globe
Sir Thomas More
English humanist who wrote "Utopia", a book that told about a perfect but nonexistent society based on reason
Henry VIII
English king who broke with the Catholic Church in order to divorce his first wife
William Shakespeare
English playwright and poet; author of famous works such as "Hamlet", "Romeo and Juliet", "Macbeth", and "A Midsummer Night's Dream"
Sun Season
Every 6.25 million years, the sun changes its season. The sun has a blue, orange, purple, and green season
Pranoun
Evezlik
Diameter
Exactly the line of symmetry through a circle
Protein
Example is an enzyme - Chain of amino acids
Bioengineering Technologies
Explores the production of mechanical devices, products, biological substances and organisms to improve health and/or our daily lives
Genes
Factors that control traits
genes
Factors that control traits
limiting factors
Factors that limit the size of a population
Lipids
Fats oils and waxes - Chains of CHO
Verb
Fel
Flooring
Flat wood or concrete supported by beams on the foundation; flat surface at the bottom of rooms
Jan van Eyck
Flemish painter who focused on landscapes and everyday life
Niccolo Machiavelli
Florentine political philosopher and statesman who worte "The Prince", which advised rulers to separate morals from politics
Current
Flow of electrons/charged particles through a circuit
the 3 limiting factors in an ecosystem
Food, space, and weather conditions
Newton's Third Law
For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.
Newton's Second Law
Force equals mass times acceleration
Metamorphic Rock
Formed from another rock type going through extreme heat and pressure to change
Sedimentary Rock
Formed from small sediments compacting together through pressure
Igneous Rock
Formed from volcanic activity
Old Order
France's social and political structure that paces the king at the top and three estates below him
Charles Maurice de Talleyrand
French diplomat who attended the Congress of Vienna on behalf of King Louis XVIII and helped ensure fairness as the new map was drawn
Francis of Sales
French missionary who returned the French district of Savoy to the Catholic church and founded a religious teaching order for women
Republic
From the Latin prase meaning 'Public Affairs' this is a system of government in which officials are voted for by the people. This right was only given to free-born men, who were citizens of Rome.
Even Function
Function whose output does't change for a number and it's opposite
Odd Function
Function whose outputs change when switched from positive to negative of a number
Gravitational Potential Energy
GPE = mgh
3 causes for thickness/thinness of magma
Gas, temperature, and the amount of silica
Chromosome theory of inheritance
Genes are carried from parents to offspring on chromosomes
Genotype
Genetic makeup
Albrecht Durer
German artist who visited Italy in the late 1400's, learning techniques of realism and perspective, influencing later German Renaissance artists
Zimmerman Note
German diplomat's secret message to Mexico urging an attack on the United States
Johannes Gutenberg
German man credited with the invention of movable type in the mid-1400's
U-boats
German submarines that threatened ships in the waters around Great Britain
Consumer
Gets energy from eating other living things
Adaptive and Assistive Devices
Glasses, contact lenses, wheel chair, walker, cane, ramp, grab bars, hearing aid, insulin pump, pacemaker, prsthetic, lifts (stairs, oxygen, respirator, braces (legs), mechanical larynx
Mass Produced
Goods in which many are made at the same time and have interchangeable parts
Custom Made
Goods made individually for each person
Hipparchus
Greek astronomer and mathematician who discovered the precession of the equinoxes, and made the first known star chart, He is also believed to have been the inventor of trigonometry.
Sparta
Greek city-state that was ruled by an oligarchy, focused on military, used slaves for agriculture, and discouraged the arts.
Apostle
Greek for "one sent forth" Refers to the twelve chosen by Jesus during his public ministry as his disciples.
Hydrochloric Acid Chemical Formula
HCl
Haploid Number
Half the number of chromosomes
Pope Gregory VII
He banned Lay Investitures because he thought popes should have the power to name bishops not the kings. He excommunicated Henry IV because he spoke out against him over this issure causing a standoff that Gregory eventually won.
Philip II of Macedonia
He became the king of Macedonia, Greece, in 359 B.C. As a brilliant, yet ruthless leader he transformed his people into an army that would later conquer all of Greece. He would later be succeded by his son Alexander the Great.
Pope Leo III
He crowned Charlemagne Holy Roman Emperor on Christmas Day, 800.
Epicurus
He developed the school of though called Epicureanism in Hellenistic Athens; it held that happiness is the chief goal in life, and the means to achieve happiness was the pursuit of pleasure.
Emperor Henry IV
He fought against Pope Gregory VII over the power to choose church officials and was excommunicated. He had to beg for forgiveness for three days in the cold in order to be let back in the church.
Chandra Gupta I
He founded the Gupta Empire, and took the title "Great King of Kings" in 320 CE. He came to power when he married a daughter of an influential royal family,
First Emperor of Qin
He gave himself the title of Shi Huangdi, or First Emperor, and ruled with an absolute and ruthless hand. He quelled all internal struggles and then proceeded to expand the empire by conquering outside invaders, with the end goal of unifying China.
Gilgamesh
He is believed to have been a Babylonian King of the city-state Uruk, around 2700 B.C. Many epic tales have been written about him, making him out to be a mighty warrior.
Narmer
He is the Egyptian king who is credited with bringing about the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt into one Kingdom, around 3000 B.C. He started the first Egyptian dynasty and founded his capital at Memphis.
Louis the Pious
He was Charlemagne's only surviving son who ruled the Carolingian empire from 814-840. He was a very devout man but an inept leader who divided the empire between his 3 sons brining an end to Carolingian empire.
Octavian
He was Julius Caesar's succussor who later became known as Caesar Augustus. He was able to defeat Mark Antony to gain power over all of Rome and became Rome's first true emperor.
Confucius
He was a Chinese scholar, born in 551 B.C., who wanted to bring stability and order to the land. He believed order could be restored through 5 basic relationships; Ruler and Subject, Father and Son, Husband and Wife, Older Brother and Younger Brother, and Friend with Friend.
Jan Hus
He was a Czechoslovakian religious reformer who taught that the authority of the Bible was higher than that of the Pope. He was excommunicated from the Church in 1412, tried as a heratic, and burned at the stake in 1415.
Paul
He was a Follower, or Apostle, of Jesus who helped spread Christianity throughout the Roman world. He specifically ministered to the gentiles, or non-Jews.
Sargon
He was a great Akkadian leader who ruled from 2334 B.C. to 2279 B.C. He was able to conquer the Sumerians, and other people groups in the area in order to establish the Akkadian empire.
Nebuchadnezzar
He was a great Chaldean King who was known for his great building projects, especially in the city of Babylon. He created the Hanging Gardens of Babylon, one of the ancient wonders of the world, and a seven tiered ziggurat.
Cyrus
He was a great Persian ruler and military genius who began a campaign of conquest from 550 to 539 B.C. He ruled his empire with a strong yet tolerant hand, respecting the customs and religions of the people he conquered.
Sennacherib
He was a particulary violent Assyrian king who ruled around 720 to 683 B.C. He claimed to have sacked many cities and killed large numbers of people.
Thomas Aquinas
He was a scholar who argued that the most basic religious truths could be proved by sound reasoning. He wrote a book called "Summa Theologicae", which combined ancient Greek thought with Christian beliefs.
Cicero
He was a senator, and famous orator of Rome. Who was put to death for his veiws on the assassination of Caesar.
Abraham
He was a shepherd from the city of Ur, in Mesopotamia, who would later become known as the 'Father' of the Hebrew people. According to tradition he was commanded by God to move his family to the area of Canaan where he would start the Hebrew nation.
Louis the German
He was a son of Louis the Pious, who took control of the area of modern day Germany when the empire was divided between he and his brothers.
Gregory I
He was a strong pope, known as Gregory the Great, who strengthened the power of the papacy (office of the pope) and the church. He extended his power to include worldly politics and not just spiritual matters.
Aristotle
He was a student of Plato who tutored Alexander the Great, and invented a method for arguing according to rules of logic. This eventually led to the idea of the scientific method.
Siddhartha Gautama
He was a young nobleman who after years of pampering decided to look for the meaning of life. He eventually became enlightened and from then on was know as Buddha, who founded the religion of Buddhism.
Venerable Bede
He was an English monk who wrote a history of England in 731, which is considered one of the best works of the midieval ages.
John Wycliffe
He was an English reformer who translated the Bible into Anglo-Saxon, and spread radical teachings. He taught that Jesus is the head of the church not the pope, and that the Bible is the final authority for Christian life.
Kautilya
He was an adviser to Chandragupta and wrote a book called the "Arthasastra", on how to rule an empire through strong policies.
Ramses II
He was known as the greatest of the Egyptian pharaohs and ruled from around 1290 to 1224 B.C. He was known as a great warrior, and for his many building projects all around his kingdom.
Otto the Great
He was made king of Germany in 936 and formed a close alliance with the Church in order to limit the power of the nobles. In return for his military service to the pope he was crowned Holy Roman Emperor in 962, creating the Holy Roman Empire.
Seleucus I
He was one of Alexander the Great's generals, who wanted to reestablish the Macedonian rule in the Indus Valley. He and Chandragupta fought a war in which he was defeated around 305 BC.
Plato
He was one of Socrates' students and considered by many to be the greatest philosopher of western civilization. He explained his ideas about government when he wrote "The Republic".
Peter
He was one of the 12 apostles of Jesus, and the first bishop of Rome. He is also believed by Roman Catholics to have been the first Pope.
Laozi
He was the Chinese thinker who believed that all living things on earth, except humans, followed the Dao, or natural order. His followers called this philosophy Daoism, and believed that humans should study nature and the sciences.
William the Conqueror
He was the Duke of Normandy who led the Norman invasion of England (1066), and became the first Norman to be King of England.
Clovis
He was the Frankish king who converted the Franks to Christianity around 496. He was able to unite all the Frankish people into one kingdom under his rule by 511.
Hugh Capet
He was the French king who succeeded Louis the Sluggard in 987. He was an undistinguished duke from the middle of France, who started the Capetian Dynasty.
Urban II
He was the Pope who called for the first Crusade in 1095. He wanted the European Christian nations to unite to win the Holy Land back from Muslim Turks.
Hector
He was the courageous, and noble hero of Troy, in the story of the Iliad. He was killed in battle with Achilles, the Greek hero, during the Trojan War.
Lothair
He was the eldest son of Louis the Pious, who took the middle kingdom and the title of Emperor after the kingdom was split between the 3 brothers.
Chandragupta Maurya
He was the founder of the Mauryan dynasty, which was the first empire in the Indian subcontinent. With his large army he was able to unit Northern India, and defeat Seleucus, who was a general with Alexander the Great.
Charles the Bald
He was the grandson of Charlemagne who received the western part of the empire (modern day France) after it was divided between the 3 brothers of Louis the Pious.
Achilles
He was the great Greek warrior, from the Iliad, whose only weak spot was his heel. He is eventually killed at the battle of Troy, when he is shot through his heel by Paris, a prince of Troy.
Piankhi
He was the great Kushite King who drove the Libyans out of Egypt and put himself in power around 751 B.C. He united the Nile Valley and started the 25th Egyptian Dynasty, which lasted until 671 B.C. when the Assyrians invaded.
King Cyrus I
He was the great king of Persia who conquered the Babylonians in 539 B.C., allowed the Jewish people to return from exile, and gave the Jews help in rebuilding their temple.
King Minos
He was the mythological king of Crete, who was said to have a monster called a Minotaur (half man, half bull), locked in a maze to kill his enemies.
Cambyses
He was the son of Cyrus who took control of the Persian Empire, after his father was killed in battle in 530 B.C. He expanded the empire to include Egypt but alienated the people by persecuting them for their religious beliefs.
King John
He was the youngest son of King Henry II, and Eleanor of Aquitaine. Known for his cruel behavior and lack of military skill, his reign as king was not a good one. He was later forced to sign the Magna Carta.
Ban Biao
He wrote the "History of the Former Han dynasty", but died before he could finish it. His son and daughter finished it for him.
Hanfeizi
He, along with Li Si, was among the founders of the governmental philosphy of Legalism. They believed that in order to have a stable country you needed to have a strong government with absolute power.
the 4 types of consumers
Herbivore, carnivore, omnivore, and scavenger
by dividing its mass by its volume
How is the density of a substance found?
slightly less than a month
How long does it take to travel through an entire moon cycle?
Process
Human activities used to create, invent, design, transform, produce, control, maintain, and use products or systems
Hominid
Humans and other creatures that walk upright.
Integration by Parts: Choice of u
I = Inverse Trig Function L = Natural log (lnx) A = Algebraic Expression (x, x², x³...) T = Trig function (sinx, cosx) E = e^x
Step 1 (Design Process)
Identify the Need or Problem
Intermediate Value Theorem
If f is continuous on [a,b] and k is a number between f(a) and f(b), then there exists at least one number c such that f(c)=k
Extreme Value Theorem
If f is continuous on [a,b] then f has an absolute maximum and an absolute minimum on [a,b]. The global extrema occur at critical points in the interval or at endpoints of the interval.
Combo Test for local extrema
If f'(c) = 0 and f"(c)<0, there is a local max on f at x=c. If f'(c) = 0 and f"(c)>0, there is a local min on f at x=c.
Critical Number
If f'(c)=0 or does not exist, and c is in the domain of f, then c is a critical number. (Derivative is 0 or undefined)
Brahman
In Hinduism he was the universal soul, believe to be made up of the three lesser gods of; Shiva, Brahmin, and Vishnu.
Dharma
In Hinduism, the divine law that rules karma; it requires all people to do their duty based on their status in society.
Tyrant
In ancient Greece, a powerful individual who gained control of the government by appealing to the common people for support.
Triumvirate
In ancient Rome, a group of three leaders sharing control of the government.
Satrap
In order to control the large Persian Empire Darius divided it up into 20 provinces controled by goveners called Satraps. They ruled their provinces like kings but were always under the control of the Emperor.
Lord
In the feudal system this person was a landowner, who could grant fiefs (land) to a vassal.
5 Divisibility Rule
In the ones place there should be a 5, or 0.
magma
Inside of a volcano
SI
International System of Units (Système International d'unités)
process of the cell cycle
Interphase, mitosis, cytokinesis
Construction Technology
Involves building structures in order to contain, shelter, transport, communicate and provide recreation.
Communications Technology
Involves the accurate transfer of information from a sender to a receiver.
Noun
Isim
Three-field system
It was part of the agricultural revolution, a farming technique that left one field out of three sallow for a year to replenish the soil.
Baldassare Castiglione
Italian aristocrat who wrote "The Courtier", which became a handbook for how to succeed in society
Christopher Columbus
Italian sailor who traveled west to reach China but discovered the islands of the Caribbean instead
Christine de Pisan
Italian-born woman who wrote the first important work about the role women played in society
largest planet
Jupiter
Kinetic Energy
KE = 1/2 mv2
Mechanical Energy
Kinetic energy plus potential energy (KE + PE)
Zeus
King of the Greek gods and ruler of Mount Olympus. He was the god of the sky, thunder, and justice.
7 levels of classification
Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
He
Kishi, o
Saul
Known as a great warrior, he was chosen the first King of the Hebrews. He became increasingly power hungery and jealous of others. After he was killed in battle his son-in-law David assended to the thrown.
Fief
Land granted by a lord to a vassal in exchange for loyalty and service.
3 evidences for Wegener's theory
Landforms, fossils, and climate
Tibia
Larger of Two Lower Leg Bones; Inside of Leg
Asia
Largest continent in the world, connected with Europe to make Eurasia.
Common Law
Laws that were common to the whole kingdom and were based on past rulings in the courts. This began to replace law codes that varied from place to place.
Rolle's Theorem
Let f be continuous on [a,b] and differentiable on (a,b) and if f(a)=f(b) then there is at least one number c on (a,b) such that f'(c)=0 (If the slope of the secant is 0, the derivative must = 0 somewhere in the interval).
Outer Core
Liquid layer of the Earth's core that lies beneath the mandle and surrounds the inner core
Biotic
Living parts of an ecosystem
biotic factors
Living things
Crete
Located on the edge of the Aegean Sea, this island served as the center of the Minoan Civilization.
Ring of Fire representation
Location of where most volcanoes and earthquakes occur
Cable Stayed Bridge
Long Distance, Big, Support Heavy Loads, look nice, never fail, new design. Leonard Zamkim Bunker Hill Bridge in Boston is the widest cable stayed bridge in the world. The sunshine skyway in Tampa Bay FL.
Femur
Longest & Strongest bone of body located in the thigh
Mandible
Lower jaw bone
Complex
Machinesmade up of various combinations of simple machines
Bolsheviks
Marxist group that sought to lead a revolution against the Czar's government
Law of Conservation of Mass
Mass is neither created nor destroyed during physical and chemical changes in a closed system
Synthetic Material
Material that is not found in nature (glass, concrete, and plastics)
conductors
Materials that allow electric charges to flow through them easily
insulators
Materials that prevent electric charges from flowing through them easily
Calculus
Math of change
Paterfamilias
Meaning 'Father of the Family', In Roman culture the eldest male relative had absolute power over his household.
Hieroglyphics
Meaning 'sacred carving' in Greek, it was the Egyptian form of writing, using pictographs to represent ideas and sounds.
Homo Erectus
Meaning 'upright man', these human like creatures lived about 1.6 million years ago. They are believed to have developed technology, used fire, and had a spoken language. These people are also believed to have been the first to have migrated from Africa.
Diaspora
Meaning dispersal, The Romans forced the Jewish people out of Isreal after they attempted to win their freedom in 132 A.D., and scattered them throughout the Roman world.
Philosopher
Means a person who is a "Lover of Wisdom", and searches for truth no matter where it leads them.
I
Men
Area model
Method of doing multiplication. You use a model to do it
Millimeter or Millimetre
Metric unit Abbrieviation-mm 10x small than centimeter (cm)
Bacteria
Mini-microscopic organisms who have been here since Earth was formed
Tournament
Mock battle in which knights would compete against one another to show off their fighting skills.
Tribute
Money or goods paid to a powerful nation in order to ensure peace between you.
the cause of tides on Earth
Moon and sun's gravitational pull on different parts of Earth's oceans
Last Quarter
Moon phase in which the Moon is waning and 1/4 of the Moon can be seen
New Moon
Moon phase in which the observer cannot see any parts of the lit half of the Moon
Crescent
Moon phase that is less than half full
Gibbous
Moon phase that is more than half full
Waning
Moon phases decreasing in light
First Quarter
Moon phases in which the Moon is waxing and 1/4 of the Moon can be seen
Full Moon
Moon phases in which the observer can see the full lit half of the Moon
Waxing
Moon phases increasing in light
compound microscope
More than one lens
Simple Beam Bridge
Most Common, Short Spans, Light Loads, Often used to bridge land, Highway overpasses
Stupas
Mounded stone structures built over holy Buddhist relics.
Maximilien Robespierre
Mountain member and a leader of the National Convention
Wind
Movement of air
Passive Transport
Movement through cell without using cellular energy
Body Cell
Muscle, skin, blood, any type that makes up portion of body.
Mantle
Mushy/thick liquid layer between the crust and the core
Ammonium Nitrate Chemical Formula
NH4NO3
equinox
Neither end of Earth's axis is tilted toward or away from the sun
Interjection
Nida
Parts of speech
Nitq, danishmaq
Hunter-Gatherer
Nomadic groups whose food supply depends on hunting animals and collecting plants for food.
Xiongnu
Nomadic raiders from the grasslands north of China during the reign of Han dynasty. Emperor Wudi fought against them in the mid-100s BC.
Abiotic
Nonliving parts of an ecosystem
abiotic factors
Nonliving things
atomic number
Number of protons
Oxygen (Molecular Formula)
O
comet
Object of ice orbiting the sun
First Quarter or Third Quarter
Observed during a neap tide
Control System
Odometer, speedometer, gas gauge, oil gauge, temperature gauge.
sea-floor spreading
Older rock gets pushed into trenches and subduction pushes the rock into the mantle, where it then melts and becomes magma
simple microscope
One lens
Darius
One of Cambyses elite body guard, he took over the rule of the empire around 522 B.C. He did this with the help of the 'Immortals', elite Persian soldiers. After restoring order to the empire he continued the conquests of Egypt and Anatolia, but was never able to take Greece.
Empress Lu
One of Liu Bang's wives who seized power with the help of powerful friends at court. She outlived her son and retained control of the throne by naming first one infant and then another as emperor, and then ruling for them.
Mahabharata
One of the great epics of Indian literature which recounts the struggle of the Aryans to conquer India.
Greeks
One of the original cultures of Rome, they migrated from across the Ionian Sea, from Greece, and settle in Southern Italy. They greatly influenced the culture of ancient Rome.
Tragedy
One of the two main types of drama, writen by the ancient Greeks, it usually had a tragic hero who is brought down in the end by a personal fatal flaw. The main themes of these serious dramas were; love, hate, war, and betrayal.
Parasitism
One organism benefits and one is hurt
Predation
One organism benefits and one is killed
Commensalism
One organism benefits and one is left neutral
rotation
Orbit around axis
revolution
Orbit around object
ellipse
Orbit shape of a comet
Producer
Organism that gives energy to consumers - Makes own food
Eukaryote
Organism with at least 1 nuclei in each cell
Lithosphere
Outermost, rigid layer of the Earth that consists of the crust and the rigid upper mantle part of the mantle
Siding
Outside of your house to protect it from the weather and for decoration
the 3 types of seismic waves
P waves (first to arrive), S waves, and surface waves (causes most damage)
Internal energy is a measure of _____________________ .
PE+KE
the 4 subparts of mitosis
PMAT (Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase)
4 phases of mitosis in order
PMAT (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase)
Ulna
Part of lower arm with Radius
Radius
Part of lower arm with Ulna
Interchangeable Parts
Parts that are identical so they can be easily replaced
Burghers
People who were in the merchant class and lived in towns.
Darius III
Persian king who lost his empire to Alexander the Great.
the 3 limits to dispersal
Physical barriers, competition, and climate
objects in space that reflect light
Planets, moons, comets, planets, asteroids, and meteors
Vasco da Gama
Portuguese explorer who traveled to Calicut, India in 1497
Constantinople
Previously known as Byzantium, Constantine changed the name of the city and moved the capitol of the Roman Empire here from Rome.
Industrial Processes
Procedures involving chemical or mechanical steps to aid in the manufacture of an item or items
Diffusion
Process by which molecules move from an area of higher concentration to one of lower concentration
Gamete
Product of meiosis
Job Safety
Protection from risk of harm or injury while operating equipment or working Safety Device- Apparatus or attachments that prevent a mechanism from being operated unintentionally or inappropriately
Enzymes
Protiens that speed up chemichle reactions
Framing
Provides a stable frame to which interior and exterior wall coverings are attached
Accuracy
Proximity of the measurement to the true value
Force
Push or pull
She
Qadin, o
the 3 types of heat transfer
Radiation, conduction, and convection
Step 8 (Design Process)
Redesign
reason why moon looks bright
Reflected sunlight
Symbiosis
Relationship between more than 1 organism
Clergy
Religious officials, such as priests, given authority to conduct religious services.
Interphase
Replication
Step 2 (Design Process)
Research the Need or Problem
RNA
Ribonucleic acid
Czar Alexander I
Russian ruler during Napoleon's failed invasion of Russia
6 elements of life
SPONCH (sulfur, phosphorus, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen)
Detritivore
Scavengers
Oceanologist
Scientist that studies the ocean and water life
Hybrid
Scientists call an organism that has two different alleles for a trait.
Step 4 (Design Process)
Select the Best Possible Solution(s)
You
Sen
Games
Sex cells, sperm cells, egg cells
Athena
She is the daughter of Zeus, and goddess of wisdom, skills, and warfare.
Joan of Arc
She was a French peasant girl who became a military leader, inspired by religious visions that told her to organize a French resistance to the English and to have Charles VII, of France, crowned king. She was later tried for heresy and burned at the stake in 1431.
Hatshepsut
She was a New Kingdom Pharaoh that took power when her husband died leaving her the guardian of his son, Thutmose III, a young child. She then claimed the throne for herself and the Kingdom thrived under her rule because she focused on trade instead of war.
Scholastica
She was the sister of Benedict who headed a convent and adapted her brothers rules, for a holy life, for women.
Subject
Shexs
Adjective
Sifet
stars' characteristics classification order
Size, brightness, and temperature
Artisan
Skilled workers who make goods by hand.
Melanoma
Skin Cancer
Cranium
Skull
Gladiators
Slaves in the Roman Empire, who were trained to fight to the death, for the entertainment of the Roman people.
Derivative
Slope of a line curve, Slope of line tangent to a curve
Nucleic Acids
Small molecules that make up protiens
Stomata
Small opening in plant
Sediment
Small pieces of sand, rock, and soil
the 4 states of matter
Solid, liquid, gas, and plasma
input
Something put into a system, such as resources, in order to achieve a result.
Sonic Boom
Sound produced by objects at supersonic speed
Prepasition
Soz onu (a, an,the)
Hernán Cortés
Spanish explorer and conqueror of the Aztec empire (in what is now, Mexico)
Teresa of Avila
Spanish nun who reformed the Carmelite order
Bartolomé de Las Casas
Spanish priest who criticized treatment of Native Americans, and suggested that slaves from Africa be used as laborers instead
encomienda
Spanish system in which a colonist received land and Native American workers, to whom they were required to teach Christianity
conquistador
Spanish word for conqueror; name for Spanish military leaders who fought against the native people of the Americas
Sex Cells
Sperm and Egg cells.
Zygote
Sperm and egg combination
Mitochondria
Stage of respiration that releases most of the energy in glucose
Fourth Crusade
Started in 1204 this Crusade never even reached the Holy Land but instead plundered Constantinople, a Christian City.
Suspension Bridge
Steel Cables are under tension, Steel/Concrete Towers, Big, thick steel cable, concrete piers, concrete Anchors
Vacuole
Storage area of the cell
Foundation
Strong supports at the bottom of a structure that support the floor and walls of the structure, between the flooring and the footing
Footing
Structure that transfers the load (weight) of the house to the soil, supports the foundation
heliocentric (Copernicus's theory)
Sun as the center
Indirect Sunlight
Sunlight that has low concentration or is spread across a large area; causes winter
Direct Sunlight
Sunlight that is highly concentrated or focused in a small area; causes summer
Ingulfing
Surrounds and swallows
Radical
Symbol for root of a number
Plumbing
System of pipes and drains installed in a building for moving water and the removal of wastes
Transportation Technology
Systems and devices that move people and goods from one place to another.
7 Divisibility Rule
Take the number and multiply each digit beginning on the right hand side (ones) by 1, 3, 2, 6, 4, 5. Repeat this sequence as necessary. Add the products. If the sum is divisible by 7 - so is your number. Example: Is 2016 divisible by 7? 6(1) + 1(3) + 0(2) + 2(6) = 21
Factoring
Taking a long polynomial, and simplifying it by taking a common factor.
Olympus Mons
Tallest mountain in the Solar System
the 3 things that determine a biome
Temperature, climate, and precipitation
Step 6 (Design Process)
Test and Evaluate the Solution(s)
2 Divisibility Rule
The # has to be even or, end with a 0,2,4,6, or 8.
10 Divisibility Rule
The # should end in a 0.
Henry II
The 12th century English king who made important changes to the countries Judicial system by the introduction of the jury system (later to be known as Common Law). He married Eleanor of Aquitaine, gaining him rich French lands, and together they had King Richard the Lion-Hearted, and King John.
Ashurbanipal
The Assyrian king who built one of the ancient world's largest libraries, containing over 20,000 clay tablets. The works were separated by subject and cataloged.
Demosthenes
The Athenian orator who tried to warn the Greeks of the threat Philip II and his army posed. He was later defeated in battle at Chaeronea.
Diocletian
The Emperor of Rome (284-305) who divided the empire into east and west (286) in an attempt to rule the territory more effectively. He ruled the empire with an iron fist and when he revived the old religion of Rome it led to the last major persecution of the Christians (303).
Richard the Lion-Hearted
The English king that was left to lead the crusaders in an attempt to regain the Holy Land from Saladin during the Third Crusade. He made a truce with Saladin which allowed unarmed Christian pilgrims to visit the city's holy places.
Charlemagne
The Frankish king who conquered most of Europe and was crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Leo III in the year 800.
Franks
The Germanic people who lived and held power in Gaul. Their leader was Clovis and he would later bring Christianity to the region. By 511 the Franks had united into one kingdom and they controlled the largest and strongest parts of Europe.
Magna Carta
The Great Charter forced upon King John of England by his barons in 1215. It established that the power of the monarchy was not absolute and guaranteed trial by jury, and due process of law, to the nobility.
Euclid
The Greek mathematician who lived in Alexandria and wrote a book called "The Elements", a textbook that became the basis for modern geometry.
Hesiod
The Greek poet who wrote the "Theogony", an epic poem that talks about the Greek gods. Along with Homer, his works provided a lot of the Greek mythology of their gods and heroes.
Mycenaean
The Indo-European people who settled on the Greek mainland around 2000 BC.
St.Francis of Assisi
The Italian saint who founded the Franciscan order of friars in the 12th, and 13th Centures. He believed in treating all creatures, including animals, as spiritual brothers and sisters.
Jesus
The Jewish teacher and prophet who was born in Judea, a province of the Roman Empire. He came as a religious leader and reformer, but was seen as a dangerious revolutionary by the Romans, and some Jewish leaders. He was arrested and crucified around 29 A.D., but is belived to have risen from the dead 3 days later. The followers of this man and his teachings are known today as Christians.
Richard the Lion-Hearted
The King of England from 1189 to 1199, he was the son of King Henry II and Queen Eleanor of Aquitaine. He fought in the Holy Land against Saladin during the Third Crusaded eventually ending in a truce.
Macedonia
The Kingdom, ruled by Philip II, and later by Alexander the Great, that was located north of Greece. The poeple who lived in this mountainous region did not live in city-states, but in small villages. The people of lower Greece viewed the Macedonians as uncivilized.
Augustus
The Latin term meaning "exalted one", was taken by Octavian, the adopted son of Julius Caesar, when he made himself emperor. This was the beginning of the Roman Empire.
Attila
The Leader of the Huns who put pressure on the Rome's borders when he attacked the empire during the 5th c. A.D.
Zoroaster
The Persian profit who started the religion of Zoroastrianism around 600 B.C. To explain why the world has so much suffering in it he taught that the Earth is a battle ground in which good and evil fight eachother. Humanity must choose to do good, not evil.
Pompeii
The Roman city near Naples, Italy, which was buried during an eruption of Mount Vesuvius in A.D. 79. which preserved many buildings and art.
Constantine
The Roman emperor who promoted tolerance to all religions in the roman empire and legalized Christianity in 313 A.D.
Mark Antony
The Roman general who was a close friend, and supporter of Julius Caesar. He was one of the three rulers who formed the Second Triumvirate along with Octavian and Lepidus. Later met Queen Cleopatra of Egypt and followed her to Egypt which led to warring between he and Octavian. He later committed suicide along with Cleopatra.
Pompey
The Roman general, who along with Crassus, and Julius Caesar made up the first Triumvirate. He was an ally of Caesar but later the two went to war against eachother ending with Pompey's defeate, and murder in Egypt.
Leif Ericson
The Viking explorer believed to be the first European to reach the New World (in about 1000 AD).
Energy
The ability to cause an object to move
Religious Toleration
The acceptance of people who held different religious beliefs.
pH
The acidity or alkalinity of any liquid
Density
The amount of matter in a given space
Slope
The angle of a line, found by: y=mx+b y= (y2-y1)/(x2-x1)
Sum
The answer to a addition problem
Quotient
The answer to a division problem
Difference
The answer to a subtraction problem
Lunar Phase
The appearance of the light part of the Moon as seen from Earth
Phase
The appearance of the light part of the Moon as seen from Earth
Lay Investiture
The appointment of religious officials by kings or nobles.
Subcontinent
The area of Asia which includes India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh, that is cut off from the rest of the Asian continent by high mountain ranges.
Classical Art
The art of ancient Greece in which harmony, order, and proportion were emphasized. It portrayed ideal beauty instead of the realistic form.
temperature
The average kinetic energy of individual particles
Atomic Mass
The average mass of one atom of an element
cell
The basic unit of life
Cleopatra
The beautiful and charismatic queen of Egypt, who was a mistress of Julius Caesar, and later of Mark Antony. She killed herself to avoid capture by Octavian in 30 B.C.
adaptations
The behaviors and physical characteristics that allow organisms to live successfully in their environments
Reincarnation
The belief that a person's soul is reborn time and time again until that person discovers perfect knowledge known as Moksha.
Vinson Massif
The biggest mountain in Antarctica
Mount Everest
The biggest mountain in the world above sea level which is in the Himilayan Mountain Range, Asia
Rocky Mountains
The biggest mountain range in North America which is located in the US
Mauna Loa
The biggest mountain the world, both under and above sea level in Hawaii. 2/3 of it is under sea and 1/3 is above.
Hellenistic
The blending of Greek cultures with those of Persia, Egypt, and India following the conquests of Alexander the Great.
Canon Law
The body of laws governing the religious practices of the Christian church and its members.
Parliament
The body of representatives that makes laws for The English nation. It was created by Edward I in order to raise money for his wars in France, and agianst the Welsh, and Scots.
Aegean Sea
The body of water that is found between Greece and the Anatolian Peninsula.
Phalanges
The bones that comprise the fingers and toes
Denominator
The bottom part of a fraction and is the number of parts there are in the whole
Persepolis
The capital and greatest palace-city of the Persian Empire, destroyed by Alexander the Great.
convection currents
The cause for plates to move
Monopoly
The complete control of a product or business by one person or group. They control both the production and distribution of the product in this type of market.
Second Crusade
The crusades goal was to recapture Edessa but was a failure because of internal disagreements among the crusaders. This led to the lose of not only Edessa but also Jerusalem in 1187. [1145 to 1147]
Fundamental Theorem of Calculus #1
The definite integral of a rate of change is the total change in the original function.
Specialization
The development of skills in a specific kind of work.
Han Dynasty
The dynasty started by Lui Bang, in 202 B.C., who was a great and long-lasting rule. It discarded the harsh policies of the Qin dynasty and adopted Confucian principles; Han rulers chose officials who passed the civil service exams rather than birth.
Twelve Tables
The earliest written collection of Roman laws, drawn up by patricians at the request of the Plebians, about 450 B.C. These laws were carved on twelve tablets and became the foundation of Roman law.
Harappan Civilization
The early civilization that occupied the Indus River Valley and was named after the ancient city of Harappa, which was discovered by archeologists in the area. This civilization was known for its advanced city planning.
Reconquista
The effort by Christian leaders to drive the Muslim Moors out of Spain, lasting from the 1100s until 1492.
Theogony
The epic poem by Hesiod that provided a lot of the Greek mythology.
Iliad
The epic poem, by Homer, that tells of the Trojan War.
Aeneid
The epic poem, writen by the Roman poet Virgil, that told the story of a great Trojan hero, Aeneas.
Middle Ages
The era in European history that followed the fall of the Roman Empire, lasting from about 500 to 1500 - also called the medieval period. This period of time in Europe combines the classical heritage of Rome, the beliefs of the Roman Catholic Church, and the customs of Germanic tribes.
Vernacular
The everyday language of people in a region or country.
Inflation
The extreme drop in the value of money combined with the rise of prices.
Carolingian Dynasty
The family that ruled the Franks from 751 to 987. The Dynasty was started by Pepin The Short, and brought to the hight of its power by his son Charlemagne.
Patriarchal
The father or oldest male is the authority figure in the family.
Matriarchal
The female head of a family or tribal line.
Mauryan Empire
The first Empire to unify most of the Indian subcontinent. It was founded by Chandragupta Maurya in 321 B.C.E. It had a large army which was supported with heavy taxes.
Olduvai Gorge
The first bones of Homo Habilis were found here by Louis and Mary Leakey in the 1960's. It was discovered that these people had stone tools and so their name means 'Man of Skill'.
Face
The flat sides of a 3-D shape
Cytosol
The fluid inside a cell, confused with Cytoplasm
Normal Force
The force one surface exerts on another surface
Frictional Force (Friction)
The force that opposes motion between two surfaces that are touching
Drag
The force that opposes or slows motion in a fluid (liquid or gas); opposite of thrust
Asoka
The grandson of Chandragupta who ruled the Mauryan Empire and brought it to its hight of power. He converted to Buddhism from Hinduism and tolerated other religions when he was the leader.
Scipio
The great Roman general who commanded the invasion of Carthage in the second Punic War, and defeated Hannibal at Zama (circa 237-183 BC).
Nineveh
The great capital city of Assyria, founded by King Sennacherib, was the largest of its time. The city was built along the Tigris River and was surrounded by a wall 3 miles long and a mile wide.
Solomon
The greatest of all the Hebrew Kings, he was the son of King David and Bethsheba, ruling around 962 B.C. He was known for his wisdom and his many building projects in Jerusalem, including the new Temple.
Chlorophyll
The green pigment in chloroplasts, absorbs light energy from the sun
Elevation
The height of an object above sea level
Patrician
The hereditary aristocracy, or ruling class of ancient Rome who held most of the power. They believed they had the right to make the rules based on the fact that their power was handed down through the generations.
Mount Olympus
The highest mountain in Greece, where the ancient Greeks believed many of their gods and goddesses lived.
Brahmin
The highest of the four classes of the caste system, in Hindu culture, traditionally made up of priests.
Mean Value Theorem
The instantaneous rate of change will equal the mean rate of change somewhere in the interval. Or, the tangent line will be parallel to the secant line.
Artificial Intelligence
The intelligence of computers that we add to them
Tamil
The language of the Tamil people who live in southern India. These people where members of three kingdoms that were never conquered by the Mauryan Empire.
Babylon
The largest and most important city in Mesopotamia. It was the capital of the Babylonian Empire around 600 B.C.
Colossus of Rhodes
The largest known Hellenistic statue was created on the island of Rhodes. This bronze statue stood more than 100 feet high. One of the seven wonders of the ancient world was toppled by an earthquake about 255 B.C., later the bronze was sold for scrap.
Tarquin the Proud
The last of the Roman kings who was known for his abusive rule. He was finally driven from the throne in 510 B.C., and led the Romans to declare they would never again be ruled by a king.
8 Divisibility Rule
The last three digits of a number have to be divisible by 8. Or, the number has to be divisible by 4 and 2
4 Divisibility Rule
The last two digits have to be divisible by 4
Fibula
The lateral and smaller bone of the lower leg
Pope
The leader of the Roman Catholic church.
Moses
The man who led the Hebrew people out of slaver, in Egypt, around 1300 B.C., or 1200 B.C. He was hidden by his mother in a basket, and placed on the river were he was discovered by Pharaohs daughter. Later after fleeing to the desert he was called on by God to lead the Hebrew people out of Egypt.
Pheidippides
The man who ran from Marathon to Athens to announce the Greek victory over Persia in the Battle of Marathon (490 BC), and then died.
magnitude
The measure of an earthquake's strength
Weight
The measure of the amount of gravity on an object
Active Transport
The movement of materials through a cell membrane when the cell's energy is required.
dispersal
The movement of organisms from one place to another
Migration
The movement of people or animals from one region to another.
Erosion
The movement of soil/dirt by wind, or water
Salamis
The naval battle, during the Pursian War, where the Greek forces defeated the Persians, shortly after the battle at Thermopylae. The Greek ships were smaller and more maneuverable than the Persian ships.
6 Divisibility Rule
The number has to be divisible by 3 and 2 to be divisible by 6
12 Divisibility Rule
The number has to be divisible by 3 and 4
Dividend
The number in a division problem which is divided by a divisor
Significant Digit
The number of digits that meaningfully contribute to the precision of a measurement
Atomic Number
The number of protons in one atom of the element
Addends
The numbers that add together to make a sum
Factors
The numbers we multiply together to get a product
Fractional Part
The part of a mixed number that is a fraction
Integral Part
The part of a mixed number which is a whole number.
Floor
The part of a room on which one stands
Fraction
The part of a whole
Leg
The part of body which supports you and lets you stand up.
Product
The part of the chemical reaction that is created
Reactant
The part of the chemical reaction that is going to react/ the part your start with
Dynastic Cycle
The patern of rise, decline, and replacement of ruling dynastic families.
orbit
The path an object follows as it revolves around another object
Mesozoic era
The period of time in history when the dinosaurs lived
Year
The period of time that it takes an object to revolve around the Sun
Physical Weathering
The physical breakdown of rocks into smaller fragments without changing their chemical composition
epicenter
The point on the Earth's surface directly above the focus of an earthquake
Angle
The point where two lines meet
Vertex
The points of a three dimentional shape
Interdict
The pope could forbid priests to give the sacraments of the Church to the people of a town, or a country (kicking them out of the church). This was a weapon of the Roman Catholic church in order to punish those who went against the Pope.
Saladin
The powerful leader of the Muslims during the third crusade who captured Jerusalem in 1187, and signed a truce with King Richard the Lion-Hearted in 1192.
natural selection
The process by which individuals that are better adapted to their environment survive and reproduce more successfully than less well adapted individuals do
inheritance
The process by which physical and biological characteristics are transmitted from the parent (or parents) to the offspring
Deposition
The process by which sediment is dropped or settles.
Meiosis
The process by which the number of chromosomes is reduced by half to form sex cells
Irrigation
The process by which water is diverted from streams and other bodies of water, in order to water crops.
Water Displacement Method
The process used to measure the volume of an irregular solid in which the volume of water in a graduated cylinder is subtracted from the volume of water and object in the same graduated cylinder
Cube number
The product of when you multiply 3 of the same number together
Acceleration
The rate at which an object changes speed
substrate
The reactant on which an enzyme works.
Chemical Reaction
The rearrangement of atoms to make new molecules
Neanderthal
The remains of these people were first discovered by quarry workers in the Neander Valley, Germany. They are believed to have lived around 200,000 to 30,000 years ago, when they mysteriously vanished. These people were supposedly very intelligent, and strong, with religious beliefs, and rituals.
Cataracts
The rocky or ruff part of a river that makes it impassable by boats.
Gupta Empire
The second empire in India, founded by Chandra Gupta I, who took the title "Great King of Kings", in A.D. 320
David
The second great king of Israel who came to power after the death of King Saul. He was a powerful, devout, and popular king who united all the tribes of Israel into one powerful kingdom, with Jerusalem as its capital. He is most famous for his battle with the Philistine giant Goliath, whom he killed with a sling-shot.
Appalachian Mountain Range
The second largest mountain range in the US, near the east coast
Simony
The selling of official positions in the medieval Roman Catholic Church.
Gaugamela
The site of a battle in 331 BC between Alexander the Great and Darius III. Alexander emerged victorious. The defeat began the elimination of the Persian Empire.
Assimilation
The social process of absorbing one cultural group into harmony with another. The ancient Chinese government wanted the people to intermix with the newly conquered peoples so that they would be more united.
Inner Core
The solid, dense center of the Earth
Homo Sapiens
The species name for modern humans that means "Wise Men". While Homo Sapiens may have physically resembled Homo Erectus, they had larger brains.
Plasma
The state of matter that does not have a definite shape or volume and whose particles have broken apart; composed of electrons and positively charged ions
Thutmose III
The step-son of Hatshepsut, the female pharaoh, who ruled in his stead while he was a child. In order to claim the thrown it is believed that he may have had Hatshepsut killed. He was a warlike leader who conquered Palestine, and Syria, and also led his forces in to the Southern Kingdom of Nubia.
Varnas
The strict social structure that the Aryans brought with them to the Indus Valley. It is derived from the word 'Varna', which means skin color, and eventually became known as the social structure.
Molecule
The structure of numerous atoms together; the structure of a compound
Atom
The structure that makes up elements
competition
The struggle between organisms to survive in a habitat with limited resources
Geography
The study locations on Earth, and maps
Science
The study of EVERYTHING around us
Biology
The study of animals and plants
Zoology
The study of animals only
Botany
The study of plants only
Geometry
The study of shapes, angles, and etc.
Astronomy
The study of stars, planets and outer space
Communication
The successful transmission of information through a common system of symbols, signs, behavior, speech, writing, or signals.
11 Divisibility Rule
The sum of the even digits is subtracted from the sum of the odd digits. The result is either 0 or divisible by 11.
solstice
The sun is overhead at 23.5 degrees
Construction
The systematic act or process of building, erecting, or constructing buildings, roads, or other structures.
Domestication
The taming of wild animals such as horses, dogs, and pigs, for human use.
Intertia
The tendency of an object to resist change in motion
Roof
The top of a structure
Numerator
The top part in a fraction and is how many parts are shaded, cut, taken, etc. from a whole
heat
The total energy of all particles
Thermal Energy
The total energy of the particles that make up an object
Myth
The traditional stories of a culture that tell about their gods and heroes.
Convection
The transfer of thermal energy by the movement of particles
Radiation
The transfer of thermal energy by waves
Conduction
The transfer of thermal energy through direct contact
Treaty of Verdun
The treaty that divided the carolingian empire into three sections, to be split between the three sons of Louis the Pious, signed in 843.
Manufacturing
The use of machines, tools and labor to make things for use or sale
Technology
The way that people use knowledge, tools, and inventions to meet their needs.
Latins
These ancient people were the first to settle in what would become the city of Rome, and are known as the first Romans.
Sacrament
These are important religious ceremonies, in the Christian church, that help pave the way to salvation. [ex. Baptism, Communion, Marriage]
Legalists
These are people who believe in the philosphy of legalism. That is they believe that governments should rule with absolute control over its population.
Monsoon
These are strong seasonal winds that can bring powerful storms to a region sometimes causing massive floods.
Upanishads
These are the interpretations of the Vedic Hymns, that Hindu teachers wrote down between 750 and 550 B.C.
Torah
These are the most sacred of the Hebrew writings, comprising the first 5 books of their bible. (What is also known as the Old Testament in the Christian faith.)
Abbots
These men were the religious leaders of a monastery.
Indo-Europeans
These people are thought to have been a nomadic tribe who came from the plains of the Caucasus Mountains, and then spread out from there.
Phoenicians
These people did not have a united country, but instead occupied a number of city-states in the modern area of Lebanon. They were accomplished sailors, and ship builders, who became powerful traders in the Mediterranean region, around 1100 B.C.
Medes
These people had a large empire just east of the Assyrian empire. They joined forces with the Chaldeans in 612 B.C. in order to conquer the Assyrians and burn their capital, Nineveh, to the ground.
Cro-Magnon
These people who are identical to modern humans appeared around 40,000 years ago. They had new tools, planned hunts, and appear to have migrated from Northern Africa to Asia and Europe.
Germanic Invaders
These various groups moved into the lands of the Roman Empire and eventually took them over. They were Germanic people who were forces South in the Roman lands by the invading Huns.
Bodhisattvas
These were enlightened persons who could become a Buddha but have chosen to postponed nirvana in order to help others attain enlightenment.
Civil Servise
These were government jobs that people were able to get if they passed a written examination. The government of the Han emperor Wudi provided schools to study Confucianism so they would have educated people to fill these posts.
Upper and Lower Egypt
These were once two separate kingdoms, in what would become known as Egypt, until they were united under one pharaoh. The pharaoh Narmer is usually accredited with the unification of Egypt but it could have been done by a pharaoh know as the "Scorpion King".
Scribe
These were professional record keepers.
Pyramid
These were the huge tombs, or burial places, for the pharaoh's of ancient Egypt. They believed that a person lived on after death and so they wanted their tombs to be a palace where they could live out eternity.
Tribune
These were the officials elected by the plebeians to protect their rights from the unfair acts of the Patricians.
Peasant
These were the people on the lowest level of feudal society. They were not of noble birth, or in high possitions. They were the people who worked the land.
Shang
These were the people who ruled in Northern China around 1700 B.C. to 1027 B.C. They were the first ruling dynasty to leave written records behind.
Sea People
These were unknown invaders, possibly from many different cultures, who invaded Egypt and helped to bring an end to the Egyptian Empire.
Helot
These were what the ancient Messenians were called after they were conquered by the Spartans in 725 B.C. They became the slave labor, forced to live on the land they worked for the Spartans.
Brahmin
They were Aryan priests, and the most respected of the four main social groups of that culture.
Crust
Thin, outermost layer of the Earth; also the uppermost part of the lithosphere
Secular
Things concerned with worldly matters rather than spiritual, or church matters.
Senate
This 300 member branch of the Roman government controled both the legislative and administrative functions of the government. Originally only the aristocracy were allowed into the Senate but later the Plebians were allowed to join.
Ice Man
This Stone Age man, called Otsi, was found frozen in the Italian Alps by two German hikers. He is believed to have died there around 5,000 years ago, and has given scientist a new insight in the early age of man.
Battle of Legnano
This battle took place in 1176 between Fredrick I "Barbarossa", and the Lombard League (a group of Italian merchants) who were joined by the Pope. Fredrick's knights were beaten by the Lomard League's foot soldiers who were using cross bows, forcing him to ask for peace.
Meroe
This city lies close to the Red Sea, and became an important trading center for the Nubian people. The golden age of the Nubian people started here when they were forced out of Egypt by the Assyrians.
Carthage
This colony, founded by the Phoenicians in 814 B.C., was located in Nothern Africa, in what is now the country of Tunisia. This would be the greatest of all the Phoenician colonies.
Plebeian
This group of ancient Romans made up most of the population, and consisted of farmers, artisans, and merchants.
Commercial Revolution
This included the expansion of trade and new ways of doing buisness that transformed the European economies.
I Ching (Yi Jing)
This is a book of oracles, or predictions, in which a person throws a special coin and then interprets the meaning from the book. It usually offers good advise and, or common sense.
Delta
This is a broad, marshy, triangular area of land formed by silt deposits, at the mouth of a river.
City-State
This is a city which acts as an independent country, with its own government and ruling body. Ur, in Sumer, is said to be the first city-state to have ever developed.
Vedas
This is a collection of four, Aryan, religious texts which show prayers, magical spells, and instructions for performing rituals.
North China Plain
This is a fertile area, known as China's heartland, between the Huang He and Chang Jiang rivers.
Untouchables
This is an Indian social group which exists outside of the Caste system. The people of this group are considered impure, and beneath animals in importance.
Empire
This is created when a single ruler brings together a number of people, nations, and previously independent states under their control.
Loess
This is fertile soil that is blown in from the deserts of Northern and Western China. This is the soil that gives the silt of the Huang He, or Yellow River, its distinctive color.
Asia Minor
This is the Peninsula, also known as Anatolia, which is surrounded on three sides by the Black Sea, Aegean Sea, and the Mediterranean Sea.
Covenant
This is the agreement made between two people, or groups of people. In the Jewish (Hebrew) tradition, Abraham made a covenant with God that he and his descendents would worship no other gods.
Monotheism
This is the belief in only one God.
Filial Piety
This is the belief that a person should respect their parents and ancestors.
Daoism
This is the belief, started by the Chinese philosopher Laozi, that the world has a natural order and that all creatures need to follow it. He believed that all creatures on earth follow the natural order, except humans. Followers of Daoism tend to study nature through the sciences in order to understand the natural order.
Moksha
This is the highest form of enlightenment that a person can achieve in Hinduism. A place of perfect being, which is achieved through the constant cycle of reincarnation.
Nirvana
This is the highest level of enlightenment that a person can achieve in Buddhism. This is when a person is released from the human bondage of selfishness and pain.
Indus Valley
This is the site of the ancient Harappan Civilization which lived in this valley around 2300 B.C. They were advanced city planners and are known for their many farward thinking innovations such as indoor plumbing and a grid based city plan.
Pictographs
This is the use of pictures to represent words, and was the first form of writing used before more complex systems were created.
Brahman
This is the world's soul, according to Hindu belief, and consists of the souls of everything on Earth. It is also believed that this great god of Hinduism, consists of three lesser gods; Vishnu, Shiva, and Brahma.
Cuneiform
This means wedge-shaped. This was a form of writing developed by Sumerian scribes which used pictographs, or symbols, to show the meaning of a word.
Persia
This mighty empire first achived greatness under the rule of Cyrus the Great, in 550 B.C. This empire would last for generations and eventually encompass Egypt, Anatolia, and lands east into India.
Magyars
This nomadic group attacked Western Europe from the east, sweeping across the plains of the Danube River. They came from what is now Hungary and were known for their great horsemanship.
Bronze Age
This period started in Sumer around 3000 B.C. when people started to use bronze to make weapons instead of stone and copper.
Qin Dynasty
This powerful, ruling family, came out of the state of Qin and replaced the ruling Zhou Dynasty. They used the philosophy of Legalism to rule their subjects and impose peace.
cycling matter
This refers to the natural cycles of specific types of matter such as the nitrogen cycle, the carbon cycle and the water cycle
Catal Huyuk
This site is believed to be one of the oldest settlements in the world. The people, who lived here around 72,000 years ago, in the Neolithic age, were farmers lived in mud brick houses.
Mandate of Heaven
This stated that the gods had given the right to rule to the emperor. He was allowed to rule while he was just and good but if he become evil or foolish the gods would take his power away.
Chivalry
This was a Code of conduct for knights during the Middle Ages in which they were required to be loyal to their feudal lord, God, and their chosen lady.
Avignon
This was a city in southern France which became home to the Papacy from 1305 to 1377. When Clement V was elected pope in 1305 he moved the the center of Church power to this city.
Excommunication
This was a form of punishment for not following Church law. It ment that a person was banned from the Church and its sacraments, in other words, you could not go to heaven.
Acropolis
This was a fortified hilltop where people would go for portection, and to discuss government issues.
Dictator
This was a leader, who was elected by the Consuls, and approved by the Senate, to rule for six months during times of crisis. These men would have absolute power to make laws and control the military while in office.
Romanesque Style
This was a style of archetecture that was used in the building of churches from between 800 and 1100 AD. This style was characterized by thick walls, small windows, and rounded arches.
Caste
This was a term coined by 15th c. Portuguese explorers to explain the social structure of the Indian people. The system was originally created by the Aryans to seperate their people from the groups they had conquered.
Ur
This was a thriving city-state, in the region of Sumer, in what is now Southern Iraq. The people of this city had a class system, religious orders, and a thriving economy which were helped by their ability to irrigate their crops.
Prehistoric
This was a time period around 5000 years ago, before writing was invented.
Oracle Bone
This was an animal bone or tortoise shell which was used, by a priest, to ask questions of the gods. They would carve the question into the bone or shell and then heat it with a hot poker. When the shell, or bone cracked the priest would decipher the gods answer.
Palestine
This was an area of land that would consist of modern day Isreal, Lebanon, Syria, and Jordan, that lie along the Mediterranean coast. This region would later be named Palestine by the Romans after the Philistine people who lived there.
Estates-General
This was an assembly of representatives from all three of the estates, or social classes, in France. It was a government body created to increase the power of the king over the nobility.
Papyrus
This was an early form of paper made by the Egyptions, from reeds found in marshy areas.
Mummification
This was done to the bodies of high ranking Egyptians who wished to have their bodies preserved for all time. A body was embalmed and dried to keep it from decaying and then wrapped and placed in a sarcophagus, or coffin.
New Kingdom
This was the Kingdom that was set up after the Hyksos were driven from Egypt. The rulers of this period, roughly 1570 to 1075 B.C., were set on making a mighty empire and conquered many lands with new weapons and technology.
Legion
This was the Roman military unit, made up of 5,000 foot soldiers (infantry). This unit could be further divided into smaller groups of 80 men, called a Century.
Lucy
This was the adult skull of a female Hominid, discovered by Donald Johnson, in Ethiopie. She was named after the Beatles song "Lucy in the Sky With Diamonds".
Canaan
This was the ancient home of the Hebrew people, which included much of the area of Palestine.
Knossos
This was the capital city of the Minoan people, located on the island of Crete. The city was first excavated in the late 19th, early 20th centuries, and showed that the Minoans were an advanced and largely peaceful people.
Sumer
This was the first group of people to form a large civilization with advanced cities, with a ruling dynasty based in their capital of Ur.
Israel
This was the land, along the Mediterranean Coast that was formaly called the land of Canaan. The Hebrew people conquered this land after they escaped Egypt, and formed the Kingdom of Israel.
Ten Commandments
This was the moral code that was given to Moses, by God, on top of Mount Sinai. These laws were the new covenant between the Hebrew people and God, which were supposed to tell the people how to live good lives.
Mesopotamia
This was the site of one of the first advanced civilizations. Meaning 'Land between the rivers' in Greek, it incompases the area between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers.
Shang Di
This was the sumpreme god of the Han people of China.
Pharaoh
This was the title given to the rulers of Egypt who were thought to be gods in their own right.
Suspension System
Tire axles, shocks springs
Sublimation
To change directly from a solid to gas or vice versa. This skips the liquid state. Carbon dioxide sublimates into dry ice
Enlightenment
To have great wisdom.
Hold
To keep from falling or moving; support Lift is an upward force used to overcome gravity
Thrust
To push or drive quickly and forcibly
Rotate
To spin on an axis
Revolve
To travel around
atomic mass
Total mass of protons, neutrons, and electrons
Sangha
Traditionally these were Buddhist monks, but know it is a term used for anyone who follows Buddhism.
conduction
Transfer of heat through direct contact of molecules
radiation
Transfer of heat through space
convection
Transfer of heat through the motion of fluids
the 3 boundaries
Transform, convergent, and divergent
where the ocean floor gets destroyed
Trenches and subduction
Spectrum
True 7 colors of natural light
Caltrops
Two inch iron spikes thrown on battlefields intended to wound horses.
Consuls
Two officials from the patrician class who were appointed each year to lead the Roman Republic. They would supervise the government and command the armies during their terms of office. In case of disagreements one always had the right to veto (turn down) the others decision.
Mutualism
Two organisms benefit from the relationship
Cantilever Bridge
Type of Beam Bridge, Big, Long span, Tobin Bridge in Boston, First of Forth Bridge in Scotland
Woodrow Wilson
United States President during World War I
Humorous
Upper Arm Bone
Insulation
Used usually to keep in heat or air conditioned air
Observation
Using 5 senses or watching to describe an object.
Steel or Concrete Arch Bridge
Vary in size, strength, and length. Longfellow Bridge in Boston, Rainbow Bridge in Niagara Falls.
A _____________ is a quantity that has both a magnitude and a direction.
Vector,
Spine
Vertebral column
location of noble gases
Very last column on the right
seismic waves
Vibrations that travel through Earth carrying the energy released during an earthquake (helps find the epicenter)
Subsystems of a Vehicle
We will use a car as an example
the gravitational pull of the moon on the Earth
What causes the rise and fall of the oceans (tides)?
lava
What comes out of a volcano
diamond
What is the hardest mineral known?
waning
What phase is the moon in when the visible portion is decreasing?
waxing
What phase is the moon in when the visible portion is increasing?
Pangaea
What was the last supercontinent called?
Squire
When a Page reached the age of 14 he was able to become a servant of a Knight who would then train him.
Polytheism
When a culture or person believes in more than one god.
Autocracy
When a government has unlimited power and uses it anyway they wish. This was the governmental philosophy of Shi Huangdi.
Bureaucracy
When a government needs to have smaller departments to help divide up the work of the whole. It is believed Confucius laid the ground work for bureaucracy in China with his belief in the importance of education.
Neutral pH
When a liquids pH is 7.0
Alkaline
When a liquids pH is higher than 7.0
Acidic
When a liquids pH is lower than 7.0
Cultural Diffusion
When a new idea or object is spread from one culture to another.
Dynasty
When a ruling family passes the power down from father to son in a long succession.
Retrieval
When a stored message is decoded.
Racking
When a structures angels change and are no longer the same degrees.
liquefaction
When loose soil turns into liquid mud
Slash-and -Burn Farming
When people cut down trees or grasses and burned them in order to clear land for farming.
Lunar Eclipse
When the Moon appears dark because the Earth blocks the Sun's light from reaching the Moon
Solar Eclipse
When the Moon passes between the Sun and the Earth and blocks the Sun's light
Theocracy
When the ruler of a country, or empire, has absolute religious authority, and/or rules as a god.
Destination
Where a communication ends
Source
Where a communication originates
Land Breeze
Wind from the land to the ocean
Sea Breeze
Wind from the ocean to the land
the 3 means of dispersal
Wind, water, and other living things
Fourteen Points
Woodrow Wilson's plan for world peace, proposed in 1918
Arthasastra
Written by Kautilya, one of Chandragupta's advisors, who wrote a ruler's handbook outlining how to rule a large empire. He suggested toughminded policies such as spying, and political assassination.
Annals and Histories
Written by Tacitus this book expressed the good and bad of imperial Rome.
Design Brief
Written plan that identifies a problem to be solved, its criteria, and its constraints; used to encourage thinking of all aspects of a problem before attempting a solution.
Possive case
Yiyelik hal (mensubiyyeti)
Adverb
Zerflik
orthographic projection
a 2-D, or flat, representation of a 3-D object using views of each side of the object.
structure of a monosaccharide
a 5 or 6 carbon ring
Continental System
a blockade that stopped all French and allied ships from trading with Great Britain to prevent that nation from funding the rebellion against Napoleon
acceleration
a change in velocity speeding up, slowing down, changing direction a = final velocity - initial velocity / time
joint-stock company
a company in which investors buy shares of stock, receiving a portion of the profits, but only risk losing the amount of their investment if it failed
Wedge
a device that is thick at one end and tapers to a thin edge at the other end
Engineering Drawing
a drawing created to communicate specific details about an object following specific design guidelines
zygote
a fertilized egg; it is diploid
Inclined Plane
a flat sloped surface
coup d'état
a forced transfer of power
mutation
a genetic mistake
theocracy
a government in which church and state are joined and whose officials are considered to be divinely inspired
Period
a horizontal row of elements on the periodic table
caravel
a light, fast sailing ship with a rudder and lateen (long, triangular) sails
Suspension subsystem
a mechanical system of springs or shock absorbers connecting the wheels and axles to the body of a wheeled vehicle
Multiview Drawing
a method of drawing views of an object as it is seen from different positions and arranged in a standard order
Protestant Reformation
a movement beginning in the 1500's to reform the Roman Catholic Church, which led to a split of the church between Catholics and Protestants
humanism
a movement that emphasized the possibilities of individual accomplishment and the almost limitless potential of the human mind
Interchangeable parts
a part of a product that can easily be replaced and used in other area of the product so that it can be quickly fixed.
Orbital
a path that goes around a central point (not always round); used to show the location of electrons in an atom
plebiscite
a question put before all voters
Jainism
a religion founded in India in the sixth century BC, whose members believe that everything in the universe has a soul and therefore shouldn't be harmed. Mahavira founded this religion.
counterrevolution
a revolution against a government established by a revolution
Lever
a ridged bar that is free to pivot or rotate on a fixed point
nationalism
a sense of identity and unity as a people
monosaccharide
a single sugar molecule that is the monomer of a carbohydrate
organelle
a specialized cell structure that performs a specific job within a cell
Truss
a strong, supportive structure made of triangles
Electron
a subatomic particle with a negative charge
Neutron
a subatomic particle with a neutral charge
Proton
a subatomic particle with a positive charge
Compound
a substance composed of two or more elements that are chemically combined
Pure Substance
a substance in which there is only one type of particle; includes elements and compounds
neutral
a substance that is 7 on the pH scale, its neither acidic or basic.
Element
a substance that is made of only 1 type of atom; cannot be separated or broken down
Guidance Subsystem
a system of equipment for guiding the path of a vehicle
Suspension/Support
a vehicular system that produces proper support for the weight of the vehicle and cargo
Group
a vertical row of elements on the periodic table
d/dx[a^x]=
a^x*lna
fitness
ability of an organism to survive and reproduce in its environment
__________ is the rate of change of your velocity
acceleration
ecosystem
all the organisms in a particular location, including their non living environment
Triple Entente
alliance between France, Russia, and Great Britain
If aluminum has a higher specific heat than copper, then if you heat a gram of each to 100 degrees, and put them each into 1 liter of water at 20 degrees , then the water with the ___________ in it will end up with a higher temperature in the end.
aluminum
Napoleon Bonaparte
ambitious military leader who became emperor of France
Cutting
an action that causes material to be removed
Linear Equation
an equation whose graph forms a straight line
Renaissance
an era of renewed interest and remarkable progress in art, literature, science, and learning in Europe, beginning in Italy in the 1300's
guillotine
an execution device that drops a sharp, heavy blade through the victim's neck
Polynomial
an expression with two or more terms
Screw
an inclined plane wrapped around a cylinder
Encoder
an object which turns message data and sounds into codes that can be sent
goal
an objective that a person or piece of technology wants to obtain and works to achieve
gland
an organ that secretes hormones into the bloodstream
phenotype
an organisms physical appearance
location of glycogen
animal liver and muscles
polypeptide
another name for a protein
Marxism-Leninism
another term for Bolshevism
Charles Borromeo
archbishop of Milan who implemented the reforms decreed by the Council of Trent, such as building schools for priests
Franz Ferdinand
archduke of Austria-Hungary whose assassination led to World War I
metals
are a good conductor of both electricity and heat. Metals are usually malleable and shiny.
Primary Processes
are processes that change raw materials into industrial materials
Secondary Processes
are processes that turn industrial materials into finished materials
budding
asexual reproduction in which part of the parent organism pinches off and creates a new organism
gravity
attraction between all objects depends on MASS and DISTANCE
kingdom plantae
autotrophic, multicellular, eukaryotic, cell walls of cellulose
Temperature is a measure of ________________________________
average kenitic energy
an example of prokaryote
bacteria
ligament
band of connective tissue that holds the bones together
Battle of Verdun
battle in which Germany tried to kill as many French soldiers as possible, believing the French could not bear to see this historic city captured
circulatory system
body system consisting of the heart and blood vessels that circulate blood through the body
digestive system
body system the breaks down food and absorbs nutrients
Metatarsal
bones of the foot between ankle and toes
codominance
both genes contribute to the phenotype of the organism
An elastic collision is when after the collision the objects _________________________ and therefore have different velocities.
bounce
Suspension bridge
bridge that hangs between two tower-like structures with cables
Hundred Days
brief period of renewed glory for Napoleon
amino acid
building block of a protein
simple sugar
building block of carbohydrate
monomer
building block or small molecule; can be linked into long chains.
four main biological molecules
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
4 macromolecules of life
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acid
meiosis
cell division that results in four gametes with half the number of chromosomes; produces haploid cells
mitosis
cell division which keeps the chromosome number and creates two identical daughter cells; produces diploid cells
interphase
cell grows, performs its normal functions, and prepares for division
location of phospholipids
cell membranes
prokaryote
cell with NO NUCLEUS or membrane bound organelles, mostly bacteria; contains a cell membrane, cytoplasm, DNA, and ribosomes only
eukaryote
cell with a nucleus and membrane bound organelles
haploid
cells containing half the chromosomes or only one chromosome from each homologous pair; ex. gametes
The force that keeps a car turning around a corner, pushes the car in the direction _____________, and is called _____________ .
center, centripetal
evolution
change over time; process by which modern organisms descended from ancient organisms
hormone
chemical messengers secreted by glands into the blood
bourgeoisie
city-dwelling merchants, factory owners, and professionals
Finishing
coats or modifies the surface of parts or products to protect them, make them more appealing to the consumer or both
endocrine system
collection of glands that secrete hormones into the blood which regulate growth, development, and homeostasis
net force
combination of all forces acting on an object
Net Force
combination of all the forces acting on an object
gene pool
combined genetic information of all the members of a population
ceramic
comes from the word pottery, often found in porcelain, china, bricks, plates, etc
cell membrane
composed of phospholipids and proteins; allows molecules to enter or exit the cell
acid
compound that release H+ ions in solution; pH less than 7
base
compound that releases OH- ions in solution; pH greater than 7
glycogen
compound used by animals to store carbohydrates in the liver and skeletal muscles
Francisco Pizarro
conqueror of Inca Empire in Peru, for the Spanish
multiview drawing
consists of two or more views of a 3D object
An object moving at a constant speed in a circle has ___________ (no, constant) acceleration.
constant
carnivore
consumer that eats animals or meat
herbivore
consumer that eats plants
carbohydrates
contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; main source of energy for body, commonly end in "ose"
virus
contains DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat; needs a host cell to reproduce so is not considered living
nucleus
contains the DNA and controls the cell
denitrification
conversion of nitrates in the soil by bacteria into nitrogen gas
Transmitter
converts electrical currents into radio waves, which are then sent out over an antenna
Trig Identity: 1=
cos²x+sin²x
incomplete dominance
creates a blended phenotype; one allele is not completely dominant over the other
Dmitri Mendeleev
creator of the periodic table
Martin Luther
critic of the Roman Catholic Church whose ideas sparked discussion about its practice and beliefs, and lead to the founding of Lutheranism
location of translation
cytoplasm/ribosome
Design
decision-making process that produces plans for products or systems that meet human needs and wants or solve problems.
annulled
declared invalid based on church laws
semi-permeable/selectively permeable
describes a cell membrane because it controls the substances which are allowed to enter/exit the cell
diploid
describes a cell with both homologous chromosomes present
Isotonic solution
describes a solution outside a cell whose concentration of dissolved substances is equal to the concentration of dissolved substances inside the cell
HYPERtonic solution
describes a solution whose concentration of dissolved substances outside the cell is higher than the concentration of dissolved substances inside the cell
Hypotonic solution
describes a solution whose concentration of dissolved substances outside the cell is lower than the concentration of dissolved substances inside the cell
double helix
describes the structure of DNA
Marketing
determines what types of products should be made and makes sure that the company understands what the consumer wants and needs.
Production
develops a plan and mass-produces the product
energy pyramid
diagram that shows the energy available to each trophic level in an ecosystem; 10% is passed on to upper levels, the rest is lost as heat
cladogram
diagram that shows the evolutionary relationships among organisms based on derived characters; resembles a timeline
natural variation
difference among individuals of a species; results from mutation and sexual reproduction
concentration gradient
difference in concentration from one area to another (i.e. inside of cell compared to outside of cell)
concentration gradient
difference in concentration of a substance on two sides of a membrane
hydrophobic
dislikes water
Work is equal to force times __________.
distance
cell division
division of a parent cell into two identical daughter cells
cytokinesis
division of the cytoplasm
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
document written by the National Assembly advocating equality, freedom of speech, and freedom of religion
Eukarya
domain of organisms that contain nuclei
Eukaryota
domain of organisms that contain nuclei, includes animals, plants, fungi, and protists
DNA
double stranded nucleic acid that stores and transmits genetic information
If you have two objects and you double the mass of one of them, the force of gravity between them ___________
doubles
d/dx[e^x]=
e^x
∫e^xdx=
e^x+C
Brittle
easily broken
capitalism
economic system in which private individuals rather than governments perform most of the economic activity, with the goal of making a profit
When you turn on a hair dryer, ___________ energy becomes __________, ____________, and _______________ energy
electrical, heat, light, michanical
Nonmetal
elements that are dull and are poor conductors of thermal energy and electric current
Metal
elements that are shiny and are good conductors of thermal energy and electric current
Metalloid
elements that have properties of both metals and nonmetals
excretion
elimination of wastes from the body (urine, carbon dioxide, sweat)
The ability to do work is called ____________ .
energy
function of simple carbohydrates
energy
activation energy
energy needed to start a reaction
Halfway down a rollercoaster hill, the potential energy _______ (is equal to, greater than, less than) the kinetic energy.
equal
When a car hits a bug, the car hits the bug with a ___________ force than the force with which the bug hits the car
equal
When there is no energy flowing between different materials, it is at ________________________ .
equalibrium
When there is no net force on an object, it is in _______________ .
equlibrium
plantation
estates in the Americas where cash crops were grown on a large scale
universal systems model
everything has a system or is made of a system including input, process and output
indulgences
exchange of money for forgiveness of sin
Alternative Definition of a Derivative
f '(x) is the limit of the following difference quotient as x approaches c
Raphael
famous painter of both classical and religious subjects, and an accomplished architect
egg
female gamete
output
final product
Ferdinand Magellan
first explorer to attempt to circumnavigate the globe; he was killed on the way, but some of his sailors completed the journey
genus
first part of an organism's scientific name
prophase
first phase of mitosis in which chromosomes appear as X's, nuclear membrane disappears, and spindle starts to form
Beam Bridge
flat beam that is supported by two piers
Decking
flat surface capable of supporting weight, similar to a floor, but typically constructed outdoors
Force is a _______________ (vector,scalar).
force is a vector
Gravity
force that pulls objects towards the center of the earth.
Shear
force that pushes in opposite directions within the material
friction
force that works OPPOSITE to motion sliding friction causes the most resistance!
allele
form of a gene
nucleolus
found inside the nucleus; contains directions to make ribosomes
Ignatius of Loyola
founder of the Jesuits whose search for spiritual peace led him to give up his belongings and practice self-denial
). If you are sliding a box at a constant velocity, then your push must be equal to ________________.
friction
_____________________ is a force that resists motion or force, and it depends on the types of surfaces touching each other, and _________________.
friction, normal force
If you give a box a shove and let go, then the forces (there is friction) on the box are __________, ______________and ____________ .
friction, weight, normal force
d/dx[a^g(x)]=
g'(x)a^g(x)lna
d/dx[e^g(x)]=
g'(x)e^g(x)
oxygen
gas that is a reactant for cellular respiration, and a waste product released during photosynthesis
carbon dioxide
gas that is a reactant of photosynthesis and a waste product of cellular respiration
genotype
genetic makeup of an organism
monosomy
genetic mutation which result in a cell having ONE copy of a chromosome, instead of TWO
trisomy
genetic mutation which results in a cell having THREE copies of a chromosome, instead of TWO
Joining
gluing, welding, bolting, strengthening the bonds
subsidies
grants of money given by governments for purposes such as helping people start new businesses
The force of _____________ causes all things to accelerate toward the center of the Earth.
gravity
When you shoot a basketball, if you keep your hand on the basketball longer, you increase the time of the impulse and therefore the final momentum is ______________
greater
For the same two surfaces, static friction is always _______________ kinetic friction.
greater than
cilium
hairlike projections that help some cells move
cilia
hairlike projections used for movements
Tools that separate
hammer, pliers, band saw, drill press, sander
Tools that fasten
hammer, pliers, wrench, nuts and bolts, nails, screws, screwdriver
rough endoplasmic reticulum
has ribosomes attached which make proteins, that are then transported to the Golgi bodies
heterozygous
has two different alleles for a particular trait
homozygous
has two identical alleles for a particular trait; true-breeding or purebred
secular
having a worldly (ordinary life) rather than spiritual (church life) focus
Duke of Wellington
head of the British troops during the Battle of Waterloo
greenhouse effect
heat retained by the gases of the Earth's atmosphere to maintain the Earth's temperature range
kingdom fungi
heterotrophic, mostly multicellular, eukaryotic, cell walls of chitin
kingdom animalia
heterotrophic, multicellular, eukaryotic, no cell walls
-ln(cosx)+C = ln(secx)+C
hint: tanu = sinu/cosu
signal protiens
hormones, which communicate with othe cells
. Heat always flows from a __________ object to a _____________ object.
hot, cold
allele frequency
how often a form of a gene appears in a gene pool
lipid
huge molecule that contains carbon, hydrogen, and a little oxygen; includes fats, oils. and waxes
sister chromatids
identical chromosome copies that are attached to each other
John Calvin
important Protestant reformer whose writings became the basis of Calvinism
Tools that lift
incline plane, pulley, car jack
cell cycle
includes interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis
cytoskeleton
includes the microtubules and microfilaments; network of proteins in the cytoplasm that help cell maintain its shape and move
Simple Machine
increases our mechanical advantage and help us apply forces we could not provide with just our own strength.
immigration
individuals joining a population
emigration
individuals leaving a population
An object's resistance to a change in its motion is called its __________.
inertia
Momentum is ___________________________
inertia of motion
propaganda
information designed to influence people's opinions
adaptation
inherited characteristic that increases an organism's chance of survival
You feel comfortable in a 70 degree room, even though your body is at a higher temperature, because air is a good ______________ (conductor, insulator).
insulator
endoplasmic reticulum
internal transport system of the cell, modifies proteins, and synthesizes lipids
Decoder
is a device which does the reverse of an encoder, undoing the encoding so that the original information can be retrieved
Shaping
is the process by which a material is chipped away to change its shape
Separate
is the process by which part of a material is removed, usually through cutting Separating uses tools to shear or machine away unwanted material
Technology
is the use of knowledge, tools, and resources to help people solve problems.
scalar
just magnitude
When you do work on an object, you change its _____________ energy.
kenitic
_____________ energy is the energy of motion.
kinetic
Plant
kingdom composed of multicellular autotrophs
Animalia
kingdom composed of multicellular heterotrophs that digest food
Eubacteria
kingdom everyday bacteria are placed into
Archaebacteria
kingdom for ancient bacteria that live in harsh conditions
fungi
kingdom of heterotrophs that obtain nutrients through absorption
Fungi
kingom of heterotrophs that obtain nutrients through absorption (ex. mushrooms, yeasts)
Arch Bridge
large abutments at the end of the bridge with an arch shape in the middle
polysaccharide
large carbohydrate created by joining smaller monosaccharides together
polymer
large molecule made up of smaller building blocks or monomers.
macromolecules
large molecules that are formed by joining smaller organic molecules together
carrying capacity
largest number of individuals of a population that the environment can support
telophase
last phase of mitosis, chromosomes are in two new cells and nuclear membrane starts to reappear
. But when you are stopping an egg with a sheet, you increase the time of the impulse, but the impulse is the same, and therefore the force is _________________.
less
The car then accelerates _______________ the bug does
less than
hydrophilic
likes water
Contour Lines
lines that connect points of equal elevation
chemical bond
link formed by two electrons that binds atoms togetherl where the energy in a compound is stored
function of waxes
lipids that seal water in or out
function of sterols
lipids that send messages
biotic factor
living organisms that affect an ecosystem
∫secxdx=
ln|secx+tanx|+C
∫tanxdx=
ln|secx|+C
∫1/xdx=
ln|x|+C
axon
long fiber that carries electrical impulses away from the nerve cell body
chromosomes
made of DNA; contain directions for making proteins
Pulley
made of a grooved wheel with a rope or cable wrapped around it
vector
magnitude + DIRECTION
ribosomes
make proteins following instructions on the DNA
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
makes lipids (fats, phospholipids, sterols) needed by cell
Quality Control
making sure that quality remains high during manufacturing
sperm
male gamete
The measure of an object's inertia is its ______________.
mass
cytoplasm
material between the cell membrane and te nucleus
Council of Trent
meetings called by Pope Paul III to make a series of reforms to the church and clarify important teachings, took place between 1545 and 1563
nuclear envelope
membrane containing pores that surrounding the nucleus
mRNA
messenger RNA; type of RNA that carries instructions from DNA
spindle
microtubule structure that separates chromosomes during mitosis
molecular clock
model that uses DNA comparisons to estimate how long two organisms evolved from a common ancestor
Lock & Key Model
models which describes how enzymes "fit" with their substrate, the same way locks fit into keys
plastic
moldable, man-made material that its lightweight, inexpensive, and can easily be made transparent.
ATP
molecule that stores the useable energy created during cellular respiration
impermeable
molecules are not able to pass through the membrane
organic compounds
molecules that contains carbon
nucleotide
monomer of nucleic acids
An object sitting on the edge of a turntable has _______ (more, less, the same) speed as an object sitting closer to the center of the turntable.
more
carbon
most abundant element in all living organisms
domain
most inclusive taxonomic group, larger than kingom, three exist - bacteria, archaea, eukaryota
If you are driving with a book on your front seat, and stop suddenly, the book ______________________ because ______________________
move folwards, beacuse of its inertia
Active transport pumps
move molecules through protein channels from areas of low concentration to areas of high concentration (against concentration gradient) USING ENERGY
diffusion
movement of molecules across a membrane from high to low concentration without energy
simple diffusion
movement of molecules from high to low concentration; does not require energy
facilitated diffusion
movement of molecules through protein channels in the membrane from high to low concentration
active transport
movement of molecules through protein channels in the membrane from low to high concentration requiring energy (ATP)
esophagus
muscular tube connection the pharynx to the stomach
nondisjunction
mutation in which homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids fail to separate, resulting in cells or gametes having one less or one more chromosome than normal
Tools that hold
nail, screws
Middle Passage
name for the second leg of the triangular trade route, bringing captive Africans to the Americas, where they were sold as slaves
deoxyribose
name of the sugar in DNA
paper
natural material from trees that is flexible, but not strong or waterproof
wood
natural material from trees that is strong, but lacks waterproof and flexibility properties
recessive
needs both copies of a gene to show up
If you add up all the forces on an object, you get the ________ force
net
food web
network of all the food chains in an ecosystem
motor neurons
neurons that carry outgoing information from the central nervous system to the muscles and glands
products
new molecules created in a chemical reaction; always written to the right of the -->
abiotic factor
non-living factor that affects an ecosystem
Chemical Formula
notation for a compound using chemical symbols and numbers
location of transcription
nucleus
Copper is good conductor of heat because ________________________________ .
of free electrons
viceroys
officials who ruled large areas of Spain's American colonies in the king's name
hybrid
offspring of a cross between parents with different traits, heterozygous
reactionary
opposing progress in hopes of conditions returning to those of earlier times
When slowing down, if your initial velocity is in one direction, your acceleration is in the ________________ direction.
opposite
large intestine
organ that absorbs water from undigested material
liver
organ that makes bile to break down fats; also filters poisons and drugs out of the blood
mitochondria
organelle in eukaryotic cells where cell respiration occurs; where food is broken down into energy a cell can use
golgibodies
organelle that helps to package things in a cell, organelles that package cellubrium materials and transport them within the cell or out of the cell
mitochondrion
organelle that releases energy from food; reactions for cellular respiration occur here
endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
organelle that transports things in a cell
ribosome
organelle where proteins are made
decomposer
organism that breaks down and absorbs nutrients from dead organisms
detritivore
organism that feeds on animal and plant remains that it did not kill; scavenger
autotroph
organism that makes its own food using photosynthesis
consumer
organism that relies on other organisms for food
heterotroph
organism that relies on other organisms for food; consumer
League of Nations
organization of nations created with the hope of ending future wars
centriole
organizes the spindle fibers to separate chromosomes during animal cell mitosis
kidneys
organs that filter nitrogen wastes from blood to make urine
Ceiling
overhead upper surface of a covered space
Quality control
overseeing all steps in the process to ensure maximum quality
homologous chromosomes
pairs of chromosomes that are the same size, and carry information related to the same trait; one is from mom, the other from dad
biosphere
part of Earth that living organisms inhabit
microtubules
part of cytoskeleton; anchor organelles and create tracks
microfilaments
part of cytoskeleton; help pinch cell in half during cytokinesis
atom
particle made up of protons, neutrons, and electrons
Triple Alliance
partnership that united Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy
osmosis
passive transport of WATER molecules through protein channels from areas of high to areas of low concentration until equilibrium is reached
divergent evolution
pattern of evolution in which two species become more and more dissimilar
indemnity
payment to other countries to compensate for damages caused during war
radicals
people favoring extreme change
metaphase
phase of mitosis in which chromosomes line up in the center of the cell
anaphase
phase of mitosis in which sister chromatids are pulled to opposite sides of the cell
karyotype
picture of all the chromosomes in a cell arranged in homologous pairs
location of cellulose
plant cell walls
invasive species
plants and animals that have migrated to areas where they did not originate; often displace native species by out competing them for resources
cellulose
polysaccharide that is the main component of plant
community
populations of different organisms living in a defined area
______________ energy is the energy due to your height above the earth.
potential
photo
prefix meaning "light"
fossil
preserved remains of an ancient organisms
Desiderius Erasmus
priest and Christian humanist philosopher who wrote about the need for a simple Christian life without the rituals and politics of the church
common descent
principle that all living things have a common ancestor
independent assortment
principle that gens do not influence each other's inheritance because they are separated independently during meiosis
crossing over
process by which homologous chromosomes exchange pieces, resulting in greater genetic variety
evaporation
process by which liquid water turns into a gas when heated
exocytosis
process by which vesicles release their contents outside the cell; type of active transport
photosynthesis
process in plants that takes sunlight, water and carbon dioxide and produce food (glucose) and oxygen
biogeochemical cycle
process in which nutrients are recycled through the biosphere. Examples: Carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorous
Computer Aided Design (CAD)
process of designing on a computer.
cellular respiration
process that breaks down food to make ATP and release carbon dioxide as waste
chemical reaction
process that changes one set of chemicals into another set of chemicals.
protein synthesis
process when info in DNA is used to make a protein
transcription
process when one strand of DNA is used to make a message, mRNA
DNA replication
process where DNA makes a copy of itself before the cell undergoes cell division
translation
process where mRNA is used at the ribosome to make a string of amino acids (protein)
kingdom eubacteria
prokaryotic, can be auto or heterotroph
kingdom archaebacteria
prokaryotic, can be auto or heterotroph, lives in harsh environments
insulin
protein hormone that helps to decrease blood sugar
receptor protein
protein in the cell membrane which receives infor and sends it to the other side of the cell
marker protein
protein in the cell membrane with a carbohydrate chain attached that identifies the cell as belonging to the organism
channel proteins
proteins in cell membrane that allow large molecules (glucose), ions (Na+, Cl-) and water to enter the cell
contractile proteins
proteins responsible for movement in muscles
transport proteins
proteins that carries substances
defense proteins
proteins that fight disease, like antibodies
structural proteins
proteins that provide support, such as those found in tendons and ligaments
enzymes
proteins that speed up chemical reactions; usually end in -ase
Structural Subsystem
provides structural support for all the other vehicle components, and holds them in position
cell wall
provides structure and support around cell membrane of plants, fungi, and some bacteria
function of cellulose
provides support to plant cell walls
Propulsion subsystem
provides the energy to move a vehicle; this can be an internal combustion engine, an electric motor, or rocket engine
Elizabeth I
queen who firmly established England's religion as Protestant, daughter of Henry VIII
Speed
rate at which an object moves
When a person is skating, and throws a snowball, this is called an __________________, and momentum is still _________________
recoil, concerved
Counter-Reformation
reform movement within the Catholic Church
predestination
religious belief that states God has already decided who will go to heaven, and so nothing people do will change their fate
Jesuits
religious order which focused on the reform of the church, spirituality, service to others, education, and the further spread of Catholicism (also called the Society of Jesus)
asexual reproduction
reproduction involving one parent; offspring are genetically identical to the parent
A small car can pull a big trailer because the ___________________________ force is greater than the force of the trailer pulling back on the car.
road?
King Louis XVI
ruler during early years of the French Revolution
Lorenzo de Medici
ruler of Florence who was an important patron (financial supporter) of arts and learning
Atahualpa
ruler of Inca Empire, killed by Spanish invaders led by Pizarro
If you have a 20 N object and a 5 N object, the 20N object will fall at a ______________ (greater, same, less ) rate than the 5 N object, and the force of gravity on the 20 N object is ___________ (greater, same, less than) than the force of gravity on the 5 N object
same, greater
aggregates
sand, gravel, crushed stone, or recycled concrete that are put into composite materials such as concrete and asphalt concrete. Adds strength to the overall composite material.
pH scale
scale that measures the number of H ions in a substance, and determines how basic or acidic the substance is
Michelangelo Buonarroti
sculptor and painter, famous for works such as the Sistine Chapel, the statue "David", and the design of St. Peter's Cathedral
kingdom
second largest taxonomic group; there are six (animalia, plantae, protista, eubacteria, archaebacteria, fungi)
gene
section of DNA that codes for a protein and determines a trait
d/dx[secx]=
secxtanx
d/dx[tanx]=
sec²x
Grigory Rasputin
self-proclaimed holy man and healer, advisor to Czarina Alexandra
Reign of Terror
series of accusations, arrests and executions started by the Mountain
food chain
series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten
Western Front
series of trenches dug by both the Allied Powers and Central Powers in northern France, resulting in a deadlock
Tarsal
seven short bones which form the ankle
gamete
sex cell; sperm or egg
gametes
sex cells; eggs and sperm
Hand tool
simple handheld artifacts that require human muscle power or air or electric power to make them work
glucose
simple sugar that is used to make ATP through cellular respiration
∫1/√(1-x^2)dx=
sin⁻¹x+C
__________. If you throw an object up, after one second it is moving more ____________, but if you throw an object down after one second it is moving more ___________.
slowly, quickly
First Estate
small, privileged class made up of Roman Catholic clergy in France
bone marrow
soft tissue found in the center of bone that produces blood cells
kingdom protista
some heterotrophic and some autotrophic, some multicellular and some unicellular, eukaryotic, some with cell walls some with out
Henry the Navigator
son of King John I of Portugal, patron and supporter of explorers
Some materials take more energy to heat up, and thus have a greater ___________________ .
spacific heat
antibody
specialized protein made by the body to fight off future infections from a disease causing organism
hemoglobin
specialized protein that carries oxygen on red blood cells
enzyme
specialized protein that speeds up a chemical reaction by decreasing activation energy
____________________ of a material which affects how easy it is to change its temperature is analogous to the inertia which is a measure of easy it is to change its motion
specific heat
___________ is the rate that you travel a certain distance
speed
velocity
speed + direction (it's a vector!!) velocity = distance / time measured in m/s
Friction does NOT depend on _____________________ or _____________________.
speed surface area
The difference between speed and velocity is that ___________ just has magnitude, but ________________ has magnitude and direction
speed, velocity
golgi bodies
stack of flat membranes that receives, sorts, and packages proteins
Golgi apparatus
stack of membranes that modify proteins and creates packages to send them to other locations
S phase
stage of interphase in which DNA is replicated or copied
G2 Phase
stage of interphase in which cell duplicates its cytosol and organelles
G1 Phase
stage of interphase in which cell grows and performs its normal functions
G1 phase
stage of interphase in which cell grows and performs its normal functions
G2 phase
stage of interphase in which cell organelles needed for mitosis are assembled
Balfour Declaration
statement issued by Britain in 1917 favoring the creation of a Jewish state in Palestine
Newton's Law of Inertia states that an object in motion _____________________________ and an object at rest _______________________ unless acted on by an outside force
stay in motion, stay at rest
The law of conservation of momentum states that when there is no external force on a system, momentum _________________________.
stays constant
Guidance System
steering wheel, tires, transmission, gas pedal, brake, clutch
cholesterol
sterol found in cell membranes that keeps the membrane flexible
An inelastic collision is when after the collision the objects ______________________ and therefore have the same velocity.
stick together
If an object is in equilibrium, then the object is ____________ or ___________________.
still, at constant velocity
function of starch
stores energy for plants in cell roots
function of glycogen
stores energy in the animals in liver and muscles
lysosome
stores enzymes to digest food, waste, or worn out cell parts,
function of DNA
stores genetic info
primary structure
structural level of a protein that involves the order the amino acids are placed into
secondary structure
structural level of a protein that involves twisting and folding
tertiary structure
structural level of a protein that is 3D and held together by hydrogen bonds
spindle
structure made from centrioles and microtubules that aligns and separates chromosomes
centromere
structure which hold the two sister chromatids together
homologous structure
structures that have different mature forms but develop from the same embryonic tissues
biochemistry
study of chemicals that make up living things.
ecology
study of interactions between organisms and their environment
Material
substance (chemical, biological, or mixed) that goes into the makeup of a physical object
catalyst
substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction
parts of a nucleotide
sugar, phosphate and base
commensalism
symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits and the other organism is not affected
Engineering Design
systematic and creative application of scientific and mathematical principles to practical ends
neutral
taking no side in a conflict
When a car takes a turn at maximum speed, if it hits a patch of ice, the car then travels is the direction ______________ .
tanjent
Trig Identity: sec²x=
tan²x+1
∫1/(1+x^2)dx=
tan⁻¹x+C
vacuole
temporarily stores food, waste or water in cells
vacuole
temporarily stores food, waste, or water in cells
Central Powers
term for Germany and Austria-Hungary in World War I
Allied Powers
term for Great Britain, France, Russia, and Serbia in World War I
mandates
territories to be ruled by European powers
mercantilism
the European economic policy that called for nations to gain wealth in order to build a strong military and expand influence
Ductile
the ability to be drawn or pulled into wire
Malleable
the ability to be pounded into thin sheets
balance of trade
the amount of goods sold by a country compared to those bought from other countries; a favorable balance of trade meant selling more goods than were bought
weight
the amount of gravity pulling you down Weight = mass x g
Distance
the amount of space traveled
ecological succession
the change in an ecosystem over time
compound
the chemical combination of 2 or more elements in specific amounts
Second Estate
the class in France that was made up the nobility
Third Estate
the class of 97% of France that was made up of the bourgeoisie, artisans, merchants, and peasants
Custom manufacturing
the creation of a limited number of items at a high cost that requires one or two people with a special skill to create a product (ex. your grandma knitting you a sweater).
genocide
the deliberate destruction of a racial, political, or cultural group
chemical digestion
the digestion process in which enzymes are used to break foods into their smaller chemical building blocks
displacement
the distance between the start point and end point
Valence Electron
the electrons in the outermost orbital of an atom
Columbian Exchange
the exchange of plants, animals, and diseases between the people of Europe and the Americas because of contact brought by explorati
Friction
the force that brings moving objects to rest, friction occurs when objects come in contact with each other
classification
the grouping of similar things
fertilization
the joining of the egg and sperm
Receiver
the part of a radio that receives radio waves from the antenna and converts them into electrical currents
mechanical digestion
the physical breakdown of food into smaller pieces
endocytosis
the process by which a cell membrane surrounds a large particle and encloses the particle in a vesicle to bring the particle into the cell; type of active transport
homeostatis
the process by which organisms keep their internal environment relatively stable
homeostasis
the process by which organisms keep their internal environment relatively stable; steady state
feedback
the process in which the results of the output of a system are used to modify or input the input
Weathering
the process of breaking down rocks
Erosion
the process which moves soil from one place to another
Soil composition
the process which moves soil from one place to another
Earthquake
the shaking and trembling that results from sudden movement of part of Earth's crust
Scapula
the shoulder blade
active site
the site on the enzyme that attaches to the substrate
CHNOPS
the six most abundant elements of life. Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, and sulfur.
Velocity
the speed of an object in a particular direction
African Diaspora
the spread of people of African descent through the Americas and Western Europe as a result of the slave trade, eventually spreading African culture throughout the Western world
reactant
the starting materials in a chemical reaction; always found before the -->
reactants
the starting materials in a chemical reaction; always written to the left of the -->
processes
the steps needed to complete a series of identifiable tasks within a system
taxonomy
the study of classification
Earth Science
the study of geology, astronomy, and meteorology
Orthographic Projection
the system by which the views of a multiview drawing are arranged in relation to each other
Mass production
the system of making many of the same items very quickly, usually by machine
Vehical Guidance
the system receiving information needed to operate the vehicle
Vehicle Control
the system that makes changes in speed and direction of a vehicle possible
distance
the total ground covered
. The reaction force to a child pushing on the wall is __________________________________________.
the wall pushing on the child
artery
thick walled muscular blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart
alveoli
thin-walled microscopic air sacs in the lungs where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place
codon
three mRNA nucleotides that code for a specific amino acid
multiple alleles
three or more alleles exist for a particular trait
capillary
tiny, thin walled blood vessel where substances are exchanged between the blood and the body cells
Drawing Tools
tools used to aid in the process of creating an engineering drawing.
Leon Trotsky
top Bolshevik official who negotiated for peace with the Central Powers
Displacement
total change in position (final position - initial position)
cartilage
tough, flexible tissue that covers the ends of bones and decreases friction
triangular trade
trading network that brought goods from Europe to Africa to be traded for slaves, took slaves from Africa to the Americas to be sold, then brought American goods back to Europe
Safety
training operators and designing workspaces to increase safety
polygenic trait
trait controlled by more than one gene
single-gene trait
trait controlled by only one gene
dominant
trait the will show up in an organism's phenotype if gene is present
function of RNA
transmits genetic info
Distribution
transports the product to the consumers
circumnavigate
travel completely around the world
Treaty of Tordesillas
treaty signed in 1493 dividing the Americas between Spain and Portugal, along an imaginary line
Treaty of Versailles
treaty that ended World War I and punished Germany severely
armistice
truce
Torsion
twisting force
Wheel and Axle
two cylindrical objects fastened together that rotate on a common axis
daughter cells
two identical cells created through mitosis
Unbalanced Force
two or more forces that do not cancel each other out and result in a net force
Balanced Force
two or more opposite forces with a net force of 0N
binomial nomenclature
two part scientific name for an organism; its genus is listed first, followed by its species
atria
two upper chambers of the heart that pump blood intro the ventricles
regeneration
type of asexual reproduction involving regrowth of lost parts
peptide bond
type of bond formed between amino acids to create a protein
cardiac muscle
type of muscle found in the heart which generates its own electrical signal to contract
sexual reproduction
type of reproduction involving the union of egg and sperm resulting in offspring that are not genetically identical to the parent
behavioral isolation
type of reproductive isolation in which two organisms have different mating rituals that prevent them from interbreeding
geographic isolation
type of reproductive isolation in which two populations are separated by geographic barriers like mountains or bodies of water
passive transport
type of transport that does not require energy (i.e. diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis)
active transport
type of transport which requires a cell to use its own energy ex. endocytosis, exocytosis, moving molecules against concentration gradient
hydrogen bond
type of weak bond holding together the shape of protein.
cancer
uncontrolled cell division
meter
unit of length in the metric system
gram
unit of mass in the metric system
liter
unit of volume in the metric system
solvents
used to dissolve adhesives, or break bonds
punnett square
used to predict outcomes of genetic crosses
Propulsion (vehicle)
uses energy to produce power for motion
chloroplast
uses sunlight to make carbohydrates in plants
chemosynthesis
using inorganic chemicals to make food
adhesives
usually in a liquid state, that adheres or bonds items together. Adhesives come from either natural or man-made sources
biodiversity
variety of organisms that exist in the biosphere
______________ is the change in displacement divided by the change in time
velocity
Walls
vertical, upright structures used to enclose a room or structure, may support weight from above
larynx
voice box; passageway for air moving from pharynx to trachea
The force of gravity is ALWAYS EQUAL TO ______________ (an equation).
w=mg
trench warfare
war fought from trenches
total war
war that requires the use of all of society's resources
Roofing System
weatherproof, overhead structure of a building, supported by the walls, foundation, and footing, often built with trusses
If you move to the moon, your ____________ (mass,weight) will change.
weight
denaturation
when an enzyme changes shape and no longer functions die to high temperatures or wrong pH
base-pairing
when bases of DNA pair up (A-T and C-G)
habitat
where an organism lives
flagellum
whiplike structure some cells use for propulsion
glycerol
with fatty acids, make up the building blocks of lipids
fatty acid
with glycerol, make up the building blocks of lipids
anaerobic
word meaning "no oxygen"
aerobic
word meaning "oxygen"
Engineering
work performed by an engineer,involves the knowledge of mathematical and natural sciences applied with judgment and creativity to develop ways to utilize materials and forces of nature for the benefit of mankind.
Power is _______________ .
work/ time
Research and development
works with marketing to create an idea for the product
Gavrilo Princip
young Serbian who assassinated Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophie
Trig Identity: cos²x=
½(1+cos(2x))
Trig Identity: sin²x=
½(1-cos(2x))
cos(π)
−1
sin(3π/2)
−1
cos(2π/3)
−1/2
cos(4π/3)
−1/2
sin(11π/6)
−1/2
sin(7π/6)
−1/2
cos(3π/4)
−√2/2
cos(5π/4)
−√2/2
sin(5π/4)
−√2/2
sin(7π/4)
−√2/2
cos(5π/6)
−√3/2
cos(7π/6)
−√3/2
sin(4π/3)
−√3/2
sin(5π/3)
−√3/2
cos(7π/4)
√2/2
cos(π/4)
√2/2
sin(3π/4)
√2/2
sin(π/4)
√2/2
cos(11π/6)
√3/2
cos(π/6)
√3/2
sin(2π/3)
√3/2
sin(π/3)
√3/2
