General Psychology Ch. 5

Which of the following statements is false?

Adults are not negatively affected by viewing or playing violent media

Which learning theorist is responsible for the discovery of conditioned taste aversions based on his work giving sweetened liquid to rats and then inducing nausea in them?

Garcia

Which theory is commonly referred to as the "aha!" phenomenon?

Köhler's insight theory

Lisa's parents have decided to take a 3-week trip to Europe. Consequently, Lisa's mother will not be able to make her famous pies for the upcoming bake sale. When her mother encourages Lisa to bake the pies herself, Lisa panics at first, but then she finds that she knows how to put the recipe together. Her ability to prepare recipe is an example of

Latent learning

Bandura's studies found that learning can take place without actual performance. What is this referred to as?

Learning/performance distinction

Conditioned taste aversions are an example of something called _____.

biological preparedness

Little Albert was conditioned to fear a ____.

white rat

Which of the following is the best example of applied behavior analysis?

Agatha observes a child to see what purpose a disruptive classroom behavior serves, and identifies a new replacement behavior. She then implements a training program for the new behavior, reinforcing often at the simplest levels and gradually removing reinforcers as the child demonstrates the behavior independently.

Which of the following would be an example of vicarious classical conditioning?

As a young child, Tony frequently observed his older sisters jump around and scream whenever any of them saw a spider, as they were very afraid of them. Subsequently, Tony experiences feelings of fear when he sees a spider.

What is the correct sequence of the four elements of observational learning?

Attention, Memory, Imitation, Desire

Which of the following is an example of punishment by removal?

Being "grounded" for breaking curfew

Cindy had cheesy tacos at a local Mexican restaurant. Later she became terribly ill and suffered bouts of nausea and vomiting. What might we predict based on conditioned taste aversion research?

Cindy will probably get nauseated the next time she tries to eat cheesy tacos

A young boy is watching TV. In one show he sees a bully steal a lunch from another child. The bully then enjoys eating the other child's lunch. Because this boy feels that his mother makes him a rather skimpy lunch and he is always hungry at school, he starts stealing other kids' lunches at school. According to Bandura's theory of observational learning, his hunger at lunchtime most influenced which factor?

Desire

A child is wetting his or her bed. According to our textbook, punishing the child would be the best way to permanently stop this behavior. You would recommend that the child be given no food on the day after a bed wetting incident. This is because punishment is guaranteed to stop bad behaviors.

False

In Tolman's maze study, the fact that the group of rats receiving reinforcement only after day 10 of the study solved the maze far more quickly than did that rats who had been reinforced from the first day can be interpreted to mean that these particular rats

Had already learned the maze in the first 9 days

College students faced with unsolvable problems eventually give up and make only half hearted attempts to solve new problems, even when the new problems can be easily solved. This behavior is probably due to ____.

Learned helplessness

While watching the evening news, you see a story about domestic abuse and wonder "why would anyone stay in a relationship where they are being abused?" According to Seligman, one factor that may contribute to victims staying in abusive relationships is ______.

Learned helplessness

Dad is watching a home improvement show about how to install a new sink. He really wants to do it and watches the show intently. He knows that his wife will reward him when he is done. However, when he tests the new sink, water spurts everywhere. Taking the new sink apart, he finds that he has left out the crucial washers in the faucet assembly even though this was emphasized in the TV show. What part of Bandura's theory of the necessary components of observational learning is most likely the reason for this disaster?

Memory

I'm Watson's experiment with "Little Albert," the conditioned stimulus was

The white rat

Bandura's seminal study of observational learning involves watching children and their interactions with Bobo dolls

True

Classical conditioning was accidentally discovered by Russian psychologist Ivan Pavlov while he was studying the digestive system in his dogs.

True

If one presented the conditioned stimulus (such as a metronome) after the presentation of the unconditioned stimulus (the food) in Pavlov's learning experiment, little or no classical conditioning would occur

True

Neurofeedback, a newer type of biofeedback, involves trying to change ________.

brain wave activity

Every time Maricella goes to work in the morning, she notices that her dog sulks in the corner of the room and looks very sad. Over several weeks, she notices that the dog gets unhappy when she picks up her car keys, immediately before leaving the house. Which phenomenon of learning best describes the dog's behavior?

classical conditioning

Micheal noticed that whenever he moved his dogs food dish, his dog would come into the kitchen and act hungry and excited. He reasoned that because he feeds the dog using that dish, the sound of the dish had become a(n)

conditioned stimulus

You walk up to a soda machine and put in a dollar, and are rewarded with a bottle of root beer. When you put in another dollar, you get another soda. Assuming that the machine has a limitless supply of root beer, which kind of reinforcement schedule does this machine operate on?

continuous reinforcement

Secondary reinforcers differ from primary reinforcers in that secondary reinforcers ____.

do not inherently satisfy physical needs

To a dog, _____ is an example of a primary reinforcer, whereas _____ is an example of a secondary reinforcer.

dog food; a Frisbee

A monthly paycheck best represents a ________ schedule of reinforcement.

fixed interval

Leticia wanted to help her father prepare breakfast. She had watched him crack eggs into a bowl many times, paying careful attention to how he did it. But when she went to crack her own eggs, they smashed into many pieces. Which of the following elements of observational learning was Leticia's problem?

imitation

Edgar cannot sleep because he is terribly worried about his research paper. So Edgar decides to get out of bed and continue working on the paper. Although he stays up to nearly 3 a.m., he is relieved that it is done and easily falls off to sleep. In the future, Edgar will be more likely to finish his work before going to bed so that he can avoid the worry and sleeplessness. Such behavior is an example of

negative reinforcement

Positive reinforcement is to ____ as negative reinforcement is to ____.

presenting good results; removing aversive stimuli

Little Jimmie's mother was upset to find that Jimmie had not picked up his building blocks after repeated requests to do so. The next morning, Jimmie found all his blocks had been picked up and put into a bag on the top of the refrigerator. Jimmie's mother told him that he couldn't play with his blocks for the next two days. Which type of discipline did she use?

punishment by removal

A child is punished and temporarily stops his or her well-established bad behavior. However, the child soon goes back to acting badly. This is probably because ________.

punishment is known only to temporarily suppress or inhibit a behavior

Ever since she was scared by a dog as a young child, Angelica has been afraid of all dogs. The fact that she is not only afraid of the original dog but all types of dogs is an example of

stimulus generalization

Rescorla found that the CS must _______ the UCS for conditioning to take place.

to predict

Tabitha signed up for a new credit card that offers reward miles for every purchase. Tabitha plans to make as many purchases as she can so that she can accumulate enough miles to go on a trip over spring break. Such an approach is an example of

token economy

Joe owned a small repair shop. Each day, he would check the mail to see if any of his customers mailed in a payment for the work he had done for them. Some days, he would receive a check or two. At other times, he would have to wait days before getting another payment. What schedule of reinforcement is evident here?

variable interval

Research by Steven Maier suggests that learned helplessness may be due to a higher level region of the brain known as the __________ which helps subjects determine what is controllable.

ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC)