General Psychology Exam 2
Which of the following is an example of instinct?
baby turning its head to suckle when its cheek is stroked
.________ disparity refers to the slightly different view of the world that each eye receives, and is a distance cue that allows us to perceive the depth of a given visual stimulus.
binocular
The location where the optic nerve leaves the retina disrupts photoreceptors, so when light is focused on that spot it is not received is called the ______________.
blind spot
A ________________ is a mental representation of a physical or geographical space. It is often used in a demonstration of latent learning.
cognitive map
________ are categories or groupings of linguistic information, images, ideas, or memories, such as life experiences
concepts
Petra walks into a brightly lit Psychology lab to participate in an experiment involving the ability to perceive the colors of the rainbow. Which photoreceptors will be most useful during this experiment?
cones
The formulation of new memories is sometimes called ________, and the process of bringing up old memories is called ________.
construction; reconstruction
What type of memories do we consciously try to remember, recall, and report?
explicit
Which of the following is not a way you can use what you know about memory to help you remember the names of all 50 states?
stay up the night before your exam to maximize the amount of time you have to study
Dozens of people witness a purse snatching. One of the eyewitnesses loudly yells "the man with the blue shirt did it." Later, when questioned by police, several other eyewitnesses remember the purse snatcher wearing a blue shirt, even though the purse snatcher was a woman in flowered dress. This is an example of ________, or the effects of misinformation from external sources that leads to the creation of false memories.
suggestibility
Which of these is not one of the structures that comprises the outer ear?
the basilar membrane
Which of the following is an example of a reflex?
the pupil of your eye contracting in the presence of bright light
Vinnie is standing on one leg with his arms in the air. The ________ sense helps keep him balanced so he has less chance of falling over.
vestibular
The theorist who discussed our ability to perceive a change in a stimulus as being relative to the amount of change versus the intensity of the original stimulus was ________.
weber
When using a ________________ schedule, behavior is rewarded after a set amount of time.
fixed interval reinforcement
When using a ___________schedule, a predetermined number of responses must occur before a behavior is rewarded.
fixed ratio reinforcement
What is the confirmation bias?
focusing on information that confirms your existing beliefs
Which school of thinking in psychology includes the following concepts: figure-ground relationship, law of continuity, and principle of closure?
gestalt
________ ________ is the tendency of an animal to revert to its instinctive behaviors that can interfere with the performance of an operantly conditioned response.
instinctive drift
In classical conditioning, the association that is learned is between a ________.
neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus
What is the main idea of social learning theory?
one can learn new behaviors by observing others.
Ebbinghaus found that about one day after you learn new material, you will only remember ____ percent of it if you have not reviewed it a second time.
70
What is episodic memory?
information about events we have personally experienced
What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience?
learning
What is the set of processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over different periods of time?
memory
Gonzalo is attempting to open his car door using the auto lock button on his keychain. He pushes the button twice, but his car door does not open. He continues to push the button even though it is likely that the auto lock feature has stopped working, and he will need to open the door manually with his key. This illustrates a ________.
mental set
Which nerve carries visual information from the retina to the brain?
optic
In ________ reinforcement, the person or animal is not reinforced every time a desired behavior is performed.
partial
________ reinforcers have innate reinforcing qualities.
primary
Which perceptual system allows Nancy to run without watching her feet and hit a baseball without focusing on her hands?
proprioception
The idea that objects that appear alike are perceived as being part of a related group is the Gestalt principle of ________.
proximity
When you take a multiple-choice test, you are relying on ________, because you are comparing the information in front of you to that which is already stored in your long-term memory.
recognition
Elaine wakes up in the hospital with a head injury. She gets to know her doctors and nurses over time, but it soon becomes clear that she has no memories from before she woke up in the hospital. Elaine has ________ amnesia.
retrograde
Your ears receive sound waves and convert this energy into neural messages that travel to your brain and are processed as sounds. This is an example of ________.
transduction
How is an explicit memory different from an implicit memory?
Explicit memories are memories we consciously try to remember and recall, while implicit memories are those that are not part of our consciousness.
What is the main idea of levels of processing theory?
If you want to remember a piece of information, you should think about it more deeply and link it to other information and memories to make it more meaningful.
. From a cognitive psychology perspective, why is getting plenty of sleep the night before an exam important?
It allows for consolidation of studied material in long-term memory.
Which two concepts can be thought of as opposite processes within the classical conditioning model?
acquisition and extinction
What term describes the continuation of a visual sensation after removal of the stimulus?
afterimage
Elena finds it very difficult to remember a long string of numbers, so she tries to memorize three numbers at a time. Later, she is able to repeat the numbers correctly because she grouped the numbers into more manageable groups of three. This is an example of ________.
chunking
________ encompasses the processes associated with perception, knowledge, problem solving, judgment, language, and memory.
cognition
Pavlov used in his initial experiment on classical conditioning _______________________.
dogs
What did John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner demonstrate with their studies of Little Albert?
emotion can be a conditioned response
12. I am trying to learn the names of all 50 states. Because I am actively and consciously remembering and recalling this information, it is considered ________ memory.
explicit
_________ happens when we think an outcome was inevitable after the fact. Provided examples will vary.
hindsight bias
The four means of modifying behavior discussed in operant conditioning include all but:
alternate reinforcement
Sharmila cannot remember what she had for breakfast last week, but she can remember the day she got married ten years ago as clearly as if it just happened. This example illustrates the ________ theory.
arousal
You see a television commercial for a product you may want to buy, and there is a telephone number you must call to place an order. Because you don't have anything with which to write down the number, you repeat it to yourself over and over again until you feel like you won't forget it. This process is called ________.
rehearsal
Kenethia enjoys knitting. When she begins college, she has less time for knitting and finally stops altogether. After graduation, she wants to knit again, so she practices with her needles until she is good at it again. This is an example of ________, a means of retrieving information out of your long-term memory storage system.
relearning
What kind of memory involves storage of brief events, such as sights, sounds, and tastes?
sensory